Land and its Uses — Actual and Potential: An Environmental Appraisal

576 Pages·1986·21.09 MB·English

by  F. T. Last

LAND AND ITS
USES - ACTUAL
AND POTENTIAL
An Environmental Appraisal
NATO CONFERENCE SERIES
I Ecology
II Systems Science
III Human Factors
IV Marine Sciences
V Air-Sea Interactions
VI Materials Science
I ECOLOGY
Volume 1 Conservation of Threatened Plants
edited by J. B. Simmons, R. I. Beyer, P. E. Brandham, G. LI. Lucas,
and V. T. H. Parry
Volume 2 Environmental Data Management
edited by Carl H. Oppenheimer, Dorothy Oppenheimer, and William
B. Brogden
Volume 3 The Breakdown and Restoration of Ecosystems
edited by M. W. Holdgate and M. J. Woodman
Volume 4 Effects of Acid Precipitation on Terrestrial Ecosystems
edited by T. C. Hutchinson and M. Havas
Volume 5 In Vitro Toxicity Testing of Environmental Agents: Current and Future
Possibilities (Parts A and B)
edited by Alan R. Kolber, Thomas K. Wong,
Lester D. Grant, Robert S. DeWoskin, and Thomas J. Hughes
Volume 6 Trace Element Speciation in Surface Waters and
Its Ecological Implications
edited by Gary G. Leppard
Volume 7 Trends in Ecological Research for the 1980s
edited by June H. Cooley and Frank B. Golley
Volume 8 Mediterranean Marine Ecosystems
edited by Maria Moraitou-Apostolopoulou and
Vassili Kiortsis
Volume 9 Denitrification in the Nitrogen Cycle
edited by Han L. Golterman
Volume 10 Land and Its Uses-Actual and Potential: An
Environmental Appraisal
edited by F. T. Last, M. C. B. Hotz, and B. G. Bell
LAND AND ITS
USES - ACTUAL
AND POTENTIAL
An Environmental Appraisal
Edited by
F. T. Last
Institute of Terrestrial Ecology
Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland
M. C. B. Hotz
Commission on Lead in the Environment
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
and
B. G. Bell
Institute of Terrestrial Ecology
Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
PLENUM PRESS· NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
NATO Seminar on Land and Its Uses-Actual and Potential: an Environmental Appraisal
1982: Edinburgh, Scotland)
Land and its uses-actual and potential: an environmental appraisal.
(NATO conference series. I, Ecology; v. 10)
"Proceedings of a NATO Seminar on Land and Its Uses-Actual and Potential: An En
vironmental Appraisal, held September 19-0ctober 1, 1982, in Edinburgh, Scotland"
- T.p. verso.
"Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division."
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Environmental protection-Congresses. 2. Land use-Environmental aspects
Congresses. 3. Landscape protection-Congresses. I. Last, F. T. II. Hotz, M. C. B. III.
Beli, B. G. IV. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. V. Title. VI.
Series.
TD169.N3851982 333.73 85-28111
ISBN-13 :978-1-4612-9278-4 e-ISBN-13 :978-1-4613-2169-9
001: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2169-9
Proceedings of a NATO Seminar on Land and Its Uses-Actual and Potential:
An Environmental Appraisal, held September 19-0ctober 1, 1982, in
Edinburgh, Scotland
© 1986 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1986
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
During its existence the Ecosciences Panel of the North Atlantic
Treaty Organisation was constantly concerned with (i) the communic
ation gap between the generators of ecological/environmental infor
mation and those who use it and (ii) the narrow interpretation of
'environmental' which too frequently was taken as being synonymous
with pollution.
Because of this concern, and because the panel recognised that
land-use is perhaps the overriding facet of environmental policy it
was decided to arrange the Seminar recorded in this volume :-
Land and its Uses : Actual and Potential
An Environmental Appraisal
The development of this Seminar was chaired by Professor F. T.
Last who was enthusiastically supported by B. G. Bell (U.K.),
Drs S. Bie (Norway), 0. W. Heal (U.K.), R. Herrmann (Federal Republic
of Germany), M.C.B.Hotz (formerly of NATO, Belgium, but now in
Canada), L. Munn (Canada) and N. Yassoglou (Greece). Together, they
decided that the participants should include (i) planners/decision
makers and (ii) scientists generating ecological/environmental infor
mation, in the hope that they would gain a better understanding of
each others problems and attitudes and as a result identify how
information can be prepared in a more usable form.
Regretably a considerable volume of ecological/environmental
information is lying idle simply because it is not in a form that
can be used by planners/decision-makers. This situation must be
corrected in the hope that the likely impacts of different policy
scenarios can be predicted in a rational manner, eliminating potential
damaging options before implementation.
v
vi PREFACE
The work of the Seminar was greatly advanced by the participation
of: J. C. Baral (Nepal), L. Canadas-Cruz (Equador), M. Elahi
(Pakistan), M. M. Gure (Somalia), S. Mingramm (Mexico), J. L. Mwangala
(Zambia), T. A. Okusami (Nigeria), and H. Rodrigues (Colombia) who
were generously funded by the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP) •
F. T. LAST
M. C. B. HOTZ
B. G. BELL
CONTENTS
Introduction ..•••••...•••.•.••....•...•..••.••..•••.••..... 1
A. IDENTIFICATION OF ECOLOGICAL FACTORS CHARACTERISING
THE RANGE OF TERRESTRIAL HABITATS
i Urban
Chapter 1 Planning and the Physical Environment •.•.••..• 5
P. Johnson-Marshall
Chapter 2 Planned Urban Unit Development: A Case Study
Louvain-La-Neuve 15
P. Laconte
Chapter 3 Fragmentation of Land-Rural and Urban:
A Major Problem of South European
Mediterrean Countries .................. . 25
M. L. Da Costa Lobo
commentary: Urban Planning 45
ii Rural
a Geology
Chapter 4 Geology and Land-Use : The Production of
'Environmentally' Orientated Maps
for Decision-Makers .................... . 51
E. F. P. Nickless
commentary : Geology 73
b Soil Resources
Chapter 5 The Formation and Properties of Soils ........ . 77
R. Mayer
vii
viii CONTENTS
Chapter 6 Classification and Maps of Soils and their
Interpretation for Planners .•••..•.••••• 89
C. P. Burnham
Chapter 7 Soil R~uirements for Forestry •••••••••.•••••• 109
E. L. Stone
Chapter 8 Tropical Forest Soils •••••••••••••••••••..•••• 125
J. P. Troy
Chapter 9 Principal Features of the Formation of Hill Land
Soils, their Management and Capability in
Cool, Moist, Temperate Climates ••••••••• 137
J. S. Bibby
Chapter 10 Soils in Arid Areas Management and
Characteristics 167
I. Akalan
Commentary : Soils •••••.•••••.•.••.•••.••••••• 173
c Water Resources
Chapter 11 Assessment and Management of Water Resources •• 179
M. Newson
Chapter 12 Some examples of Land and Water Use Planning
in British Columbia, Canada •••••....•••• 193
J. O'Riordan
Chapter 13 Water in Arid Areas - Basic Facts and Examples
of Environmental Implications, Supply
and Conservation 213
A. P. Schick
Chapter 14 Biological Aspects of Freshwater Resources •••• 239
B. R. S. Morrison
Commentary : Water Resources 253
d Conservation/Landscape
Chapter 15 Rationales for Conservation 259
R. Goodier
Chapter 16 Conservation Planning in a Checkerboard World :
The Problem of Size of Natural Areas •••• 289
T. E. Lovejoy
CONTENTS ix
Chapter 17 Impacts of Changing Land-use particularly in
Central Europe. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 303
K. -F. Schreiber
Chapter 18 Nature and Landscape Planning in a Rapidly
Changing Region ••••••••••••••••••••.•••• 315
A. J. Beenhakker
Chapter 19 Towards Better Land Use - The Role of
Geographers ••.•••••••••••••••.••.••••••• 329
J. Bonnamour
Chapter 20 Landscape Ecology as the Scientific Basis for
Holistic Land Appraisal, Planning and
Management •.••.•••••••.••••.•••.•••.•••• 333
Z. Naveh
Commentary: Conservation/Landscape ••••••••••. 351
B LAND CLASSIFICATION
Chapter 21 Monitoring, Optimizing and predicting Impacts
from Multi-source Spatial Data •••••••••• 357
S. W. Bie
Chapter 22 Land Classification in Relation to Physical
Planning ••••..••.••••••••••.••.••••.•••• 365
F. D. Mathiesen
Chapter 23 Land Classification Systems in Practical
Planning : A Norwegian Perspective 377
E. Langdalen
Chapter 24 The Canada Land Inventory..................... 391
L. C. Munn
Chapter 25 An Ecological Classification of Land - Its
Application to Planning in the Highland
Reg ion, Scotland .•...••.••.•••.•.•....•. 407
R. G. H. Bunce, C. J. Claridge, C. J. Barr
and M. B. Baldwin
Chapter 26 Orientations of Land Use Maps .•.••••••.•.•.••. 427
J. P. Charvet
Commentary: Land Classification •••••••••••••• 433
x CONTENTS
C REMOTE SENSING
Chapter 27 Ecological Land Survey as Basis for Land
Resource Planning and Management in
Canada .••.••.•.•.••.•.••••.••.•.••..••.• 437
J. Thie, E. B. Wiken and C. D. A. Rubec
Chapter 28 Measuring the Standing Crop of Intertidal
Seaweeds by Remote Sensing •••••..•••..•• 453
T. Belsher
Chapter 29 Remote Sensing and Other Methods for Collecting
Data ..•...••..••.••.............••.•.•.. 457
C. A. van Kampen
Chapter 30 Numerical Picture Treatment of Remote Sensing
Imaging Systems for the Evaluation of
Oil Spills .•.•.•.•.....••• , ..•..••.••.•. 473
M. Brussieux and L. Loubersac
Commentary: Remote Sensing ••.••...•••••••..•. 479
D CASE STUDIES
Chapter 31 The National Environmental Survey of the
Netherlands: A Case Study ..••...••..•.• 483
M. C. in't Anker
Chapter 32 The Zuiderzee Polders in the Netherlands:
Economic and Environmental Assessments
During their Early Stages of Planning •.. 491
C. A. van Kampen
Chapter 33 Development of the Markerwaard Area: A Study
in Conflict .•..•..•..................... 509
M. C. in't Anker
Chapter 34 Nepal: Its Land and Its Uses .....•........... 523
J. C. Baral
Chapter 35 Rural Land Use Information Systems: A Pilot
Project in Fife, Scotland ...........•.•. 535
P. D. McGovern and S. A. Hart