Land Change Science in the Tropics: Changing Agricultural Landscapes

292 Pages·2008·26.882 MB·English

by  Wendy Jepson, Andrew Millington (eds.)

LAND- CHANGE SCIENCE
IN THE TROPICS: CHANGING
AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES

LAND- CHANGE SCIENCE
IN THE TROPICS: CHANGING
AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES

Edited by

Andrew Millington
Texas A & M University
College Station, TX, USA

and

Wendy Jepson
Texas A & M University
College Station, TX, USA

1 3
Editors
Andrew C. Millington Wendy Jepson
Texas A & M University Texas A & M University
College Station, TX, USA College Station, TX, USA

ISBN: 978-0-387-78863-0 e-ISBN: 978-0-387-78864-7

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008923743

© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword
Richard Aspinall…………………………………………………………… v i i

Contributors List…………………………………………………............. ix

Acknowledgements………………………………………………............ x v ii

1. The Changing Countryside
Wendy Jepson and Andrew Millington................................................... 1

2. Stasis and Flux in Long-Inhabited Locales: Change in Rural Andean
Landscapes
Kenneth R. Young.................................................................................. 11

3. The Impact of Climate Change on Income Diversification and Food
Security in Senegal
Molly E. Brown...................................................................................... 33

4. Land-Use Changes and Agricultural Growth in India and Pakistan,
1901-2004.
Takashi Kurosaki……………………………………………………… 53

5. Agricultural Intensification on Brazil’s Amazonian Soybean Frontier
Wendy Jepson, J. Christopher Brown, and Matthew Koeppe................ 73

6. Coffee Production Intensification and Landscape Change in
Colombia, 1970-2002
Andrés Guhl............................................................................................ 93
7. Plant Invasions in an Agricultural Frontier: Linking Satellite, Eco-
logical and Household Survey Data
Laura C. Schneider……………………………………………............. 117

8. Shifting Ground Land Competition and Agricultural Change
in Northern Cote d’ Ivoire
Thomas J. Bassett and Moussa Koné………………………………….. 143
vi
9. Village Settlement, Deforestation, and the Expansion
of Agriculture in a Frontier Region: Nang Rong, Thailand
Barbara Entwisle, Jeffrey Edmeades, George Malanson,
Chai Podhisita, Pramote Prasartkul, Ronald R. Rindfuss
and Stephen J. Walsh…………………………………………............. 165

10. Market Integration and Market Realities on the Mexican Frontier:
The Case of Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico
Eric Keys……………………………………………………………… 181
11. Frameworks for Farmland Afforestation in Rural China: An
Assessment of Household-based and Collective Management
Laura Ediger………………………………………………………....... 201

12. Cost-benefit Analysis of Two Models of Agroforestry Systems in
Rondônia, Brazil
Keila Aires …………………………………………………................ 215

13. Agricultural land-use trajectories in a cocaine source region:
Chapare, Bolivia
Andrew Bradley and Andrew Millington ……………………………. 231

14. The Tobacco Industry in Malawi: A Globalized Driver of Local
Land Change
Helmut Geist, Marty Otañez and John Kapito………………………... 251
Index …………………………………………………………………....... 269
Foreword
Land in the tropics and sub-tropics occupy approximately 40 percent of the
Earth’s surface and is currently home to a a large portion of the world’s
population. This book provides a detailed scientific account of the current
state and condition of land change in the Tropics. The main themes of
tropical land-change science include not only extensification and intensifi-
cation, but also diversification and competition for land; resilience of land
systems; the multiple roles of institutions, markets, societies, and individu-
als; and the effects of decisions made at manifold spatial, temporal, and
organizational scales in influencing land change. These themes together
with issues such as frontier settlement, dynamics of plant invasions and
other changes in environmental quality associated with alternate land uses
clearly demonstrate the importance of an integrated and interdisciplinary
understanding of socio-economic and human systems as well as environ-
mental systems. This book takes such a coupled approach to human and
natural systems and investigates land change as an exemplar of the funda-
mental interdependence of society, economy, and environment.
Development of methodologies required for achieving a more integrated
and interdisciplinary understanding of land change in coupled natural and
human systems are an important effort in the international land-change sci-
ence community. This book addresses and explores many of these meth-
odologies, providing detailed case studies that demonstrate the importance
of strong methodologies. Specifically, the examples include linking social
science methods with environmental science methods; integrating remote
sensing with household and community surveys; using spatial analysis;
and basing analysis on integration of a variety of disciplines including
economics, sociology, anthropology, geography, and landscape ecology, as
well as on deep knowledge of individual land uses such as agriculture and
forestry.
The examples and analysis also provide a detailed examination of many
of the generic themes of land-change science and the diverse land-use sys-
tems that are found in other places on the surface of the Earth. Many of
these generic themes are obviously scientific. For example, improved un-
derstanding of the resilience of long-settled and natural landscapes to land
management practices, including technological change, as well as to
viii
change in land use and other environmental changes are important for ad-
vancing understanding of human-environment relationships. Scientific
study of stasis in landscapes allows process based understanding of change
to be coupled with place-based environmental and social histories to un-
derstand long-term evolution and coadaptation between environments and
societies. Improved understanding of agents and drivers of change, and
other processes by which change occurs, also advance land-change sci-
ence. The generic themes are also, however, of a strongly applied nature,
with direct relevance to policy and practice at local, regional, national, and
global scales. Understanding the resilience, economics, social importance,
and environmental challenges and opportunities can lead to the develop-
ment of policies and land management plans that contribute to the sustain-
ability of communities and economies. These scientific and applied
themes are of increasing importance in the context of both human and en-
vironmental dimensions of global change and as issues of food security,
energy security, environmental security, global trade, and social and envi-
ronmental justice attract political, economic and societal attention.
This book contributes to a growing international effort to understand the
nature, trajectory, and consequences of land change. International pro-
grammes such as the International Geosphere-Biosphere Pro-
gramme/International Human Dimensions Programme Global Land Pro-
ject network the efforts of an international community of land-change
scientists to develop land-change science as a basis for knowledge and
policies that improve the sustainability of the Earth's land systems. This
book makes a valuable addition to this science and will be of interest to all
in this global network.

Richard Aspinall, Macaulay Institute, Aberdeen, Scotland
CONTRIBUTORS

Keila Aires was born in the State of Rondônia, Brazil, and is currently
pursuing a masters degree in environmental economics and policy at Duke
University, Durham, North Carolina. She is researching financial mecha-
nisms aimed at reducing deforestation and fostering local development in
Brazil. Previously she worked in Rondônia for the Amazonian Large Scale
Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment, and has also assisted various local
non-profit organizations to establish their environmental management sys-
tems and fundraising activities. Her professional interests include envi-
ronmental economics and policy, corporate environmental social responsi-
bility, deforestation and climate change, and sustainable development

Andrew Bradley has a B.Sc. from University of Hull, and M.Sc. and
Ph.D. degrees from the University of Leicester. His Ph.D. research focused
on land-use change in Chapare, Bolivia. He has held positions as a Re-
search Associate in the School of Geography and Environmental Science
at the University of Birmingham, as a Temporary Lecturer in the Geogra-
phy Department at the University of Leicester, and as a Post-doctoral Re-
search Fellow at the University of Reading. He is currently a Remote Sens-
ing Specialist at the Centre of Ecology and Hydrology in Cambridgeshire,
U.K.

Thomas J. Bassett is Professor of Geography at the University of Illinois,
Urbana-Champaign. He received his Ph.D. and M.A. degrees in Geogra-
phy from the University of California at Berkeley. He holds B.A. degrees
in English and French from Tufts University. His current research focuses
on the geography of hunger and the impact of neo-liberalism on natural re-
source control, access and management in West Africa. He is the author of
The Peasant Cotton Revolution in West Africa, Côte d’Ivoire, 1890-1995
(Cambridge 2001), and the co-author of African Savannas: Global Narra-
tives and Local Knowledge of Environmental Change (James Currey &
Heinemann, 2003); Political Ecology: An Integrative Approach to Geog-
raphy and Environment-Development Studies (Guilford, 2003), and Nature
as Local Heritage in Africa (International African Institute, 2007).

Molly E. Brown is a Research Scientist at Science Systems and Applica-
tions, Inc., working at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Green-
belt, Maryland. She obtained her doctoral and masters degrees in Geogra-
phy from the University of Maryland, College Park, and also has a B.S. in
Biology from Tufts University. Her current work focuses on the interface
x
between social and physical sciences, particularly in early warning systems
and climate change research in Africa. She has received several grants
from NASA to augment existing decision support systems with remote
sensing data, enabling enhanced understanding of the impact of climatic
extremes on food security.

J. Christopher Brown is an Associate Professor of Geography and the
Environmental Studies Program at the University of Kansas. His Ph.D. is
in Geography from the University of California, Los Angeles. Earlier de-
grees include a B.A. in Biology and an M.A. in Latin American Studies
from the University of Kansas. His research centers on the human and en-
vironmental dynamics of commodity production in Latin America. His
most active project, at present, deals with the growth of mechanized annual
cropping in the Brazilian Amazon. This work, often involving collabora-
tions with satellite remote sensing specialists in the US and Brazil, specifi-
cally aims to address debates about how to meet the often-contradictory
goals of conservation and development.

Laura Ediger completed a Ph.D in Ecology from the University of Geor-
gia in 2006, and continues to work on issues related to natural resource
management in China and Southeast Asia. Her interests include landscape
ecology, household economic strategies, migration, and large-scale
changes in land use. She is currently a Research Fellow at IGSNRR in
Beijing.

Jeffrey Edmeades is a social demographer at the International Center for
Research on Women. He obtained his doctorate in sociology from the
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and also has degrees from the
University of Waikato (M.A. in Demography and B.A. in Geography).
His current research focuses on the determinants of use of contraception
and abortion in India, the effect of increased contraceptive use on women’s
empowerment, and the effect of gender inequality on economic growth.
His has also worked on related issues in New Zealand and Thailand.

Barbara Entwisle is Kenan Professor of Sociology and Director of the
Carolina Population Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill and is currently President of the Population Association of America
(PAA). She is a social demographer interested in population dynamics and
demographic responses to social change. Her projects have addressed fer-
tility, family planning program evaluation, neighborhood and community
contexts, household change and social networks, and migration, household
formation, and land-use change. She has particular expertise in the meas-