Ladinos with Ladinos, Indians with Indians: Land, Labor, and Regional Ethnic Conflict in the Making of Guatemala PDF
Preview Ladinos with Ladinos, Indians with Indians: Land, Labor, and Regional Ethnic Conflict in the Making of Guatemala
Ladinos with Ladinos, Indians with Indians Ladinos with Ladinos, Indians with Indians Land, Labor, and Regional Ethnic Conflict in the Making of Guatemala rene´ reeves Stanford University Press Stanford, California 2006 StanfordUniversityPress Stanford,California (cid:2)C 2006bytheBoardofTrustees oftheLelandStanfordJuniorUniversity Allrightsreserved Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronicormechanical,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformation storageorretrievalsystemwithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofStanfordUniversity Press. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica onacid-free,archival-qualitypaper LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Reeves,Rene´. LadinoswithLadinos,IndianswithIndians:land,labor,andregionalethnic conflictinthemakingofGuatemala/Rene´Reeves. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN 0-8047-5213-3(cloth:alk.paper) 1.Mayas—Guatemala—Ethnicidentity. 2.Mayas—Landtenure—Guatemala. 3.Mayas—Guatemala—Politicsandgovernment. 4.Ladino(LatinAmerican people)—Guatemala—Ethnicidentity. 5.Ladino(LatinAmericanpeople)—Land tenure—Guatemala. 6.Ladino(LatinAmericanpeople)—Guatemala—Politics andgovernment. 7.Landreform—Guatemala—History. 8.Ethnic conflict—Guatemala—History. 9.Socialproblems—Guatemala—History. 10.Guatemala—Ethnicrelations. 11.Guatemala—Socialconditions. 12.Guatemala—Politicsandgovernment. I.Title. F1435.3.E72R44 2006 323.1197(cid:3)4207281—dc22 2005033241 OriginalPrinting2006 Lastfigurebelowindicatesyearofthisprinting: 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 TypesetbyTechBooks,NewDelhi,in10.5/12Bembo. Contents ListofTables vi Acknowledgments vii Introduction:RewritingGuatemala’sNineteenthCentury 1 1. TheTransformationofMamQuezaltenangofromCulaha´ toIndependence 17 2. DisputingProperty:NationalPoliticsandLocalEthnicConflict intheFormationofaGuatemalanCoffeeZone 39 3. Debt,LaborCoercion,andtheExpansionofCommercial Agriculture 72 4. IntoxicatingPolitics:Gender,Ethnicity,andAlcoholintheTransition toLiberalRule 103 5. FromLadinoStatetoLadinoNation:TheMalformation ofGuatemalanNationalIdentity 136 6. PopularInsurrection,LiberalReform,andNation–StateFormation: FinalReflectionsonGuatemala’sNineteenthCentury 170 NotesandAbbreviations 195 Index 245 List of Tables 1. CoffeeExports,1853–1885 5 2. CoffeeProductioninGuatemalabyDepartment,1880 and1887 40 3. OccupationsofIndigenousMenbyFamilyPositionandMarital Status,ca.1830 86 4. ClandestineAguardienteArrests,1862–1886 120 5. ExportEarningsandGrossGovernmentRevenues 164 Acknowledgments books, like most of life’s projects, reflect the input, assistance, and cooperation of many, many people. I wish to thank some of them here, with the foreknowledge that the failings of my own memory will prevent me from giving appropriate recognition to all who deserve it. In San Juan Ostuncalco,whereIcarriedoutthebulkoftheresearchonwhichthisstudy is based, I received a warm reception and much patient indulgence from a large number of the town’s municipal officials and employees. I would like tosingleoutConcejalRamo´nD´ıaz,AlcaldeMiguelPe´rez,andLuisaPe´rez in the Treasurer’s Office. Many other municipal employees offered crucial assistance and camaraderie during the months of research in Ostuncalco. I especially would like to thank Alejandro Elias, Carlos Monterroso, Ibeth Ralda,AmilcardeLeo´n,MarcoAntonioTirado,andEddyCastillo. In Quezaltenango Francisco Cajas was most helpful and accommodat- ing, maintaining the Archivo Histo´rico de Quezaltenango against difficult odds. Likewise, Ana de Rosario Tobar performed a similar function in the singularlyimportantArchivodeGobernacio´ndeQuezaltenangowithnoap- preciable budget and in addition to all of her other duties. Rainer Hostnig, formerly regional coordinator for Guatemala and El Salvador of the Insti- tuto para la Cooperacio´n Internacional de Viena, Austria, and now based inPeru,pointedmetomanykeysourcesonOstuncalcohousedwithinthe ArchivoGeneraldeCentroAme´rica(AGCA),andlaterhesingle-handedly publishedvirtuallytheentiredocumentaryrecordofMamQuezaltenango. In Guatemala City a number of archivists, employees, and students of history associated with the AGCA were indispensable to my research. I would like to acknowledge Liseth J´ımenez, Ana Carla Ericastillo, and MargaritaGarc´ıaLo´pez.ThanksalsotoHe´ctorAurelioConcoha´Chetofthe Archivo Histo´rico Arquidiocesano, and to Arely Mendoza, directora of the viii Acknowledgments BibliotecaCesarBran˜as.InAntiguathestaffoftheCentrodeInvestigaciones Regionales de Mesoame´rica aided my research efforts immeasurably, and I alwayslookedforwardtovisitingthemonthejourneyfromQuezaltenango toGuatemalaCityandviceversa. ManyNorthAmerican-basedcolleaguesandfriendsaidedthisproject.I owe an intellectual debt to Florencia Mallon, Francisco Scarano, and Steve SternattheUniversityof Wisconsin,Madison,whichIwillneveradequately repay. Florencia was beyond generous in helping to see this manuscript throughtopublication.InonewayoranotherAnaPatriciaAlvarenga,Nancy Appelbaum,BlendaFeminias,EileenFindlay,GregGrandin,AnnJefferson, Anne MacPherson, Patrick McNamara, and Karin Rosemblatt, influenced the present shape of this work. Hopefully, from their vantage point, for the better. Jorge Gonza´lez, Todd Little-Siebold, and Chris Lutz all shared their knowledgeofGuatemalawithme,andprovidedcrucialadviceandencour- agementwhenitwasneeded.BothGregGrandinandPeterGuardinoread drafts of this manuscript and responded with helpful, constructive ways to improveit.Ihopetheresultsarenotdisappointing.Finally,mycolleaguesat Fitchburg State College have provided the most welcoming and supportive environment that one could hope for when navigating the complexities of anewteachingcareerandcontinuedscholarship. OvertheyearsIhavereceivedresearchfundingfromtheLatinAmerican and Iberian Studies Program at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and theFulbright-HaysProgramattheU.S.DepartmentofEducation.ARuth ButlerGrantfromFitchburgStateCollegeprovidedfundingforthemaps. Finally,Iwishtothankmyfamilyandfriendsforneverforgettingtoask aboutthatnebulousresearchprojectthatwould,someday,reachpublication. My parents will be proud, I know, even if it does not make the best-seller list. I dedicate this book to Deb and Rowan, the two people whose lives have been most touched by this project, and without whose spark and care Iwouldhavebeenhard-pressedtofinishit. El Petén Alta Verapaz lzabal El Quiché Huehuetenango MSaracnos Totonicapán Baja Verapaz Zacapa El Progreso QuezaltenangoSololáChimaltenango Chiquimula Guatemala Jalapa RetalhuleuSuchitenéquez Sacatepéquez Jutiapa Escuintla Santa Rosa San Cristóbal Cabricán Huitán San Vicente Buenabaj Sibilia San Carlos Sija Palestina de los Altos Cajolá San Francisco La Unión San Miguel Sigüilá Olintepeque Salcajá San Juan Ostuncalco Concepción Chiquirichapa San Quezaltenango San Martín Sacatepéquez Mateo Cantel Almolonga La Esperanza Zunil Colomba Santa María de Jesús Coatepeque El Palmar Flores Costa Cuca Génova map1. DepartmentofQuezaltenango,Twentieth-CenturyMunicipalities
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