Laboratory Animal Medicine, Second Edition (American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine)

1345 Pages·2002·2.43 MB·English

by  James G. Fox

Laboratory Animal Medicine
2nd edition
AMERICAN COLLEGE OF LABORATORY
ANIMAL MEDICINE SERIES
Steven H. Weisbroth, Ronald E. Flatt, and Alan L. Kraus, eds.:
The Biology of the Laboratory Rabbit, 1974
Joseph E. Wagner and Patrick J. Manning, eds.:
The Biology of the Guinea Pig, 1976
Edwin J. Andrews, Billy C. Ward, and Norman H. Altman, eds.:
Spontaneous Animal Models of Human Disease, Volume 1, 1979;
Volume 2, 1979
Henry J. Baker, J. Russell Lindsey, and Steven H. Weisbroth, eds.:
The Laboratory Rat, Volume 1: Biology and Diseases, 1979;
Volume 2: Research Applications, 1980
Henry L. Foster, J. David Small, and James G. Fox, eds.:
The Mouse in Biomedical Research, Volume 1: History,
Genetics, and Wild Mice, 1981; Volume 2: Diseases, 1982;
Volume 3: Normative Biology, Immunology, and Husbandry, 1983;
Volume 4: Experimental Biology and Oncology, 1982
James G. Fox, Bennett J. Cohen, and Franklin M. Loew, eds.:
Laboratory Animal Medicine, 1984
G. L. Van Hoosier, Jr., and Charles W. McPherson, eds.:
Laboratory Hamsters, 1987
Patrick J. Manning, Daniel H. Ringler, and Christian E. Newcomer, eds."
The Biology of the Laboratory Rabbit, 2nd Edition, 1994
B. Taylor Bennett, Christian R. Abee, and Roy Henrickson, eds.:
Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research: Biology and Management, 1995
Dennis E Kohn, Sally K. Wixson, William J. White, and G. John Benson, eds.:
Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals, 1997
B. Taylor Bennett, Christian R. Abee, and Roy Henrickson, eds.:
Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research: Diseases, 1998
James G. Fox, Lynn C. Anderson, Franklin M. Loew, and Fred W. Quimby, eds.:
Laboratory Animal Medicine, 2nd edition, 2002
La orator Anima
Mec/icine
2nd edition
EDITED BY
James G. Fox
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Lynn C. Anderson
Merck Research Laboratories
Rahway, New Jersey
Franklin M. Loew
Becker College
Worcester, Massachusetts
Fred W. Quimby
Laboratory Animal Research Center
Rockefeller University
New York, New York
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ISBN-13:978-0-12-263951-7
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Printed in the United States of America
06 07 MV 9 8 7 6 5 4
Contents
Bennett J. Cohen ix Recombinant DNA Research Guidelines 31
References 32
List of Contributors xi
Chapter 3 Biology and Diseases of Mice
Robert O. Jacoby, James G. Fox,
Preface xv
and Muriel Davisson
I. Introduction 35
List of Reviewers for Chapters in II. Biology 41
III. Diseases 53
This Volume xvii
References 113
Chapter 1 Laboratory Animal Medicine: Historical
Chapter 4 Biology and Diseases of Rats
Perspectives
Dennis F Kohn and Charles B. Clifford
Franklin M. Loew and Bennett J. I~ Introduction 121
Cohen II. Biology 123
I. Introduction III. Diseases 134
II. Origins of Animal Experimentation References 158
III. Early Veterinarians in Laboratory Animal Science
and Medicine
Chapter 5 Biology and Diseases of Hamsters
IV. The Organizations of Laboratory Animal Science
F. Claire Hankenson and Gerald L.
V. Education and Training in Laboratory Animal
Medicine Van Hoosier, Jr.
VI. Impact of Laws, Regulations, and Guidelines on Syrian Hamster 168
Laboratory Animal Medicine 14 I~ Introduction 168
VII. Regulation of Animal Research in the United II. Biology 173
Kingdom and Canada 15 III. Diseases 180
VIII. Commercial and Academic Breeding of Rodents 15 Chinese Hamster 190
IX. Conclusion 15 I. Introduction 190
References 16 II. Biology 190
III. Diseases 191
Armenian Hamster 193
Chapter 2 Laws, Regulations, and Policies Affecting
I. Introduction 193
the Use of Laboratory Animals II. Biology 194
Lynn C. Anderson III. Diseases 194
I. Introduction 19 European Hamster 194
II. Animal Welfare 20 I. Introduction 194
III. Importation and Exportation of Animals and II. Biology 194
Animal Products 29 III. Diseases 195
IV. Hazardous Substances 31 Djungarian Hamster 196
vi CONTENTS
I. Introduction 196 IV. Microbiological (Health) Surveillance 372
II. Biology 196 References 387
III. Diseases 196
References 197
Chapter 11 Biology and Diseases of Dogs
Robert C. Dysko, Jean A. Nemzek,
Chapter 6 Biology and Diseases of Guinea Pigs
Stephen L Levin, George J. DeMarco,
John E. Harkness, Kathleen A. Murray,
and Maria R. Moalli
and Joseph E. Wagner
I. Introduction 395
I. Introduction 203 II. Biology 397
II. Biology 206 III. Diseases 405
III. Diseases 212 References 454
References 241
Chapter 12 Domestic Cats as Laboratory Animals
Chapter 7 Biology and Diseases of Other Rodents
Brenda Griffin and Henry J. Baker
Thomas M. Donnelly and Fred W.
I. Introduction 460
Quimby II. Sources of Cats 462
I. Introduction 248 III. Housing 463
II. Ground Squirrels or Susliks: Spermophilus 250 IV. Breeding Colony Management 466
III. Prairie Dogs: Cynomys 254 V. Nutrition and Feeding 474
IV. Pocket Gophers: Geomyidae 257 VI. Infectious Disease Exclusion and Control 475
V. Kangaroo Rats: Dipodomys 259 References 480
VI. Wood Rats or Pack Rats: Neotoma 261
VII. Grasshopper Mice: Onychomys 263
Chapter 13 Biology and Diseases of Ferrets
VIII. White-Footed Mice or Deer Mice: Peromyscus 265
Robert P. Marini, Glen Otto, Susan
IX. Rice Rats: Oryzomys 267
X. Cane Mice: Zygodontomys 268 Erdman, Lori Palley, and James G. Fox
XI. Cotton Rats: Sigmodon 270 I. Introduction 483
XII. White-Tailed Rats: Mystromys 272 II. Biology 485
XIII. Gerbils and Jirds: Meriones 275 III. Diseases 490
XIV. Volesand Meadow Mice: Microtus 279 References 513
XV. Multimammate Rats: Mastomys 281
XVI. Degus or Trumpet-Tailed Rats: Octodon 284 Chapter 14 Biology and Diseases of Ruminants:
XVII. Chinchillas: Chinchilla 286
Sheep, Goats, and Cattle
References 291
Margaret L. Delano, Scott A. Mischler,
and Wendy J. Underwood
Chapter 8 Woodchucks as Laboratory Animals
I. Introduction 519
Christine A. Bellezza, Patrick W.
II. Biology 525
Concannon, William E. Hornbuckle, III. Diseases 537
Lois Roth, and Bud C. Tennant References 611
I. Introduction 309
II. Biology 312 Chapter 15 Biology and Diseases of Swine
III. Diseases 319 Kathy E. Laber, Mark T. Whary, Sarah A.
References 327
Bingel, James A. Goodrich, Alison C.
Smith, and M. Michael Swindle
Chapter 9 Biology and Diseases of Rabbits
I. Introduction 615
Mark A. Suckow, David W. Brammer, II. Biology 618
Howard G. Rush, and Clarence E. III. Diseases 629
Chrisp References 665
I. Introduction 329
II. Biology 331 Chapter 16 Nonhuman Primates
III. Diseases 339 Bruce J. Bernacky, Susan V. Gibson,
References 358
Michale E. Keeling, and Christian R. Abee
I. Introduction 676
Chapter 10 Microbiological Quality Control for II. Taxonomy 677
Laboratory Rodents and Lagomorphs III. Biology 680
William R. Shek and Diane J. Gaertner IV. Principles of Colony Management 715
I. Overview 365 V. Medical Management 724
II. Introduction 366 VI. Diseases 730
III. Biosecurity 366 References 777
CONTENTS vii
Chapter 17 Biology and Diseases of Amphibians IV. Dogs 973
Dorcas P. O'Rourke and V. Swine 979
VI. Small Ruminants 986
Terry Wayne Schultz
VII. Nonhuman Primates 990
I. Introduction 793
References 997
II. Biology 801
III. Diseases 814
Chapter 23 Techniques of Experimentation
References 823
Robert J. Adams
Chapter 18 Biology and Diseases of Reptiles I. Introduction 1006
II. Identification Methods 1006
Dorcas P. O'Rourke and
III. Blood Collection and Intravenous Injection 1008
Juergen Schumacher
IV. Vascular Cannulation 1013
I. Introduction 827 V. Intraperitoneal Injection 1015
II. Biology 837 VI. Subcutaneous and Intramuscular Injection 1015
III. Diseases 848 VII. Digestive System 1015
References 857 VIII. Urinary System Techniques 1019
IX. Respiratory System Techniques 1021
Chapter 19 Biology and Management of the Zebrafish X. Reproductive System 1023
Ke.ith M. Astrofsky, Robert A. Bullis, XI. Cardiovascular Techniques 1027
XII. Endocrine System Techniques 1028
and Charles G. SagerstriJm
XIII. Orthopedic Procedures for Laboratory Animals 1029
I~ Introduction 862
XIV. Neurosurgical Techniques 1029
II. Experimental Model in Biomedical
XV. Tumor Transplantation 1032
Research 863
XVI. Imaging Techniques 1033
III. Health Management in the Aquatic Animal Facility 866
XVII. Radiotelemetry 1034
IV. Environmental Factors Important to Health 866
References 1034
V. Nutrition and Feeding 874
VI. Acquisition 875
VII. Infectious Diseases 875 Chapter 24 Control of Biohazards Associated with
References 882 the Use of Experimental Animals
Thomas E. Hamm, Jr.
Chapter 20 Biology and Health of Laboratory Fishes I. Introduction 1047
Michael K. Stoskopf II. Risk Assessment 1048
I. Introduction 886 III. Managing Facilities in Which Biohazards Are Used 1048
II. Facility Design 886 IV. Other Considerations 1053
III. Management and Husbandry 893 V. Responsibility for Reviewing and Approving
IV. Medical Protocols 894 Protocols Involving Biohazards 1056
V. Zoonotic Considerations 898 VI. Summary 1056
VI. Diseases 899 References 1056
References 907
Chapter 25 Selected Zoonoses
Chapter 21 Design and Management of Animal James G. Fox, Christian E. Newcomer,
Facilities and Harry Rozmiarek
Jack R. Hessler and Steven L. Leary I. Introduction 1060
I. Introduction 909 II. Viral Diseases 1060
II. Facility Planning and Design 910 III. Rickettsial Diseases 1074
III. Equipment 931 IV. Chlamydial Infections 1076
IV. Commissioning and Validation 946 V. Bacterial Diseases 1077
V. Management 946 VI. Fungal Diseases 1088
VI. Conclusions 947 VII. Protozoal Diseases 1089
References 948 VIII. Helminth Infections 1093
IX. Arthropod Infestations 1098
References 1098
Chapter 22 Preanesthesia, Anesthesia, Analgesia,
and Euthanasia
Chapter 26 Xenozoonoses: The Risk of Infection
M. Michael Swindle, George A. Vogler,
after Xenotransplantation
Linda K. Fulton, Robert P. Marini, and
Marian G. Michaels
Sulli Popilskis
I. Introduction 1107
I. Introduction 956 II. Lessons from Allotransplantation 1107
II. Rodents 956 III. Xenotransplantation 1109
III. Rabbits 966 References 1113
viii CONTENTS
Chapter 27 Genetic Monitoring III. History of Animal Use in Biomedical Research 1206
John J. Sharp, Evelyn E. Sargent, References 1214
and Peter A. Schweitzer
I. Introduction 1117 Chapter 31 Research in Laboratory Animal and
II. The Need for Genetically Defined Animals 1118 Comparative Medicine
III. Sources and Monitoring of Genetic Variability 1119 Henry J. Baker and J. Russell Lindsey
IV. Colony Management 1121 I. Introduction 1228
v. Monitoring Methods 1122 II. The Research Process 1229
vI. Summary 1126 III. Research Training 1231
References 1127 IV. Research Resources 1234
v. Support for Research 1235
Chapter 28 Transgenic and Knockout Mice vI. Summary 1237
Glenn M. Monastersky and References 1237
James G. Geistfeld
I~ Introduction 1129 Chapter 32 Laboratory Animal Behavior
II. Choice of Mouse Strains for Trafisgenic Programs 1130 Kathryn A. L. Bayne, Bonnie V. Beaver,
III. Production of Transgenic Mice: Animal Joy A. Mench, and David B. Morton
Requirements 1131 I. Introduction 1240
IV. Management of the Transgenic Mouse Colony 1134 II. Rodents 1241
References 1140 III. Rabbits 1245
IV. Laboratory Dogs and Cats 1246
Chapter 29 Factors That May Influence Animal v. Nonhuman Primates 1248
vI. Farm Animals 1252
Research
References 1256
Neil S. Lipman and Scott E. Perkins
I. Introduction 1143
II. Intrinsic Considerations 1143 Index 1265
III. Extrinsic Considerations 1147
References 1165
Chapter 30 Animal Models in Biomedical Research
Fred W. Quimby
I~ What Is an Animal Model? 1185
II. The Nature of Research 1200
J.
Bennett Cohen
We would like to dedicate this book to our friend and colleague engaged in laboratory animal medicine. They persuaded the
Bennett J. Cohen, D.V.M., Ph.D., who died on August 23, 1990, American Veterinary Medical Association to accept the veteri-
at the age of 65. Ben was a valued coeditor of the first edition of nary specialty of laboratory animal medicine and establish a
"Laboratory Animal Medicine." We would like to honor him specialty certification board. This became the American Col-
with our heartfelt appreciation of his leadership, wisdom, and lege of Laboratory Animal Medicine (ACLAM). Today there
friendship throughout our individual careers. are more than 600 board-certified veterinarians in the United
After graduating from Cornell University Veterinary School States.
in 1949, Ben obtained a Ph.D. in physiology from Northwestern In 1963, Dr. Cohen chaired the National Academy of Sci-
Medical School in 1953. He then spent several years on the fac- ences committee that wrote the first edition of the document that
ulty and was director of the vivarium at the University of Cali- later became "The Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Ani-
fornia Medical School in Los Angeles. He was then recruited to mals." Since then, more than 400,000 copies have been distrib-
the University of Michigan, where he founded the Unit for Lab- uted, and it has been accepted as a primary reference on labora-
oratory Animal Medicine (ULAM) at the University of Michi- tory animal care and use. The National Institutes of Health
gan, and was its director for 23 years. He obtained the rank of (NIH) now requires that awardee institutions comply with the
professor of laboratory animal medicine in 1968. provisions of the guide.
Dr. Cohen was a pioneer and visionary in the field of labora- Dr. Cohen was the recipient of all of the major national and
tory animal science for more than 40 years. His career of caring international awards in laboratory animal science. In 1966,
for animals used in medical research began at Northwestern he received the Griffin Award from the American Association
University in 1949. A year later, he and veterinary colleagues in for Laboratory Animal Science. This, the association's highest
the Chicago area founded the Animal Care Panel, which later award, was presented for "outstanding accomplishments in the
became the American Association for Laboratory Animal Sci- improvement of care and quality of laboratory animals." In
ence (AALAS). Ben served as the association's first secretary, 1980, he received the Charles River Prize, the highest award
as a member of the board of trustees, and later as president. of the American Veterinary Medical Association. The inscrip-
Three years later Ben and a few colleagues saw the need to tion reads, "You have been a moving force in laboratory ani-
establish standards of training and experience for veterinarians mal science and a major figure in the founding of national
/x