Laboratory Aspects of Infections

444 Pages·1976·16.235 MB·English

by  J. C. Sherris (auth.), J. D. Williams, A. M. Geddes (eds.)

CHEMOTHERAPY
Volume 2
Laboratory Aspects
of Infections
CHEMOTHERAPY
Volume 1 Clinical Aspects of Infections
Prophylaxis; life-threatening infections; infection in leukaemia;
surgical infection; anaerobic infection; respiratory and urinary
tract infections; amikacin.
Volume 2 Laboratory Aspects of Infections
Sensitivity testing; assay methods; animal models of infection;
sisomycin; tobramycin.
Volume 3 Special Problems in Chemotherapy
Tuberculosis; genital tract infections; antibiotic resistance and
mode of action; topical chemotherapy and antisepsis.
Volume 4 Pharmacology of Antibiotics
Tissue concentrations; pharmacokinetics; untoward effects of antibiotics.
Volume 5 Penicillins and Cephalosporins
Penicillins and cephalosporins; betalactamases; new agents.
Volume 6 Parasites, Fungi, and V1111SeS
Parasitic infections; fungal infections; chemotherapy of viruses;
co-trimoxazole.
Volume 7 Cancer Chemotherapy I
Symposia - new drugs and approaches; cell and pharmacokinetics;
potentiators of radiotherapy; in vitro screening systems;
immunological aspects.
Volume 8 Cancer Chemotherapy II
Free papers - new drugs and approaches; cell and pharmacokinetics;
mechanisms of action; new analogues; cancer chemotherapy of specific organs.
CHEMOTHERAPY
Volullle 2
Laboratory Aspects
of Infections
Edited by
J. D Williams
The London Hospital Medical College
London, U.K.
and
A.M. Geddes
East Birmingham Hospital
Birmingham, U.K.
Springer Science+B usiness Media, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
International Congress of Chemotherapy, 9th, London, 1975.
Laboratory aspects of infections.
(Chemotherapy; v. 2)
1. Antibiotics - Testing - Congresses. 2. Microorganisms, Effect of antibiotics on
- Congresses. 3. Antibiotics - Analysis - Congresses. 4. Diseases - Animal models -
Congresses. 1. Williams, John David, M.D. II. Geddes, Alexander Mcintosh. III. Title.
IV. Series.
RM260.2.C45 voI. 2 [RM265.2] 615'.58s [616.9] 76-1949
ISBN 978-1-4684-7655-2 ISBN 978-1-4684-7653-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-7653-8
Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Chemotherapy
held in London, July, 1975 will be published in eight volumes,
of which this is volume two.
© 1976 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1976
Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 1976
AlI rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, OI transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
CHEMOTHERAPY
Proceedings of the
9th International Congress of Chemotherapy
held in London, July, 1975
Editorial Committee
K. Hellmann, Chairman (Anticancer)
Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London.
A. M. Geddes (Antimicrobial) J. D. Williams (Antimicrobial)
East Birmingham Hospital. The London Hospital Medical College.
Congress Organz"sing Committee
W. Brumfitt I. Phillips H.P. Lambert
K. Hellmann M.R.W. Brown P. Turner
K.D. Bagshawe D.G.James A.M. Geddes
H. Smith C. Stuart-Harris D. Armitage
EJ. Stokes R.G.Jacomb D. Crowther
F. Wrigley D.T.D. Hughes D.S. Reeves
J.D. Williams T.Connors R.E.O. Williams
International Society
of Chemotherapy Executive- to July 1975
P.Malek H.P. Kuemmerle H. Ericsson
C. Grassi Z.Modr G.M. Savage
G.H. Werner K.H. Spitzy H. Umezawa
P. Rentchnick
Preface
The International Society of Chemotherapy meets every two
years to review progress in chemotherapy of infections and of
malignant disease. Each meeting gets larger to encompass the
extension of chemotherapy into new areas. In some instances,
expansion has been rapid, for example in cephalosporins, pen
icillins and combination chemotherapy of cancer - in others slow,
as in the field of parasitology. New problems of resistance
and untoward effects arise; reduction of host toxicity without
loss of antitumour activity by new substances occupies wide
attention. The improved results with cancer chemotherapy, es
pecially in leukaemias, are leading to a greater prevalence of
severe infection in patients so treated, pharmacokinetics of
drugs in normal and diseased subjects is receiving increasing
attention along with related problems of bioavailability and
interactions between drugs. Meanwhile the attack on some of
the major bacterial infections, such as gonorrhoea and tubercu
losis, which were among the first infections to feel the impact
of chemotherapy, still continue to be major world problems and
are now under attack with new agents and new methods.
From this wide field and the 1,000 papers read at the
Congress we have produced Proceedings which reflect the variety
and vigour of research in this important field of medicine. It
was not possible to include all of the papers presented at the
Congress but we have attempted to include most aspects of cur
rent progress in chemotherapy.
We thank the authors of these communications for their
cooperation in enabling the Proceedings to be available at the
earliest possible date. The method of preparation does not
allow for uniformity of typefaces and presentation of the mate
rial and we hope that the blemishes of language and typographical
errors do not detract from the understanding of the reader and
the importance of the Proceedings.
K. HELLMANN, Imperial Cancer Research Fund
A. M. GEDDES, East Birmingham Hospital
J. D. WILLIAMS, The London Hospital Medical College
vii
Contents
Introductory Comments l
J. C. Sherris
Control of Antibiotic-Sensitivity Testing in Britain 7
R. Blowers and D. F. J. Brown
Control of Antibacterial Susceptibility Testing:
Standardization and Proficiency Testing
in Canada • 13
I. B. R. Duncan
Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing in Australia and
New Zealand • • • . • • • • • • • • • . 19
S. M. Bell
Problems of Standardization of Media 33
H. Neussel
Effects of Medium on the Results of Antimicrobial
Sensitivity Testing • • • • • • • • • • • 41
J. Bou Casals
Influence of Four Commercial Sensitivity Media on
In Vitro Activity of Several Antibiotics 47
G. Th. J. Fabius and R. P. Mouton
A Spot Plate Method for Antibiotic-Bacterial Killing
Rates • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 55
S. H. Zinner, R. B. Provonchee, and K. S. Elias
Usefulness of Commercially Available Media to
MIC-Determinations of Trimethoprim 61
B. van Klingeren and A. Rutgers
Thymidine and the Assessment of Co-Trimoxazole
Action in Liquid Media • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 67
R. Then
ix
X CONTENTS
Antibacterial Susceptibility Testing on Anaerobes . 71
K. Watanabe, K. Ninomiya, I. Mochizuki, T. Miwa,
H. Imamura, S. Kobata; K. Ueno, and S. Suzuki
Sensitivity Testing of Mixed Infections . 77
M. Taufer and J. Zangger
A Diffusion Disc Susceptibility Test for 5-Fluorocytosine . . 81
C. Utz and S. Shadomy
The Susceptibility of Clostridia from the Antarctic Soil
to Antibiotics . . • . . . . . . . . . . . 89
T. Miwa, I. Mochizuki, K. Watanabe, S. Kobata,
H. Imamura, K. Ninomiya, K. Ueno, and S. Suzuki
Brief Antibiotic Exposure and Effect on Bacterial Growth 95
P. J. McDonald, W. A. Craig, and C. M. Kunin
Trimethoprim and Rifampicin: In Vitro Activities
Separately and in Combination . . 103
D. W. Kerry, J. M. T. Hamilton-Miller, and
W. Brumfitt
A 125I-based Radioimmunoassay for Serum Gentamicin 107
R. A. A. Watson, E. J. Shaw, and C. R. W. Edwards
Fluorimetric Assay of Tetracycline Mixtures in Plasma 111
D. Hall
Assay of Antibiotics with Agar Diffusion Technique 115
A.-s. Malmberg
A New Assay Technique for Antibiotics 125
M. J. Harber and A. W. Asscher
The Problem of Antibiotic Mixtures in Serum Samples . . . . . 133
D. S. Reeves and H. A. Holt
Some Factors Influencing the Assay of Gentamicin 143
J. D. Jarvis and T. W. C. Leung
Assay of Gentamicin and Tobramycin by a Reliable
2-1/2 hour Klebsiella Plate Method 147
D. C. Shanson, C. Hince, and J. V. Daniels
Punch Hole Method. A Simplified Bio-Assay Technique
of Antibiotic Concentrations . . . . . . • . 155
S. Kondo
CONTENTS xi
The Assay of Serum Aminoglycoside Concentrations by
the (14c) -Acetyl Transferase Techniques • 159
J. M. Broughall and D. S. Reeves
Immunochemical Study of the Structural Specificity of
an Antigentamycin Antiserum, Useful Also for
Radioimmunoassay of Sisomycin . . . . . . . . 165
S. Jonsson
Serum Activity Determination as Connecting Link
Between Experiment and Clinic • • . . .
E. Freerksen and M. Rosenfeld
Animal Models in the Assessment of Antimicrobial
Agents: What Should We Expect of Them? . 177
F. O'Grady
Local Lesions 183
G. N. Rolinson
Intraperitoneal Challenge • . . • . • . 191
K. R. Comber, C. D. Osborne, and R. Sutherland
Endocarditis ...•• 197
L. R. Freedman and G. Demierre
The Usefulness of Experimental Models of Urinary Tract
Infections in the Assessment of Chemotherapeutic
Compounds . • . . • . • • • • . . • . • • . . . . 205
D. M. Ryan
An Animal Model for Intestinal Infections . • • • . . . . • . 219
E. Boehni
Animal Models in the Assessment of Antimicrobial
Agents: Salmonellosis .•.•.•••. 229
E. W. Hook
Animal Models and Pharmacokinetics 235
G. E. Mawer
Use of an In Vitro Model of the Urinary Bladder in
the Investigation of Bacterial Response to
Antibiotics • • • • . • • • • . • 241
D. Greenwood
Experimental Intra-Abdominal Sepsi.s . • . . . 249
J. G. Bartlett, A. B. Onderdonk, T. Louie, and
S. L. Gorbach
xii CONTENTS
Comparative Effects of Amoxycillin and Ampicillin
in the Treatment of Experimental Mouse
Infections • • . • . . . . • • . • . 259
K. R. Comber, C. D. Osborne, and R. Sutherland
Model of Pleuropneumonia in Rats . . . .
Ch. Kruger, R. Commichau, and W. Henkel
Murine Meningoencephalitis Caused by Ps. aeruginosa
or Kl. pneumoniae as an Experimental
Chemotherapeutic Model 273
E. N. Padeiskaya, S. N. Kutchak, and G. N. Perchin
Animal Experiments on Current Antibiotics • • 281
W. Ritzerfeld, R. Koschmieder, and W. Drees
Effect of Carbenicillin on Pseudomonas Infection 289
P. A. Hunter, G. N. Rolinson, and D. A. Witting
Comparison of Carfecillin and Carbenicillin on
Experimental Urinary Tract Infection 295
M. Hatala, J. Moravek, o. Schuck, v. Frat,
M. Liska, and J. Spousta
Model of Experimental Cystitis in Albino Wistar Rats 303
Ch. Kruger, H. Freiesleben, K. Sack, and R. Commichau
Pathogenesis of an Experimental Pyelonephritis Model
in the Mouse and Its Use in the Evaluation
of Antibiotics • • . • • • • • . . . • • • . 311
K. R. Comber
Chronic E. coli Nephritis in Rats: Model for Assessment
of Activity of Antimicrobial Agents • . . . • • • 317
R. Commichau, H. Freiesleben, K. Sach,
Ch. Kruger, and W. Henkel
Combined Therapy of Anti-Endotoxin (OEP) antibody and
Gentamicin in the Immunosuppressed Mice with
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection • • . . • • • • . • 323
K. Haranaka, K. Sugane, and K. Mashimo
Investigations on Circulatory Tolerance of
Doxycycline (Vibravenous®) and Rolitetracycline
(Reverin®) in Waking Minipigs . • • • • • . 331
G. Tauberger, M. Schoog, W. Mehren, G. Mergler,
and M. Moussa'Wi
An In Vitro Comparison of Sisomicin with Gentamicin
and Tobramycin . . • . • . • • • • . . . 335
S. Shadomy and C. Utz