Laboratory Astrophysics PDF
Preview Laboratory Astrophysics
Astrophysics and Space Science Library 451 Guillermo M. Muñoz Caro Rafael Escribano Editors Laboratory Astrophysics Laboratory Astrophysics Astrophysics and Space Science Library EDITORIAL BOARD F.BERTOLA,UniversityofPadua,Italy C.J.CESARSKY,CommissionforAtomicEnergy,Saclay,France P.EHRENFREUND,LeidenUniversity,TheNetherlands O.ENGVOLD,UniversityofOslo,Norway E.P.J.VANDENHEUVEL,UniversityofAmsterdam,TheNetherlands V.M.KASPI,McGillUniversity,Montreal,Canada J.M.E.KUIJPERS,UniversityofNijmegen,TheNetherlands H.VANDERLAAN,UniversityofUtrecht,TheNetherlands P.G.MURDIN,InstituteofAstronomy,Cambridge,UK B.V.SOMOV,AstronomicalInstitute,MoscowStateUniversity,Russia R.A.SUNYAEV,MaxPlanckInstituteforAstrophysics,Garching,Germany Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/5664 ˜ Guillermo M. Munoz Caro • Rafael Escribano Editors Laboratory Astrophysics 123 Editors GuillermoM.Mun˜ozCaro RafaelEscribano CentrodeAstrobiología Inst.deEstructuradelaMateria INTA-CSIC IEM-CSIC TorrejóndeArdoz Madrid,Spain Madrid,Spain ISSN0067-0057 ISSN2214-7985 (electronic) AstrophysicsandSpaceScienceLibrary ISBN978-3-319-90019-3 ISBN978-3-319-90020-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90020-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018950457 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Cover illustration: Artist’s composition of the absorption spectrum oficy dust with the Pleiades star clusterinthebackground.Credit:ÁngelGonzálezValdenebro ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Astrochemistry is the science devoted to the study of the chemical processes at workinastrophysicalenvironments,includingtheinterstellarmedium,comets,and circumstellar and circumplanetary regions, according to M. De Becker. It may be distinguished from astrophysics, which focuses on the study, formation, and evolution of astronomical objects based on physical principles, but clearly both disciplines go hand in hand. Astrochemistry has evolved tremendously in the last fifty years, coinciding with the detection of the first molecules in the interstellar medium.Thescienceofastrochemistryhasprecededastrobiologyandoccasionally dealswithrelatedtopics,in particularthe reactionsleadingto prebioticmolecules inspaceandtheirdeliverytohabitableplanetslikeourprimitiveEarth.Laboratory astrophysicsisnowadaysawell-establishedmultidisciplinaryfield.Thetruescope of these studies lies between physics and chemistry, since the gas, ice, and dust physicalpropertiesareexplored,inadditiontochemicalreactionsoccurringinthe gasphase,inthebaredustsurface,orintheicebulkanditssurface.Sincethe1970s, there is a growing worldwide community dedicated to this area of research that publishesregularlyinastrophysicaljournalsandisrepresentedinthemainsymposia dedicatedtoastrochemistryingeneral.Ourdeepgratitudegoestoallofthem,who haveoftensacrificedtheirsparetimetocontributetothisbook. The aim of this book is to introduce laboratory astrophysics to PhD students working in this field. It can also be used as a manual for observers and modelers who are searching for information on ice and dust processes. The ultimate goal of the experimental astrophysicist is that the knowledge gained in the laboratory simulationsisusedtointerprettheobservations,orincorporatedincomputermodels of astrophysical environments. The first two chapters are an introduction to dust grains,sometimescoveredbyicemantles,intheinterstellarmediumandthesolar system,respectively.Althoughicymoonsandthetransneptunianobjectsknownto contain ice in the solar system were not discussed, the astronomers dedicated to theirstudymayalsousethisvolumeforconsultation.Chapter3isanintroduction tospectroscopyandastronomicalobservations,sincemostofourknowledgeonice and dust in space is based on spectroscopic observations. Chapters 4, 5, 6 and 7 are dedicated to the ice properties: density, optical constants, quantum-chemical v vi Preface description, and Monte Carlo simulations of porosity and accretion. Chapters 8, 9 and 10 are devoted to the ice processes: temperature programmed desorption, photon-induceddesorption,andthermalreactivity.Chapter11dealswithcarbona- ceous dust. Since the early years of astrophysics, the absorption and scattering of radiationbydustparticleshasbeentakenintoconsiderationdueto itsundesirable effects on optical images. But the perspective of astronomers dedicated to study the interstellar medium is radically different, since the polarization and scattering propertiesofthemediumtracetheparticleshapeandtheiralignmentwithmagnetic fields, among other dust grain parameters, as it will be discussed in Chap. 12. Most of the observations of molecules in space target species in the gas phase with the use of radiotelescopes.Chapter 13 is dedicatedto laboratorysimulations of ion processes, of interest for observations in the gas phase. There is, however, compelling evidence for the important role played by dust in the physics and chemistry of various astrophysical environments. As an example, many of the observedmolecularabundancescannotbeexplainedsolelybyreactionsinthegas phase.Chapter14presentstherecentastrophysicalmodelswhich,inadditiontothe gas-phaseprocesses,alsoincludethedustgrains. January2018 GuillermoM.MuñozCaro RafaelEscribano Synopsis Laboratory astrophysics is nowadays a well-established multidisciplinary field. Focused on astrophysical environments, which include asteroids, comets, the interstellar medium, and circumstellar and circumplanetary regions, its scope lies between physics and chemistry, since it explores physical properties of the gas, ice, and dust present in those systems, as well as chemical reactions occurring in the gas phase, in the bare dust surface, or in the ice bulk and its surface. There is a growing worldwide communitydedicated to this area of research that publishes regularlyinastrophysicaljournalsandisrepresentedinthemainsymposiadedicated toastrophysicsandastrochemistryingeneral. Theultimategoaloftheexperimentalastrophysicististhattheknowledgegained in laboratory simulations is used to interpret the observations, or incorporated in computer models of astrophysical environments. This volume is designed to provide adequate material to help in such task. The aim of this book is thus to introduce and describe the use of spectroscopic tools for laboratory astrophysics and, in addition, the techniquesand theoretical methodsthat serve to characterize thephysicalpropertiesofice:density,opticalconstants,morphology,andporosity. ThebookisaddressedmainlytoPhDgraduatesworkinginthisfield.Itcanalsobe usedasamanualforobserversandmodelerswhoaresearchingforinformationon iceanddustprocesses. vii Acknowledgements The Spanish Ministry of Economy (MINECO) financially supportedthe “Cosmic Dust”network,whichallowedfruitfulinteractionsamongmanyofthecontributors tothisbook.Ourgratitudegoestoallofthem. ix Contents PartI Introduction 1 DustandIceintheInterstellarMedium................................. 3 GuillermoM.MuñozCaro 2 IcyGrainsinthe SolarSystem:CometaryandAsteroidal Environments ............................................................... 15 FernandoMoreno 3 IntroductiontoSpectroscopyandAstronomicalObservations ....... 27 RafaelEscribanoandGuillermoM.MuñozCaro PartII IceProperties 4 DensityofIcesofAstrophysicalInterest................................. 51 Miguel Ángel Satorre, Ramón Luna, Carlos Millán, ManuelDomingo,andCarminaSantonja 5 InfraredOpticalConstantsandBandStrengthsofIces ............... 71 BelénMaté 6 QuantumChemicalDescriptionofSolids:DFTApproach............ 87 OscarGálvez 7 MonteCarloSimulationsoftheFormationandMorphology ofInterstellarIces .......................................................... 95 StéphanieCazaux,JeanBaptisteBossa,RafaelMartin-Doménech, Guillermo M. Muñoz Caro, Yu-Jung Chen, Harold Linnartz, andAlexanderTielens PartIII IceProcesses 8 InfraredSpectroscopyandProgrammedThermalDesorption ofIceMixtures.............................................................. 113 RafaelMartín-DoménechandGuillermoM.MuñozCaro xi
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