Land and Labour in Latin America: Essays on the Development of Agrarian Capitalism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

550 Pages·2009·15.49 MB·English

by  Kenneth Duncan

CAMBRIDGE LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES
EDITORS
MALCOLM DEAS CLIFFORD T. SMITH
JOHN STREET
26
LAND AND LABOUR
IN
LATIN AMERICA
THE SERIES
1 SIMON COLLIER. Ideas and Politics of Chilean Independence,
1808-1833
2 MICHAEL P. COSTELOE. Church Wealth in Mexico: A study of the
Juzgado de Capellanias in the Archbishopric of Mexico, 1800—1856
3 PETER CALVERT. The Mexican Revolution, 1910-1914: The
Diplomacy of Anglo-American Conflict
4 RICHARD GRAHAM. Britain and the Onset of Modernization in
Brazil, 1850—1914
5 HERBERT S. KLEIN. Parties and Political Change in Bolivia,
1880-1952
6 LESLIE BETHELL. The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade:
Britain, Brazil and the Slave Trade Question, 1807—1869
7 DAVID BARKIN and TIMOTHY KING. Regional Economic
Development: The River Basin Approach in Mexico
8 CELSO FURTADO. Economic Development of Latin America: Historical
Background and Contemporary Problems (second edition)
9 WILLIAM PAUL McGREEVEY. An Economic History of Colombia,
1845-1930
10 D. A. BRADING. Miners and Merchants in Bourbon Mexico, 1763—1810
11 JAN BAZANT. Alienation of Church Wealth in Mexico: Social and
Economic Aspects of the Liberal Revolution, 1856—1875
12 BRIAN R. HAMNETT. Politics and Trade in Southern Mexico, 1750-
1821
13 J. VALERIE FIFER. Bolivia: Land, Location, and Politics since 1825
14 PETER GERHARD. A Guide to the Historical Geography of New Spain
15 P. J. BAKEWELL. Silver Mining and Society in Colonial Mexico,
Zacatecas 1564—1700
16 KENNETH R. MAXWELL. Conflicts and Conspiracies: Brazil and
Portugal, 1750-1808
17 VERENA MARTINEZ-ALIER. Marriage, Class and Colour in
Nineteenth-Century Cuba: A Study of Racial Attitudes and Sexual Values
in a Slave Society
18 TULIO HALPERIN-DONGHI. Politics, Economics and Society in
Argentina in the Revolutionary Period
19 DAVID ROCK. Politics in Argentina 1890-1930: The Rise and Fall of
Radicalism
20 MARIO GONGORA. Studies in the Colonial History of Spanish America
21 ARNOLD J. BAUER. Chilean Rural Society from the Spanish Conquest
to 1930
22 JAMES LOCKHART and ENRIQUE OTTE. Letters and People of the
Spanish Indies: The Sixteenth Century
23 LESLIE B. ROUT Jr. The History of the African in Spanish America
from 1502 to the Present Day
24 JEAN A. MEYER. TTie Cristero Rebellion: The Mexican People between
Church and State, 1926—1929
25 STEFAN DE VYLDER. Allende's Chile: The Political Economy of the
Rise and Fall of the Unidad Popular
LAND AND LABOUR IN
LATIN AMERICA
ESSAYS ON
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN CAPITALISM
IN THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES
EDITED BY
KENNETH DUNCAN andlAN RUTLEDGE
with the collaboration of
COLIN HARDING
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE
LONDON • NEW YORK • MELBOURNE
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www. Cambridge. org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521212069
© Cambridge University Press 1977
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 1977
This digitally printed version 2008
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data
Main entry under title:
Land and labour in Latin America.
(Cambridge Latin American studies; 26)
Includes index.
1. Haciendas - Latin America - Addresses, essays, lectures.
2. Agricultural laborers - Latin America - Addresses, essays, lectures.
3. Latin America - Rural conditions - Addresses, essays, lectures.
I. Duncan, Kenneth, 1944- II. Rutledge, Ian. III. Harding, Colin. IV. Series.
HD1471.L3L36 338.1'098 76-11076
ISBN 978-0-521-21206-9 hardback
ISBN 978-0-521-09320-0 paperback
CONTENTS
page
List of tables viii
List of figures xi
List of maps xii
Acknowledgements xiii
1 Introduction: patterns of agrarian capitalism in Latin America i
PART I: THE TRANSITION FROM TRADITIONAL
HACIENDA TO CAPITALIST ESTATE 21
2 Hacienda profits and tenant farming in the Mexican Bajio,
1700-1860
DAVID BRADING 23
3 Landlord, labourer, and tenant in San Luis Potosi, northern
Mexico, 1822-1910
JAN BAZANT 59
4 Land and labour in rural Chile, 1850-1935
ARNOLD BAUER and ANN HAGERMAN JOHNSON 83
5 The development of the Chilean hacienda system, 1850-1973
CRISTOBAL KAY 103
6 Relations of production in Andean haciendas: Peru
JUAN MARTINEZ ALIER 141
7 The formation of the coffee estate in nineteenth-century
Costa Rica
CIRO F. S. CARDOSO 165
PART II: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PLANTATION
ECONOMY WITH LABOUR RECRUITMENT FROM
HIGHLAND PEASANT COMMUNITIES 203
8 The integration of the highland peasantry into the sugar cane
economy of northern Argentina, 1930—43
IAN RUTLEDGE 205
vi Contents
9 The social and economic consequences of modernization in the
Peruvian sugar industry, 1870-1930
PETER KLAREN 229
10 The dynamics of Indian peasant society and migration to coastal
plantations in central Peru
HENRI FAVRE 253
11 A Colombian coffee estate: Santa Barbara, Cundinamarca,
1870-1912
MALCOLM DEAS 269
PART III: THE DEVELOPMENT OF
COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE USING EUROPEAN
IMMIGRANT LABOUR 299
12 The coffee colono of Sao Paulo, Brazil: migration and
mobility, 1880-1930
THOMAS H. HOLLOWAY 301
13 The cereal boom and changes in the social and political
structure of Santa Fe, Argentina, 1870—95
EZEQUIEL GALLO 323
PART IV: THE TRANSITION FROM SLAVE
PLANTATION TO CAPITALIST PLANTATION 343
14 The consequences of modernization for Brazil's sugar
plantations in the nineteenth century
PETER L. EISENBERG 345
15 From bangue to usina: social aspects of growth and modernization
in the sugar industry of Pernambuco, Brazil, 18 50-1920
JAIME REIS 369
16 The evolution of rural wage labour in the Cauca Valley of
Colombia, 1700-1970
MICHAEL TAUSSIG 397
17 The post-emancipation origins of the relationships between the
estates and the peasantry in Trinidad
BRIAN BLOUET 435
PART V: POSTSCRIPT 453
18 Latin American 'landlords' and 'peasants' and the outer
world during the national period
MAGNUS MORNER 455
Contents vii
19 Abstracts of other papers 483
Glossary of Spanish and Portuguese terms used in the text 490
Weights and measures 502
Notes on contributors 503
Indexes Subjects 507
Authors 530
TABLES
1 Hacienda Juchitlan and Los Panales: production and income, page
1752-72 ^ 34
2 Hacienda San Jose de Duarte: inventory, January 1758 39
3 Hacienda San Jose de Duarte: accounts rendered, 1811-18 41
4 Hacienda San Jose de Duarte: maize production and sales,
1811-18 42
5 Hacienda San Jose de Duarte: maize consumption, 1811-18 42
6 Hacienda Sauz de Armenta: inventory, June 1823 49
7 Hacienda Sauz de Armenta: accounts, 1827—39 52
8 Hacienda Sauz de Armenta: maize production and sales,
1827-38 53
9 Hacienda Sauz de Armenta: maize consumption, 1827-38 53
10 Number of haciendas and ranchos in the State of Guanajuato,
1810-1910 54
11 Land distribution in La Ligua, 1854 85
12 Land distribution in San Felipe, 1854 85
13 Land distribution in Caupolican, 1854 86
14 Annual income of rural properties in central Chile, 1854 &7
15 Annual income of rural properties in central Chile, 1874 87
16 Land distribution in La Ligua, 1854 anc* 1923 90
17 Land distribution in San Felipe, 1854, I9I7? and X9^5 91
18 Land distribution in Caupolican, 1854 an<^ I9I7 92
19 Land distribution in central Chile, 1917 and 1935 93
20 Composition of the rural labour force in central Chile, 1935 97
21 Estimates of dwarf holdings in central Chile, 1881, 1935, and
1965 99
22 Total average annual exports of Chilean wheat and flour,
1844-5 to 1901-5 109
23 Chile: rates of annual growth of wheat production by region,
1860-1908 109
24 Chile: annual population growth rate by region, 1865-1907 109
25 Distribution of total cultivated land in the hacienda system of
central Chile, according to type of tenements, in 1965 116
Tables ix
26 Labour structure of the hacienda enterprise in central Chile,
1965 117
27 Average labour cost per day worked by different labour
categories employed by the hacienda enterprise in central Chile,
1965 119
28 Earnings per man-day and per year of tenants and wage
labourers in central Chile, 1965 121
29 Chile: distribution of farms according to size, 1965 and 1972 128
30 Disposal of terrenos baldios in Costa Rica, 1584-1890 172
31 Disposal of terrenos baldios in Costa Rica, by province,
1584-1890 172
32 Monthly wage rates for peones and jornaleros in the Meseta
Central, Costa Rica, 1844 to 1869-70 178
33 Costa Rica: population growth, 1801-1904 179
34 Costa Rica: introduction of new coffee-processing machinery in
the nineteenth century 187
35 Costa Rica: coffee exports as a percentage of total exports,
1885-1900 189
36 Salta and Jujuy: area cultivated with sugar cane, by ingenio,
1930 and 1940 212
37 Haciendas in the provinces of Salta and Jujuy controlled by the
Patron Costas family and associates, c. 1930-49 217
38 Peruvian sugar exports, 1877-1940 238
39 Number of workers, hours of labour, and wages in the Peruvian
sugar industry, 1912-36 244
40 Hacienda Santa Barbara: coffee exports, 1886-1907 292
41 Hacienda Santa Barbara: proceeds of sales of coffee in
London, 1886-99. 294
42 Total immigration into Santos, 1886-1935 304
43 Santos immigration and Sao Paulo immigrant hostel movement,
1901-5 to 1916-20 305
44 Sao Paulo: rural properties in the western plateau, by country
of origin of owner, 1905 3*4
45 Sao Paulo: land ownership by country of origin of owner, 1920 315
46 Sao Paulo: coffee ownership in the western plateau, by country
of origin of owner, 1923 317
47 Santa Fe: population by region, 1869 and 1887 329
48 Santa Fe: places of origin of inhabitants, 1887 330
49 Santa Fe: social and occupational structure, 1887 332
50 Santa Fe: social and occupational structure of the wheat- and
wool-producing regions, 1887 335