Laboratory Manual for a Service Course in Metallurgy

129 Pages·015.921 MB·English

by  Boore, William F

fo r it
Senrte# i w i # in iot&llttrgr
:ir Will ism F# Boor©
IILRARY
§§LORa.oq school of mihs#
0©U>£H> COLORAaa
ProQuest Number: 10781410
All rights reserved
INFORMATION TO ALL USERS
The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted.
In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript
and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed,
a note will indicate the deletion.
uest
ProQuest 10781410
Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author.
All rights reserved.
This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code
Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC.
ProQuest LLC.
789 East Eisenhower Parkway
P.O. Box 1346
Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346
53670
& *&£*&£ §nhmiM04 to ttn «*«i ttit looM 0?
$&i$tO0$ of tho 0§tei& SehooX of MIto# .in tut**
tll&m nt of fctoo foqp*ifo«»nt». for tfeo Oogroe 'Mootor of
golongo*
■Blpntt
S
S
9
L
0
0d£&on#
'Data J .£1 1 9 ^
Approved:
wurfTSMTS
'w*
m * -0 * .* ft' # ft> * ft- * o 0 ft f ft' ft if- # -ft $
« i.
aiatssf «. ms
♦ # # ft ft * *
s. Mi SfWOetBRB ABO WWO THW W *
$ # * * ft # m ft t ■# * ft ft- ft ft ft
ITS* B lITfM .&* # # # •# * f * ft $ m ft
M J M ff % ffflflE H S .O f 33$S& * .* .ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft #■
♦ ft: ft ft ft ft ft- ft ft ft
CPBEUfaSf f , m«DBH&B'af®f , , * * « * * * * * *■
# ft
BxpgiiiMwr &f sorpacb m m m m t * ft # ft ft »
m rP tsim m M , v tm a
Hi# witor oiohoo to- timA Horton £U Smlfti.*
o f %%m te ta ite r s f M pm M m m t* m A ¥m €m m m M m m ^ d* F iohor#
of th© ingiinh doj^irtEBontf fo r tho ir laioro&t* imtp mmi m w *
#mttom in fr#fa#to§ tblo jmp«*
ftm Motors of aiotaXa teal Jo Wtm sloyjr of aax&liHl*-&
•pro^o#©* Aroboofegiat# hw® acknowledged tfoo impact of
metals on tho oharactor of o iviliaatio n through oao of the
! ® « "Brass 4g#fft *'Brtm»o. Ageft» and 11 tern &$$% Out of
ttsfials wan toi fashioned Ms sword# and Ms plowsharesi and#
th ro u g h tha sie% pow sr and- p m p p a rity hare t^Xengeii to
these aha pos,e#sa#d im fe ria n t w ia ls and' s u p e rio r snotaX*
working tewXadga#
ffe arts of metallurgy, oonaiating of attract log
w-taXf from tfooXr ores# bXsnding ana or m m notaXa to pro*-
te<i &XXo$$£ working of .wiala into .uaofuX objects, and
treating of wtftXa and alloys thermally, itrt » n | man* a
earliest skills* the first- uh of natal tey man eamo-t tea
fetal, tmetly temte, in soma pmrtt of tho f0?Mt it ooourrod
at l#smt Xd#0OO yeari ago* Bine# geM and oop^er are -the
only natlro motaXa iiaiete are wifely Maipitenbed, thoro ©an.
tee little doubt that those m m the first- motala uood# Gold,
of eoerse, it too soft for moo-as a tool, m weapon |. but
copper, i&loh is capable of hsrdtelag under the blows of a
hmaar# will sore# both a# a tool and a weapon m m ® £im tiw m
Xy than a tana# dint# it it almost a certainty that detection
of fc@ of foot of limm&vtng -or working metal was coincident
'With# or followod closely, its first use,. it is logical to
m m m i- th a t »teaX w orkteg i t the o M o a t o f the- .m o tm lln rg lo a l
arti, StMXarly, the beginnings of thermal troatfflssnt of
notala- and alloys are obscure; tent wry likely soon after
mm found th&fc he ceuM tordte a metal by hams#rto$ i% he
Ibwd he- ##uM it by to atin g .it to a Mgh to^trm ton
and. slowly cooling it*- tM mm mmm %0§0 to 4,000 years
la b o r to to re nan f i r s t a ffe c te d 'product ion.- o f a m e ta l tte o u g h
toe reduction of an #»*■ to ter yet, tot a till .many joara to*
for# tii# Mrto of Otoiit, mm disco?crsd tost tot addition
of ta a ll immxitai of tin to copper produced a no# itsetoX tmm
which to couM mato harder and atro-ngor tool#' and /we&pona
man Stay to tod. previously pootoatedf ton# alloying mm
to®*
1hough-mtali ted tto ir alloy# offered #0£&in&*
bloat of proptftita ototrwiat mohtaiuabX# , and though man
aaaiteoualy applied -Mmm If to tot equation and d#?#Xop»at
of to# metallurgical art#, a# recently us .1050 only eight
metal#- sad a few of ■ toair m &f potalbX# alloy coabtoatiosi#
wort in mat on a oeiSi®§#ii#X ical#*- 1®. fact, at this iiasa
mo a#%al0 wort in important tit#, except for o»b iron, m at
tod not toon meed by'to# Boms#*
Shortly after to# Middle o f the 19to contory- Sir
Htary to###t®#r designed and produced M # courortor Aito
optnoi, to# d o o r ■ to a### p® dM O tiofi # f # to # i a t $& te g tu to r**
tog Matorial, Sine# tost *tm to# motsltorgiit ha# toafuod.
to# method of production m& manner of ttorm&l and ta&oha&to&X
tM&tntfmt for many tummn tmt&lm and, #?aa mof# striking, for
many now alloy#* from & Mtoltor&totto /standpoint it ®m. to
triitoftillf Mid tost tol# it to# Alloy Ago*
Burning parallel to to# rapid expansion of to#
stotoXXtegtoal daring- the last m» ta rre d year# ogrnt
to# M rto sud growth of the- sciatic# of wteallurgy* Sophy,
&& English scientist, too first #xamte#d metal structure#
wade* a m loroaeope to, 1864,. to ffite r a ily e w d ite d w ith to *
tog tot f& to tr of itotoltorgioal oetonot# iiaot toon ■*♦..
m$mg tool# 'such mt the Mores cope* toe electron H&opeeoopt,
and to# ttormo*otootrto pyre-metor, X*i!»ayw, ttomlo&X analysis
tad tpttlMtWMhy, tod eoiapXto. atotractito^ #f w d t ® solid*
-ot&t# physic# such at jtpiimtog ttoetroni* «ptotaa ttotof,
ttobiatidal meetonloa, and » on ** M toXlw glttX tetone#
tot tffifergout twoMnfeM growth* ISteougjh yet m toftut com*
pared to too pr&otie&X mpts of - metallurgy, ?«etoXtoi*gieal.
seienee teas played an increasingly important role in con*
tritotlmg to dwatepmontt in the MtaX^produtins toi metal*
working Industrie#* especially during the tost BO years*
Qm need go took no m m than thirty year# really
to .notie# to# to#«toomt adfastt in to t types, toe ip a llty ,
and toe- mootanieal properties o f alloy# which ha?# toon pro*
duoed by toe m etallurgist* A suggestion in 1990 that alloy#
to n M to developed to- withstand m m o f today*'# eowfe ##p*
vied oondi-tioiio would- ta rt toon. amlliid ftot&Atio# fte# toesil*
OOl engineer o f that day would to ' confounded by the wowroaioa*
rtefettob properties o f etatolees steel# and o th e r wpaolal
alleys# fto eleotrtoal engineer would,«#?#! at to# dosipt
weoaoadew of footed- in trmmfmmm torou^s nee- of specially
processed tiiio o n otoeli At too s-im roduotion ebtatoabit
to pm m im m * n a g n e tt w ith o u t any .ta e M fto t to ca p a city, to^ragh-
Hi# of 'mm alloy# pad ptatocMom 'm&
mt to # o to ta m to t a#M #v#4 to p o w y b r te te ite tte by us# o f
ta w # ta better a lto p i# f t wouM. -tax to # o ta ia iitf* o f to #
tegitate eonoarate with ttomm power to -tow M m 1 epor&tlote
tetauotod at tosiperatotas rama* 106# Fatetetait and at pace#-*
■ter## elos* to lit# $#&* fta tamtoia# te#f foresaw itiM hat#
to change M i sch e d u lin g to allow fo r to# tw#My*fold to *
« # » # to ta b b in g .ip iid # ttk&b late to te a tta in # # . th ro u g h €#*■
v#lop»at of tool a to el alloy# and cemented carMfea*. to#
mmhm&mml engincor would ### M # » # # « #otetai^»i opw&fc*
, tog a turbto at a itiam prateur# of lit# pal ata a tomporm*
bur# tottate AS# ani 110# Ftetoteait a$ againot to# 10# psi
mud. 400 Fatoontoit to ut#4 to. X&OD* lltotote or m% to# Mtey
. ferttoptaato - tfpifiad by those tow ilto itratioa# wmm- to#
eerie; o f to# w t a lt o r it . it # r to# te g lta te . to “p rto m M ly &
matter of portofe1. irXMpolttbp ted. 1m ta t to# importtet mt*
poet of to# subject* that to toportimt is to# concept tout \
\
toot# difeowriii tomtote a ooatritotite to $mast mototao or j
to# practical itaus tria l dwolepM&t of a mm or' it®roved |
..Alloy, #$$&**# almost tetiwly oa toamork- tatwooa.tot »talW
/
.
to rg to t « ta to # # a g .ita te to develop a p p lic a tio n # - w h ite p e r* \
i
Mb- to# Fcmltoatloa of itoir ultimate nmin%n®m la to# »r*j
v ia # o f » a k la if. a # #agia##.r te d ,to # - s 5 # ta llw g is i mx&t to /
partner#! Forhspi to# folio wing Illustration will mow# to
illtatomto.' «hl* p#lab,
§#pp#r Ms mlmy# toon a d iffic u lt m cta l.t© mtehite*
If $$$#&# mm act kept low, toe- copper tom® mb to# oat mar*
£&&& and tortM# m otoar iw^rfcant eoatoWs m €
pm M M to nm mmm mmtmm finish is -fli#. iit»-
P^mMmX mngXnmm tm kX M this p^PbMm Wmm0k dlf format
rake m 0 ,m ^ wm im t.im m to. ooitoltotitoii of 4pmdm m d tato%
wtfLtu&& of'dtffwajst %wm of out ting ollft «nd fluMft* ftilt
atttoM aeMftvtd sons# At to# saaft time to#
jattollurgtoto »if toty tod# thty found tost tot addition
of ft gs&XX of tftitontea wotiM alterm 06 pttoitii.% .la**
oromao to suiting &p$$d with no daoresto. to vulu# of too
\
Pift&uet* Xii# mtctoMo&l angiisiato toon tmpklm& too now «&**
loy# M.|ua;feiiig toftir mmoMuoft for inoroaaod #p##d tod grind*
.tog iktir tools ton o f& m v flMtou this was not tot #Mf
full po t ©titiall tie s of toft lap £w ad alloy ftouM not to ft to
talntd on too p.nowiouol7 uftod muftMn#*1 mmm toon it mm ox»
tftndftd to o u t tin g mo to o t m its ' go ana and s p in d le hearings
would permit and as doap mo too power of tom motor could
t
£®m® -toft tool#' tot% on a h&.m%»v t§fttoln%. too ^totnioal
anglnaor Imrn .again reatosd to# limit- Imposed by tot Btotftl
Itoolf#. .patompft tot m%mXXu^giB%: man of foot -ft m w Mvanft#
'tonon.#i -ftlto fln g o r to s t tftftto a n t * B&eh In to to to p rw o if
Mm work u n til bo joftoo ft ftariout proMtm fo r to# otoar*
and toia cycle marks; the path of progftftft*
$&e numfcw of alloys and tot oompltMtifti of toftir
rtftp o o tlv o aioohft.nieul to d to t to ft 1 to ifttm tn to hum g & ltX p lltd
ftlaoat" bayard toll of* til# continuing dovetopmonb of now
otttalft and mlloy# it gtrlng tot engirter w tools wito
wtitoti to wnrte and ham m&t It completely i^r&fttloml, .for