Laboratory Hematology Practice

759 Pages·2012·22.02 MB·English

Laboratory Hematology Practice
This book is dedicated to the memory of Dr Berend Houwen and Dr Noriyuki Tatsumi
Laboratory
Hematology Practice
EDITED BY
Kandice Kottke-Marchant MD, PhD
Chair, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Institute
Professor and Chair, Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
Section Head, Hemostasis and Thrombosis
Department of Clinical Pathology
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland, OH, USA
WITH
Bruce H. Davis MD
Trillium Diagnostics, LLC,
Bangor, ME, USA
ISLH
International Society for
Laboratory Hematology
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
This edition fi rst published 2012 © 2012 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Laboratory hematology practice / edited by Kandice Kottke-Marchant, Bruce H. Davis.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-6218-0 (hard cover : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 1-4051-6218-X (hard cover : alk. paper)
1. Hematology. 2. Blood–Analysis. I. Kottke-Marchant, Kandice. II. Davis, Bruce H., M.D.
[DNLM: 1. Hematologic Tests–methods. 2. Blood Chemical Analysis–methods. 3. Cytological
Techniques. 4. Hematologic Diseases–diagnosis. QY 400]
RB45.L235 2012
616.07'561–dc23
2011023990
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print
may not be available in electronic books.
Set in 9 on 12 pt Meridien by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited
1 2012
Contents
Contributors, viii 11 Validation and Quality Control in Clinical Flow
Cytometry, 115
Preface, xiii
Norman B. Purvis and Teri Oldaker
Abbreviations, xv
12 A New Paradigm for Cytometric Analysis, 131
C. Bruce Bagwell
I Cellular Analysis
1 Historical Perspective on Cellular Analysis, 3 III Molecular Diagnostics
Elkin Simson
13 Sample Collection, Processing, and Storage for
2 Cellular Morphologic Analysis of Peripheral Blood, 10
Molecular Genetic Testing, 145
Powers Peterson, Sheila McNeill, and Gene Gulati
Bobby L. Boyanton Jr. and Domnita Crisan
3 Automated Cell Analysis: Principles, 26
14 Development of Amplifi cation-Based Molecular
Bruce H. Davis and Patrick W. Barnes
Genetic Testing in Hematology, 155
4 Differential Leukocyte Analysis, 33 Raymond R. Tubbs
Marie-Christine Béné and Francis Lacombe
15 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Molecular
5 Automated Platelet Analysis, 48 Diagnostics, 168
Carol Briggs and Samuel J. Machin Gurunathan Murugesan, Seongsoo Jang, and Jin-Yeong Han
6 Method Standardization in Cellular Analysis, 59 16 Molecular Cytogenetic (FISH) Analysis of
Ian Giles and Richard Kendall Hematolymphoid Disorders, 181
Mark A. Micale and Anwar N. Mohamed
7 Spurious Counts and Spurious Results on Hematology
Analyzers: Platelets, 66 17 Immunoglobulin and T-Cell Receptor Gene
Marc Zandecki, Franck Genevieve, Jérémie Gérard, and Rearrangement Analysis for Diagnosis of Hematologic
Alban Godon Malignancies, 199
Jacques J. M. van Dongen, Anton W. Langerak, and
8 Spurious Counts and Spurious Results on Hematology
Tomasz Szczepański
Analyzers: White Blood Cells, Red Blood Cells,
Hemoglobin, Red Cell Indices, and Reticulocytes, 79 18 Minimal Residual Disease Detection in Acute Myeloid
Marc Zandecki, Franck Genevieve, Jérémie Gérard, and Leukemia by RQ-PCR and Multiparameter Flow
Alban Godon Cytometry, 220
Wolfgang Kern and Susanne Schnittger
9 Evaluation of Hematology Analyzers, 96
Carol Briggs 19 Engraftment Analysis Using Short Tandem Repeats
Following Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell
Transplantation, 234
II Flow Cytometry in Hematologic Diagnosis
Ilka Warshawsky and Hyun-Sook Chi
10 Flow Cytometric Specimen Collection, Processing, and 20 Molecular Profi ling Methods in the Diagnosis of
Reporting, 105 Hematologic Disorders, 244
Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, Bruce Greig, and Constance Yuan Annette S. Kim, Stephen R. Master, and Cherie H. Dunphy
v
Contents
21 The Role of Classical Cytogenetics in Hematologic 35 Diagnosis of Fibrinolytic Disorders, 460
Diagnosis, 267 Wayne Chandler
Kathleen Richkind
36 Laboratory Evaluation of Acquired Coagulation
Disorders, 468
IV Bone Marrow Analysis Richard A. Marlar and Katerine Seywerd
37 Platelet Assays and Platelet Dysfunction, 480
22 Bone Marrow Processing and Normal Morphology, 281 Paul Harrison and David Keeling
Karl S. Theil
38 Thrombophilia: Assays and Interpretation, 492
23 Cytochemical, Immunocytochemical, Histochemical, Sophia Yohe and John Olson
and Immunohistochemical Staining of Bone Marrow
39 Lupus Anticoagulants, Antiphospholipid Antibodies,
and Peripheral Blood, 300
and Antiphospholipid Syndrome, 509
Alexandra Rice and Barbara J. Bain
William L. Nichols, Kandice Kottke-Marchant,
24 The Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, 315 Marlies R. Ledford-Kraemer, Henry A. Homburger,
Sindhu Cherian and Brent L. Wood and Layna K. Cardel
25 Myelodysplastic Disorders, 331 40 Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia, 526
Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, Joseph A. DiGiuseppe, Sixten Selleng and Andreas Greinacher
and Diane C. Arthur
41 Anticoagulant, Antiplatelet, and Thrombolytic
26 Acute Leukemias, 345 Drugs, 535
Joseph A. DiGiuseppe and Laila Mnayer Laura Green and Samuel J. Machin
27 Lymphoproliferative Disorders, 364 42 Guidelines for Evaluation of Coagulation Analyzers
Robert W. Allan, Samer Z. Al-Quran, Ying Li, and Coagulation Testing, 543
and Raul C. Braylan Chris Gardiner
28 Plasma Cell Disorders, 381
Bill G. Richendollar and James R. Cook VI Special Hematology Techniques
29 Diagnosis of Adult Mastocytosis: Role for Bone
43 Essentials of Immunohematology, 555
Marrow Analysis, 388
A. Bradley Eisenbrey
Luis Escribano, Andrés Garcia-Montero,
Laura Sanchez-Muñoz, Cristina Teodosio, 44 Analysis of Hemoglobinopathies, Hemoglobin Variants
Ivan Alvarez-Twose, Maria Jara-Acevedo, and Thalassemias, 562
José Mario Morgado, Julia Almeida, Alberto Orfao Monica V. E. Gallivan and Piero C. Giordano
for the Spanish Network on Mastocytosis (REMA)
45 Nutritional Anemia, 586
30 Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) Ralph Green
Analysis, 399
46 Hemolytic Anemias Associated with Disorders of
Stephen J. Richards
Erythrocyte Membrane and Cytoskeleton Proteins, 602
May-Jean King, Lesley J. Bruce, and Didier Dhermy
V Hemostasis and Thrombosis
47 Body Fluid Analysis, 615
David J. Blomberg, Katherine Galagan, and Eric F. Glassy
31 Sample Collection and Processing in Hemostasis, 409
48 Malaria Analysis, 626
Dorothy M. Adcock
Qigui Li, Peter J. Weina, and R. Scott Miller
32 Performance and Interpretation of Routine Coagulation
49 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), 638
Assays, 420
Josep M. Jou
Kandice Kottke-Marchant
33 Clotting Factors and Inhibitors: Assays and
VII Point-of-Care Testing
Interpretation, 435
Piet Meijer, H. W. Verbruggen, and Michael Spannagl
50 Needs Analysis and Selection of Point-of-Care Testing
34 Diagnosis of von Willebrand Disease, 447 Analyzers, 649
Emmanuel J. Favaloro and Jerry Koutts Albert Huisman
vi
Contents
51 Point-of-Care Testing in Hemostasis, 655 54 Hematology Quality Practices, 686
Steve Kitchen and Dianne Kitchen George S. Cembrowski
52 Point-of-Care Hematology Assays, 668 55 Digital Imaging in Hematology, 707
Albert Huisman Danny Hsu and Szu-Hee Lee
Index, 719
VIII Management of Information
53 Laboratory Management, 675
Stefanie L. McFadden and Linda M. Sandhaus
vii
Contributors
Dorothy M. Adcock MD Barbara J. Bain MBBS, FRACP, Carol Briggs BSc, FIBMS
Medical Director FRCPath Chief Biomedical Scientist and Researcher
Esoterix Inc. Professor of Diagnostic Haematology Department of Haematology
Englewood, CO, USA Imperial College Faculty of Medicine University College London Hospitals
St Mary ’s Hospital London, UK
Robert W. Allan MD London, UK
Clinical Associate Professor Lesley J. Bruce PhD
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Patrick W. Barnes MA MT(ASCP) Senior Research Scientist
Medicine Laboratory Manager— Hematology Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences
University of Florida College of Medicine Barnes-Jewish Hospital NHS Blood& Transplant
Gainesville, FL, USA St. Louis, MO, USA Bristol, UK
Julia Almeida MD, PhD Marie-Christine Bé né PharmSciD, Layna K. Cardel BS, MT(ASCP)
Associate Professor PhD Education Specialist
Servicio General de Citometrí a and Immunology Professor and Biologist Mayo Special Coagulation Laboratory
Departamento de Medicina Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Faculté de Department of Laboratory Medicine and
Instituto de Biologí a Celular y Molecular del Médecine de Nancy Pathology
Cáncer Nancy Université Mayo Clinic Rochester;
Centro de Investigació n del Cá ncer/IBMCC Nancy, France Instructor, Laboratory Medicine
(CSIC-USAL) Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Universidad de Salamanca David J. Blomberg MD Rochester, MN, USA
Salamanca, Spain
Formerly Associate Professor, Pathology and
Laboratory Medicine, Univ. of MN, Duluth, George S. Cembrowski MD, PhD
Samer Z. Al -Quran MD
School of Medicine. Director, Medical Biochemistry,
Associate Professor
Formerly of Arrowhead Pathologists, P.A. University Hospital
Department of Pathology, Immunology and
Duluth, MN, USA Associate Professor,
Laboratory Medicine
Department of Laboratory Medicine and
University of Florida College of Medicine
Bobby L. Boyanton Jr. MD Pathology
Gainesville, FL, USA
University of Alberta
Associate Professor of Pathology
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Oakland University William Beaumont School
Ivan Alvarez- Twose MD
of Medicine
Clinical Associate Professor Medical Director, Clinical Microbiology Wayne Chandler MD
Instituto de Estudios de Mastocitosis de
Associate Medical Director, Molecular Vice Chair
Castilla La Mancha
Pathology Clinical Coagulation and Chemistry
Hospital Virgen del Valle
Beaumont Hospital Department of Pathology and Laboratory
Toledo, Spain
Department of Clinical Pathology Medicine
Royal Oak, MI, USA The Methodist Hospital
Diane C. Arthur MD Houston, TX, USA
Staff Clinician Raul C. Braylan MD
Head, Clinical Cytogenetics Section Professor Emeritus Sindhu Cherian MD
Laboratory of Pathology, CCR, NCI, NIH
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Assistant Professor
Bethesda, MD, USA
Medicine Department of Laboratory Medicine
University of Florida College of Medicine University of Washington
C. Bruce Bagwell MD, PhD Gainesville, FL, USA Seattle, WA, USA
President
Verity Software House
Topsham, ME, USA
viii
Contributors
Hyun-Sook Chi MD, PhD Emmanuel J. Favaloro PhD FFSc Eric F. Glassy MD
Emeritus Professor (RCPA) Affi liated Pathologists Medical Group
University of Ulsan Principle Hospital Scientist Torrance, CA, USA
College of Medicine and Asan Medical Department of Haematology
Center Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Alban Godon MD
Seoul, Korea Research (ICPMR)
Laboratoire d’ Hématologie
Westmead Hospital
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire
James R. Cook MD, PhD Westmead, NSW, Australia Angers, France
Associate Professor of Pathology
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Katherine Galagan MD Ralph Green MD, PhD, FRCPath,
Molecular Hematopathology Section Head Director of Clinical Laboratories and Section
FCAP, FASCP
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute Head
Professor and Chair
Cleveland Clinic Virginia Mason Medical Center
Department of Medical Pathology and
Cleveland, OH, USA Seattle, WA, USA
Laboratory Medicine
University of California, Davis
Domnita Crisan MD, PhD Monica V. E. Gallivan MD School of Medicine
Professor of Pathology Medical Director, Hematology Sacramento, CA, USA
Oakland University William Beaumont School Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute
of Medicine Chantilly, VA, USA Laura Green MBBS, MRCP, FRCPath
Medical Director, Molecular Pathology
Consultant in Haemostasis and Transfusion
William Beaumont Hospital Andrés Garcia- Montero PhD Medicine
Department of Clinical Pathology
Researcher Department of Haematology
Royal Oak, MI, USA
Servicio General de Citometria and Barts and The London NHS Trust
Departamento de Medicina London, UK
Bruce H. Davis MD Instituto de Biologí a Celular y Molecular del
Trillium Diagnostics, LLC, Cáncer Bruce Greig MT(ASCP)QCYM
Bangor, ME, USA Centro de Investigació n del Cá ncer/IBMCC
Associate
(CSIC-USAL)
Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and
Didier Dhermy MD, PhD Universidad de Salamanca Immunology
Salamanca, Spain
Directeur de Recherche au CNRS Vanderbilt University
Institut National Transfusion Sanguine Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Paris, France Chris Gardiner PhD, MSc, FIBMS Nashville, TN, USA
Postdoctoral Scientist
Joseph A. DiGiuseppe MD, PhD Nuffi eld Department of Obstetrics and Andreas Greinacher MD
Gynaecology
Director, Special Hematology Laboratory Full Professor, Department Chair
University of Oxford
Department of Pathology& Laboratory Institut fü r Immunologie und
Oxford, UK
Medicine Transfusionsmedizin
Hartford Hospital Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universitä t
Hartford, CT, USA Franck Geneviè ve MD Greifswald, Germany
Laboratoire d’ Hématologie
Cherie H. Dunphy MD, FCAP, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gene Gulati PhD
Angers, France
FASCP Professor of Hematology and Associate
Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Director of Hematology Laboratory
Medicine Jérémie G érard PhD Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Doctor of Pharmacy Biology
Medicine Laboratoire d’ Hématologie Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson
University of North Carolina Centre Hospitalier Universitaire University
Chapel Hill, NC, USA Angers, France Philadelphia, PA, USA
A. Bradley Eisenbrey MD, PhD Ian Giles MD Jin-Yeong Han MD, PhD, FASCP
Laboratory Director Director of Scientifi c Affairs Professor and Chair
Gift of Life Michigan Sysmex America Inc Department of Laboratory Medicine
Ann Arbor, MI, USA Mundelein, IL, USA Dong-A University College of Medicine
Busan, Korea
Luis Escribano MD, PhD Piero C. Giordano PhD
Director Associated Professor Paul Harrison BSc, PhD, FRCPath
Instituto de Estudios de Mastocitosis de Clinical biochemical molecular geneticist Clinical Scientist& Honorary Lecturer
Castilla La Mancha Center for Human and Clinical Genetics Oxford Haemophilia& Thrombosis Centre
Hospital Virgen del Valle Leiden Academic Hospital (LUMC) Churchill Hospital
Toledo, Spain Leiden, The Netherlands Oxford, UK
ix
Contributors
Henry A. Homburger MD Wolfgang Kern MD Anton W. Langerak PhD
Consultant (Emeritus), Laboratory Medicine& Head Immunophenotyping Associate Professor
Pathology MLL Munich Leukemia Laboratory Medical Immunologist
Former Director, Mayo Antibody Immunology Munich, Germany Department of Immunology
Laboratory Erasmus MC
Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Annette S. Kim MD, PhD University Medical Center Rotterdam
Immunology Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Assistant Professor of Pathology, Microbiology
Department of Laboratory Medicine and
and Immunology
Pathology Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Marlies R. Ledford- Kraemer
Mayo Clinic Rochester;
Immunology MBA, BS, MT(ASCP)SH
Professor (Emeritus), Laboratory Medicine and
Vanderbilt University Medical Center President, CLOT- ED, Inc.
Pathology
Nashville, TN, USA Emeritus Executive Secretary, NASCOLA
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Islamorada, FL, USA
Rochester, MN, USA
May-Jean King PhD
Senior Research Biochemist/ Szu-Hee Lee MBBChir, PhD, FRACP,
Danny Hsu MBBS, FRACP, FRCPA Clinical Scientist FRCPA
Senior Registrar in Haematology Membrane Biochemistry Professor (Conjoint) and Senior Staff
Department of Haematology International Blood Group Reference Haematologist
St George Hospital Laboratory Department of Haematology
Sydney, NSW, Australia NHS Blood& Transplant St George Hospital
Bristol, UK Sydney, NSW, Australia
Albert Huisman PhD
Clinical Chemist Steve Kitchen PhD Qigui Li MD, PhD
University Medical Center Utrecht Clinical Scientist Chief of Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics
Department of Clinical Chemistry and Sheffi eld Haemostasis and Department of Pharmacology
Haematology Thrombosis Centre Division of Experimental Therapeutics
Utrecht, The Netherlands Royal Hallamshire Hospital Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
Sheffi eld, UK Silver Spring, MD, USA
Seongsoo Jang MD, PhD
Assistant Professor Dianne Kitchen PhD Ying Li MD, PhD
Asan Medical Center Senior BMS Clinical Associate Professor
University of Ulsan College of Medicine UK NEQAS for Blood Coagulation Department of Pathology and Laboratory
Seoul, Korea Sheffi eld, UK Medicine
University of Florida College of Medicine
Maria Jara- Acevedo MSc Kandice Kottke- Marchant MD, Gainesville, FL, USA
PhD student, Servicio General de Citometrí a
PhD
and Departamento de Medicina, Chair, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Samuel J. Machin MD, FRCP, FRCPath
Instituto de Biolog ía Celular y Molecular del Institute Professor of Haematology, University College
Cáncer Professor and Chair, Department London
Centro de Investigació n del Cá ncer/IBMCC of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Consultant Haematologist and Clinical Lead
(CSIC-USAL) College of Medicine for Laboratory Services
Universidad de Salamanca Section Head, Hemostasis and University College London Hospitals
Salamanca, Spain Thrombosis London, UK
Dept. of Clinical Pathology
Josep M. Jou MD, PhD Cleveland Clinic, Richard A. Marlar PhD
Senior Consultant Cleveland, OH, USA Professor of Pathology
Servei Hemoterà pia i Hemostà sia Laboratory Services
Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona Jerry Koutts MD (Syd) BS FRACP Oklahoma City Veterans Administration
Barcelona, Spain FRCPA Medical Center
Department of Haematology University of Oklahoma Health Sciences
David Keeling BSc MD FRCP FRCPath Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Center
Oxford Haemophilia and Thrombosis Centre Research (ICPMR) Oklahoma City, OK, USA
Churchill Hospital Westmead Hospital
Oxford, UK Westmead, NSW, Australia Stephen R. Master MD, PhD
Assistant Professor of Pathology and
Richard Kendall PhD Francis Lacombe MD, PhD Laboratory Medicine
Director of Global Scientifi c Affairs Hematology Laboratory Department of Pathology and Laboratory
Commercial Director Future Solutions Hôpital Haut -Lévêque Medicine
Abbott Hematology Pessac, France University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Santa Clara, CA, USA Philadelphia, PA, USA
x