Lab Manual for Zumdahl/Zumdahl's Chemistry

626 Pages·2013·9.915 MB·English

by  Zumdahl, Steven S;Zumdahl, Susan A

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ISBN-13: 978-1-133-61148-6 ©2014 Trim: 8.5" x 10.875" prints 4-Color CMYK: C100 M56 Y0 K23
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Lab Manual

Experimental Chemistry

NINTH EDITION

Steven S. Zumdahl
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Susan Arena Zumdahl
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Prepared by

James Hall

University of Massachussetts Lowell

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Contents

Introduction
Preface…………………………………………………………………………………………..vii
Laboratory Glassware and Other Apparatus…………………………………………………… ix
Safety in the Chemistry Laboratory…………………………………………………………… xvi
Safety Quiz………………………………………………………………………………….. xxvii
Experiments
1. The Determination of Mass…………………………………………………………………….. 1
2. The Use of Volumetric Glassware………………………………………………..……………. 9
3. Density Determinations…………………………………………………………..…………… 21
4. The Determination of Boiling Point ………………………………………………………...... 29
5. The Determination of Melting Point…………………………………..…………………….... 39
6. The Solubility of a Salt ……………………………………………………………………….. 47
7. Identification of a Substance ……………………………………….……………………….... 55
8. Resolution of Mixtures 1: Filtration and Distillation ………………………………………… 63
9. Resolution of Mixtures 2: Paper Chromatography………………………………..…………. 73
10: Resolution of Mixtures 3: Thin-Layer Chromatography ……………………………………. 81
11. Counting by Weighing ………..………………………………………………………….….. 89
12. Stoichiometry 1: Limiting Reactant ………………………………………………………… 97
13. Stoichiometry 2: Stoichiometry of an Iron(III)-Phenol Reaction ………………….……..… 105
14. Composition 1: Percentage Composition and Empirical Formula of Magnesium Oxide…… 113
15. Composition 2: Percentage Water in a Hydrate……………………………………..………. 121
16. Preparation and Properties of Hydrogen and Oxygen Gases……………………….……….. 129
17. Gas Laws 1: Charles’s Law and Absolute Zero…………………………………….………. 139
18. Gas Laws 2: Graham’s Law……………………………………………………….………… 147
19. Gas Laws 3: Molar Mass of a Volatile Liquid……………………......................................... 155
20. Calorimetry………………………………………………………..…………………………. 163
21. Spectroscopy 1: Spectra of Atomic Hydrogen and Nitrogen……………………….……… 175
22. Spectroscopy 2: Emission Spectra of Metallic Elements……………………………………. 187
23. Molecular Properties 1: Molecular Shapes and Structures………………………………….. 195
24. Molecular Properties 2: Determination of the Length of a Molecule……………………….. 205
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Contents
25. Properties of Some Representative Elements………………………………………..……… 213
26. Classification of Chemical Reactions…………………………………………..…………… 229
27. Determination of Chloride Ion and Calcium Ion in Water Samples………………………… 247
28. Colligative Properties 1: Freezing Point Depression and the Determination of Molar Mass.. 255
29. Colligative Properties 2: Osmosis and Dialysis………………..………………….………… 265
30. Rates of Chemical Reactions………………………………………………………..…….... 273
31. Chemical Equilibrium 1: Titrimetric Determination of an Equilibrium Constant………….. 283
32. Chemical Equilibrium 2: Spectrophotometric Determination of an Equilibrium Constants… 293
33. Chemical Equilibrium 3: Stresses Applied to Equilibrium Systems……………………..…. 301
34. The Solubility Product of Silver Acetate …………………………………………………… 311
35. Acids, Bases, and Buffered Systems………………………………………………………… 319
36. Acid–Base Titrations 1: Analysis of an Unknown Acid Sample ….……………………..… 335
37. Acid–Base Titrations 2: Evaluation of Commercial Antacid Tablets……………..……….. 345
38. The Determination of Calcium in Calcium Supplements……………………………………. 353
39. Determination of Iron by Redox Titration.…………………………………………………. 361
40. Determination of Vitamin C in Fruit Juices………………………………………………… 369
41. Electrochemistry 1: Chemical Cells……….………………………………………..………. 379
42. Electrochemistry 2: Electrolysis………………………………………………..……………. 389
43. Gravimetric Analysis 1: Determination of Chloride Ion…………………………………… 399
44. Gravimetric Analysis 2: Determination of Sulfate Ion……………………………………… 409
45. Preparation of a Coordination Complex of Copper(II) ………………………..………..….. 419
46. Inorganic Preparations 1: Synthesis of Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate……………….… 427
47. Inorganic Preparations 2: Preparation of Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate……………………. 435
48. Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds………………………………………………. 443
49. Organic Chemical Compounds……………….……………………………………..………. 453
50. Ester Derivatives of Salicylic Acid…………….………………………………….…………. 465
51. Preparation of Fragrant Esters……………………………………………………………….. 475
52. Proteins……………………………………………….……………………..………………. 483
53. Enzymes…………………………………………..……………………..………………….. 491
54. Polymeric Substances 1: Amorphous Sulfur……………………………..………………… 499
55. Polymeric Substances 2: Preparation of Nylon…………………………………………….. 505
Experiments 56-61: Qualitative Analysis Techniques…………......…....……………......... 511
56. Qualitative Analysis of the Group I Cations………………………………………………. 515
57. Qualitative Analysis of the Group II Cations………………………………………………. 523
iv
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Contents
58. Qualitative Analysis of the Group III Cations………………………………………………. 531
59. Qualitative Analysis of the Group IV and V Cations ……………………………………….. 541
60. Qualitative Analysis of Selected Anions……………………………………………………. 549
61. Identification of an Unknown Salt………………………………………………………….. 559
Appendices
A. Significant Figures………………………………………………………………………….. 567
B. Exponential Notation………………………………………………………………………... 570
C. Plotting Graphs in the Introductory Chemistry Laboratory………………………………… 574
D. Errors and Error Analysis in General Chemistry Experiments…………………………….. 576
E. Chemical Nomenclature…………………………………………………………………….. 580
F. Vapor Pressure of Water at Various Temperatures………………………………………… 582
G. Concentrated Acid Base Reagent Data……………………………………………………… 583
H. Density of Water at Various Temperatures…………………………………………………. 584
I. Solubility Information………………………………………………………………………. 585
J. Properties of Substances……………………………………………………………………. 586

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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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Preface
Introduction: Why We Study Chemistry
On the simplest level, we say that chemistry is “the study of matter and the transformations it undergoes.”
On a more intellectual level, we realize that chemistry can explain (or try to explain) such things as the
myriad chemical reactions in the living cell, the transmission of energy by superconductors, the working of
transistors, and even how the oven and drain cleaners we use in our homes function.
The study of chemistry is required for students in many other fields because it is a major unifying force
among these other subjects. Chemistry is the study of matter itself. In other disciplines, particular aspects of
matter or its applications are studied, but the basis for such study rests in a firm foundation in chemistry.
Laboratory study is required in chemistry courses for several reasons. In some cases, laboratory work may
serve as an introduction to further, more difficult laboratory work (this is true of the first few experiments
in this laboratory manual). Before you can perform “meaningful” or “relevant” experiments, you must learn
to use the basic tools of the trade.
Sometimes laboratory experiments in chemistry are used to demonstrate the topics covered in course
lectures. For example, every chemistry course includes a lengthy exposition of the properties of gases and a
discussion of the gas laws. A laboratory demonstration of these laws may help to clarify them.
Laboratory work can teach you the various standard techniques used by scientists in chemistry and in most
other fields of science. For example, pipets are used in many biological, health, and engineering disciplines
when a precisely measured volume of liquid is needed. Chemistry lab is an excellent place to learn
techniques correctly; you can learn by practicing techniques in general chemistry lab rather than on the job
later.
Finally, your instructor may use the laboratory as a means of judging how much you have learned and
understood from your lectures. Sometimes students can read and understand their textbook and lecture
notes and do reasonably well on examinations without gaining much practical knowledge of the subject.
The lab serves as a place where classroom knowledge can be synthesized and applied to realistic situations.
What Will Chemistry Lab Be Like?
Undergraduate chemistry laboratories are generally 2–3 hours long, and most commonly meet once each
week. The laboratory is generally conducted by a teaching assistant—a graduate student with several years
of experience in chemistry laboratory. Smaller colleges, which may not have a graduate program in
chemistry, may employ instructors whose specific duties consist of running the general chemistry labs, or
upper class student assistants who work under the course professor’s supervision. Your professor
undoubtedly will visit the laboratory frequently to make sure that everything is running smoothly.
The first meeting of a laboratory section is often quite hectic. This is perfectly normal, so do not judge your
laboratory by this first meeting. Part of the first lab meeting will be devoted to checking in to the
laboratory. You will be assigned a workspace and locker and will be asked to go through the locker to
make sure that it contains all the equipment you will need. Your instructor will then conduct a brief
orientation to the laboratory, giving you the specifics of how the laboratory period will be operated. Be sure
to ask any questions you may have about the operation of the laboratory.
Your instructor will discuss with you the importance of safety in the laboratory and will point out the
emergency equipment. Pay close attention to this discussion so that you will be ready for any eventuality.
Finally, your instructor will discuss the experiment you will be performing after check-in. Although we
have tried to make this laboratory manual as explicit and complete as possible, your instructor will certainly
offer tips or advice based on his or her own experience and expertise. Take advantage of this information.
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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Preface
How Should You Prepare for Lab?
Laboratory should be one of the most enjoyable parts of your study of chemistry. Instead of listening
passively to your instructor, you have a chance to witness chemistry in action. However, if you have not
suitably prepared for lab, you will spend most of your time wondering what is going on.
This manual has been written and revised to help you prepare for laboratory. First of all, each experiment
has a clearly stated Objective. This is a very short summary of the lab’s purpose. This Objective will
suggest what sections of your textbook or lecture notes might be appropriate for review before lab. Each
experiment also contains an Introduction that reviews explicitly some of the theory and methods to be used
in the experiment. You should read through this Introduction before the laboratory period and make cross-
references to your textbook while reading. Make certain that you understand fully what an experiment is
supposed to demonstrate before you attempt that experiment.
The lab manual contains a detailed Procedure for each experiment. The Procedures have been written to be
as clear as possible, but do not wait until you are actually performing the experiment to read this material.
Study the Procedure before the lab period, and question the instructor before the lab period on anything you
do not understand. Sometimes it is helpful to write up a summary or overview of a long Procedure. This
can prevent major errors when you are actually performing the experiment. Another technique students use
in getting ready for lab is to prepare a flow chart, indicating the major procedural steps, and any potential
pitfalls, in the experiment. You can keep the flow chart handy while performing the experiment to help in
avoiding any gross errors as to “what comes next.” A flow chart is especially useful for planning your time
most effectively: for example, if a procedure calls for heating something for an hour, a flow chart can help
you plan what else you can get done during that hour.
This lab manual contains a Laboratory Report for each of the experiments. Each Laboratory Report is pre-
ceded by a set of Pre-Laboratory Questions, which your instructor will probably ask you to complete be-
fore coming to lab. Sometimes these pre-laboratory questions will include numerical problems similar to
those you will encounter in processing the data you will be collecting in the experiment. Obviously, if you
review a calculation before lab, things will be that much easier when you are actually in the lab.

I would like to thank all those who have contributed to this manual by their thoughtful questions and
comments. Very special thanks go to Ms. Lisa Hartman and her AP Chemistry classes at Ben Franklin High
School in New Orleans, Louisiana for their many helpful comments and suggestions.
I hope you will find your study of chemistry to be both meaningful and enjoyable. As always, I encourage
those who use this manual—both instructors and students—to assist me in improving it for the future. Any
comments or criticism will be greatly appreciated.
James F. Hall
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Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.