Landscape Agroecology

348 Pages·2003·4.93 MB·English

by  Paul Wojtkowski

Paul A. Wojtkowski
Landscape Agroecology
Pre-publication
REVIEW
“Agroecology studies the interac- abroadrangeofoptionsforeachgoal
tionsamongnaturalprocessesin andsuggestscriteriaforpreferringone
artificial systems designed to meet hu- over another. Thus, Landscape Agro-
man goals. Landscape Agroecology builds ecologyisaguidetothedesignofland
onthatknowledgetoconsiderthespatial useonscalesfromsingleplotstofarms
and temporal organization of agro-
tolargeregionsandisthereforeuse-
ecosystems. Unlike the more industrial
fulforfarmers,farmers’cooperatives,
agriculture where single means serve
developmentplanners,andministries
separategoalsinsystemsmadeashomo-
geneousaspossible,relegatingtheinter- ofagriculture.Sincethelandscapeaf-
actions to ‘side effects,’ landscape agro- fectswaterquality,microclimate,pop-
ecology pursues multiple goals with ulationsofvectorsofhumandisease,
multiplemeans.Thesegoalsincludeeffi- andbiodiversity,thebookwouldpro-
cient food production, economic viabil- videgoodbackgroundforhealthplan-
ity,protectionofpotablewaterandwild- ners,architects,economists,andcon-
life, sustainable recycling of nutrients, servationists. The book can even be
and social sustainability of rural com- usedbyarcheologists:knowinghow
munity.Forexample,astripoftreesmay
landscapefeaturesaffectproductivity
serveasprimaryproducers,windbreaks,
and human welfare, students of an-
regulators of moisture, accumulators of
cient landscapes may make infer-
nutrients,refugesforpredatorsofpests,
encesabouttheproductivityoftheir
corridors for wildlife migration, and
sources of shade for farm workers, al- agriculture,theknowledgeimplicitin
thoughmoisturecanberegulatedalsoby their land use, and even their cli-
plantsthatpromoteaccumulationofor- mate.”
ganic matter in the soil, trenches, pits,
ponds,andtallwindbreaks.Thismakes Richard Levins, PhD
decision making a complex, even over- JohnRockProfessorofPopulationScience,
whelmingprocess.Wojtkowskiexamines Harvard School of Public Health
NOTES FOR PROFESSIONAL LIBRARIANS
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Landscape Agroecology
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Landscape Agroecologyby Paul A. Wojtkowski
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Landscape Agroecology
Paul A. Wojtkowski
Food Products Press®
An Imprint of The Haworth Press, Inc.
New York • London • Oxford
Published by
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from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
Cover design by Marylouise E. Doyle.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Wojtkowski, Paul A. (Paul Anthony), 1947-
Landscape agroecology / Paul A. Wojtkowski.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-56022-252-2 (hard : alk. paper) — ISBN 1-56022-253-0 (soft : alk. paper)
1. Agricultural ecology. 2. Landscape ecology. I. Title.
S589.7.W648 2003
577.5'5—dc21
2003006841
Then We cause to grow thereby gardens of palm trees and
grapes for you; you have in them many fruits and from them
do you eat;
The Koran,The Believers 23.19
. . . and He causeth to sprout from the ground every tree
desirable for appearance, and good for food, . . .
The Bible,Genesis 2:9
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Withover25yearsofexperienceinmanycornersoftheworld,Paul
A. Wojtkowski, PhD, is uniquely qualified to deal with landscape
agroecology. Dr. Wojtkowski has resided in eight countries and has
conductedprofessionalobservationsinanotherseventy.Someofhis
residences were in environmental trouble spots or in regions where
food and fiber are grown only through nature-accommodating mea-
sures. The list includes Africa (almost four years), Australia (one
year),theSouthPacific(twoyears),LatinAmerica(threeyears),Eu-
rope, and North America.
From these travels, Dr. Wojtkowski offers insight into how cultures
andpeoplesputtheirimprintupontheland.Inpresentingthismate-
rial, he is also able to couple field-level practical experience and an
appliedperspectivewithastrongunderstandingoftheoreticalunder-
pinnings. This is Dr. Wojtkowski’s fourth book. His first two are in
agroforestry; the third addresses general agroecology.
CONTENTS
Preface xi
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
Land-Use Patterns 2
The Field of Landscape Agroecology 6
Concepts of Land Use 9
Perspectives on Agroecology 14
Chapter 2. Underlying Agroecological Concepts 17
Essential Resource Management 17
Complementarity 18
Primary and Secondary Species 23
Desirable Plant Characteristics 25
Biodiversity and Agrobiodiversity 26
Desirable Agroecosystem Properties 28
Land Use Intensity 29
Interagroecosystem Effects 30
Chapter 3. The Agrotechnologies 33
Basic Concepts 33
Nontemporal Patterns 34
Temporal Patterns 36
Desirable Characteristics 36
Agrotechnological Classification 45
Developmental Stages 50
Chapter 4. Principal-Mode Agrotechnologies 53
Absorption Zones 54
Agroforests 55
Aqua-Agriculture 57
Aquaforestry 59
Alley Cropping 60
Entomo-Systems 63
Forage (Feed) Systems 64
Intercropping 66
Isolated Tree 70