La scienza e l'ipotesi

244 Pages·1989·4.439 MB·Italian

by  Jules-Henri Poincaré

JuleHse nriP oincaré
Las cienezl a' ipotesi
ediziDoendia lo
sOenceelt ' hypothèse
Titoolroi ginLaa le:
© 196F8l ammariPoanr,i s
TraduzidoiMn aer iGar azPioar celli
© 198E9d iziDoendia lsop aB,a ri
StampaitnBo a rdia lDlead alloi tostsapmap a
Prefazione
1.Co mponseid zeliilbo or
Las cienlc'pehot yheèftsu ie pl r itmetoso fl ioiscosofc ritto
daP oincaré.
Sip ecrepidsiicsnett amienen stsleo' i utndà' irsapziieo ne
dit eam.Si n otetruàt,tc ahveeis as,co o mpooq sutaisnit era­
è
mendtiea rtigcipoàul bib leir cianmteaig gdiaalttlio' rpaeeu r
fodnerploiii n si.Ee cmceolnale i sta.
Ilpr icmaoop liroti epnrdSeu lran auterd ur aninseometn
mahtméaitqu(e<< Redveu etm héaphey sdeietmq oura2l°ea ».,,
lulgi1o89 4p,p 3.71 3-48;)i ls ecocnadpoi Lteoc lotoni nu
matmhaiétuqe( R<<.M».,M1 ." gnena1i98o3 p,p 2.63 -4)i;l
a.,
terLzeogs,é omentnor-ieeusc nlsei( dR<<ieevnugéen érea dle
Scniecesp ureetas p ipqleusé»t,.2 ,1 5d icberm1e9 81p,p.
796-7)7I.4n q ueustltiimd uice a tpoiliin olstdurdei viils o
è
conteinnuu ntlaote teaMr oa uert(R <<.Sg..p.ta3.. ,g»e na,ni o
189,p2 p7.4 7-5).
Icla piqtuoilnroti eopn rduent etsop ublbioci anit nglese,
On thFeo udnati0o/Gn e omrye (tT<<heM onits»V,. 9 ,
189-18989o,tt obprp.e1 ,- )4i;3ls eos,Lt am esudrute e mps
(R<<.M.»M,.a .6g ,ne nai1o8 89,p p.1 -1)l3,' otrtioapdvruoc e
praziallmaep nrtaeezf ioanlelT ah erymnoadmi(qPuaer igi,
GeorCgaers1r 9é8,2X ,I Xp,p 4.3 :2 e2d. G,a uthier-Villars,
1098X,I Xp,p. 4 58)i;nl o neodi dle icmroi epnrdounnoo
deRipa porptrsét séeasnuC ongIrtnèesarn tiaodlne P hyusei,q
t.
5
IP,a irg1i9 10(,p .p1 2-9S url ersa ppodrelt aps h ysieqxupeé ri­
mentaeltde e l ap hysimqauteh ématLiaq'urceto)ilL.ao f idne
lam ati«èrTheeA then»a,ne .4u m0861,7f b ebra1i09o6p ,p.
2012-40) torsviad ,a1l 9 70,i ncorpnoedrle aictmcooa tpoi.l o
Lu'ndicersiipmroom douidicfcea,lt eRee ,f lexsiuolrne cs a lcul
desp robabi(l<<i.Rtg.é..sp.S a»t,.1 O , a1p5r i19l8e9p ,p.
26-22)6i,9dl o cdeisiemdio tl r edicreispirmoodp uazcrioanlo­
menltaep refaazliTlohané eo rmiaet hématdielq aul eu mière
(ParNiaguid1,9,8 9 )e,d a lEllaé ctreitOc pittiéq (uPea rigi,
Nau1d09 1).
2.L as uas truttura
Ild iseggennoe drea'llolerp ae choia.Ar lc onvenzionali­
è
smos iesmttaiecg oe neradleigzslzciaiz ateiiton dee fii lio,s of
comaed e semqpuieold lio R Loey P,o incoaprpéou nneo
sutdicoric iot.
I�n�xr()gansduorlsu ioe ldoil imdietlicl oen zvieoninni
<;ampsoc itiei�cnf,e gdliim torsa sceesh sese,o nfood name�-­nt
ln�e lmlb'idatleol gaoe meterd iealm leaca cnicraao zniavlee­,
dono dpiemriòenl upair ropirmiptaoa rnszinaae c la mppour 9
de'lAltrmieteid ceal l'Acnhael qiueislnsil p,oe rtiamdleeenal l
"fsicia.
Sit arttdaiu napo sizoiroingeii nnca ulliee f, u znioni
ripsetteiscvetiera dtlael n iggugaidoa,l tle'tlitlenoed alnltaau ­
ran eclma pod elcloan osvceegnnoznraoi tdriisbiunmi otdeo
ineod.i t
Ill inggguiao orignca onoirazdtzaiearn ,b itcrhaer ie
l" è
"
conkntèveanssuerm,éi at rmaap urdae ll'nezsaÈp .ce ormiee
-- -- '
cÌirè qcuehset'unlotcnio smnetane ddeic icdierrlceava e rità
diu npaor psoziiodniGe e omeptorciihaqé,u,n a deon unciamo
unas miilpoerpo sziinoes,ec gilamuon lai nigncu uaci ip o rpo­
naimo pdalirra ed e'luilnevrssoe,ne znaui naecc rosal u'nsii­a
vesroQ.u etsac oncezionPeo ionépsc piaaoarikn naeit acnhie
6
vedoon nelplorep ozsiiogneio metdreigici hueds iiznit etici
a
prriios,ia ag elmipr iiscthile,e r iducago induoi sziin tetici
a
posteriori.
Irlu odlelolni guagagcnioorp earp ondeirnMa encatcine­
è
cab,e ncnhoésn i pai lùos tecshsieonG eotmarei.Co tnrloa
Mecacniacnaot prormfo,ca hteet nad ir iccaerlrean t audreaal l
forzdaic oesi terr sulicae nazp ara tidraele lsep erfilieonlzoeg i­
che dsoefrlzlpooo, i ndcmiaorsétc rhlaeel egfgnoida mentali,
comlec' caelereal zari eogndoeilc ao mposdiezliflooenr ez e,
�oncoo nevnzinoonanbir ti ra.Lr 'ieersipzeeahn ap otsuutégo­g
�lier,a l mev eircilhfieim taact ueei s sal udonago ocn o nsento­
nod is ipeegl aavra ligdeintecàrh ael ern iocico inaolmsooor e
çJlel lei bedraarinci ohs die lvleaira ci.Lfa c omodcihstepà i n­
gea da odttalres id istidnaglculoeam odriactcoàmn adadtaal la
geoemtriqaun,aot t iancl oinn vizeoini,nG eomeptorgigai,a no
suo ggectotmitp almeteedn ifferendtaqi u eclhlleiag eometria
stduimae,n tirnMe e,ca cnipcoag,g isuaigno log gies tttedsesli­
laS CzIean.
2"L a o«etpnzdae' ltilelnlettdoa» tpesa u,rra eosnpsabi­
è,
led elcloanc oesnnzealm latae amitcpau rLaam. a tempaut­ica
'
rad ispdoiun neso t rutmose ungine eirsi,rla gaimoetnnop er
induzcioomnpelc ehtleaec , o nsente:
a)d ia bbraarsceic miultanienua nmsoet neptsiresn oc ipio
geneurna'liienn idftigà i udairziit mperattiiaccr.ioi l
b) pdrior druvee rcihtleàe p reemssdee ria gaimoetnni
nocno tnnegoannota ilciaemL.e apn otzsiiodniPe o inèc,a rién
quesctsoao v,i ca iqnau edliKl anat s,es pie ricsaat,t rsaoiv le r
princdiiip nidou zliao tnnueard,ae g ii udsiiznita ep triiocrii
porprdlie lmaae tmatpiucrAaal .ls ot etsesmop qou,e sptosai ­
zione Pooppionncaeal rdléoe t tlroignies et firocmahlei ste
de'lAlmreitteid cea'l Aalnil,sc ihe vnooignol nvoe deirne ,q ue­
stseic enczhele,a m esisnag iodceopi r indceilpllioa g ica
fromaold ees ii mbdoiul nila i nsgpuravo ivsdtisa e nesn oe lla
qulaes ip otrebcbaemrabori aev oltoàgn laisi somail,sl oaal
condidziir opinseete t allroarc ooe enrza.
7
3°L 'indufziiscoioncseat iitnufilis'nciees,,dt ealcnloza­a
nosceinnqz uaa,ns taiop plailnclaaat uIrnqa u.e csatom ploe,
defineil zeci oonnvie nczeidooinnplioo satloll eeg oggig etti­
ve. piuttboisstoorg,in cao nocshcseoe nraoel l'torp�eir a
0,
�
t!L.ie()tc�hrseii p,r_o daup croonpood,se ilctlooan oscenza
PL
fisiit crate,i d piim etocdhice a ratterriiszpzeatntoi vamente
l'AritlmaGe etoimceaetl, ra Fi ias sitceaLs esi ap.o t«ensait u-.
raloip »r,i n-cocimpeii pl r incdiisp iimom e-tsreimab rano
necessalreigaaamltelen' teeds eeplre cniszilieeior p oo;t esi «in­
diffecroemnletei i p»o,td eics oin tiond uiistcào ndteilnluai tà
matesroimai,g alliclaoenn ov enlziinognuiid segtlei ocmhee­
trLae.i potveesria mfeinstcieoc nhsei nsetlollneeogd geil la
natulrag� e:n erianldiuttaàtc iuevisa cs,oe n sednitp oenrov e­
nIrrei,g ulaars doale as perli'eunnizfao,er l masi etmàp licità
q
elnlaat ucrhase,si u pponnoepn,o ssaalnloeo srsase preer i­
mentalpmreonvteaest nseoe;pn o ggicahsneuo lp lrao babilità,
chea, s uav olrtaac,c huinu'diep doitc eosnit idneuliltaà
natura.
3.L ec riticRhues sedlil
B.
Frlae r ecenrsiigounairL daSa cnicteeien tl 'Hpyohtè,s e
quedliBl ear tRruasnsde alg li utsittodo ilvoe,fn aumtoas a.
è,
RusscerlilPt oiicnaic namr eér iatltolr ece o nceczhieo ni
que�t'fuolrtmirumilosa p aeltlt'ois pcoiteenstii fica.
Inp rilmuoo egogd,li if einlldo eg icIilps rmion.cd iip io
induznioonn ae s uaov vicshoue,n ad efinidziui no ne
è,
numefirnoi «tUonn: u mero sifginnuiinfnt iuomc eaar c ous ii
applli'cian dmuaztieomnaeCt isi ocnano.u meirnif iens iit i,
posspornoov aal roerr oi guianrfditone iotrcieo mcsioÌ,m ae
propodseilctlooes c eh neo ns onaof fantutmoeD ruin.q ue,
evidentle'mienndtmueaz,ti eomnaneto rinec nacd oen dteol la
feconddeilmtlaàat ema(t<<iMcian»1d 09»5,,p .4 14.)A llo
stemsosdoo f,a lasfof ercmhaler' ei ndcuozmipolcneoetn a­
è
sendtipa a ssdaaprlae r tiaclgo elnaer-reca olmeae c caidne ,
sensstor epteltr'o i,n dfuizsi-iopcnoaei clhacé l aucsoonldai -
8
ziondaellel 'in(dsqueuz,ai loens ein ca,nh p eo ssliaep dreo ­
priPe,at làl ioslru as segduine p notses liape rdoep rdiiPe )t à
èg iiàn,s ég,e nerIanlfeil.nap e o,t ednezlal 'iènun tae lletto
facoplituàt otsocsputeropra o tervi irrlia cgoinodnuarmreen to
peirn duzcioomnpele re itsac,hb iaasla cedre eir tmeaztzeem a­
ticshueli lnec ecrotnes idedrealpzlsiaio cnoil ogia.
Ins ecolnudoong ooèn,v ercoh sei laas olcao modai tà
suddivlldeGereeometAr diies.t inègl u'eerslpeeL rai enza�
nospterrac ec�piir oense'e lmnaat tae driisaps oesctoaan ldcou'­
nia ccomodeadma elncturine el aziiclou oniri d,is npea ziale
noèna ffaitntdoi ffese diri esnttideni cg eurdetaa o l otrrdii ni
possiÈb diunlqiu,le ap ercezei noonnle ac, o moddietlà
calcaof laors,cc ie gulnidoei tr uet qtuieo srtdiiS nioi s.s erva
chlea c riatviacnaz daaRt uas sneolnfl ac hees tenudne re
dibatgtiaiàvt voi aftrloaus eii P oincaa prréo podseiltloa
GeomeRtursisaae.vl eslvo as teln'uetmop igreiosmmeiotn r ico
moltteisf" tpiiH,m ip ordteaqinu tail i AnsE osnsooa:nyth.i
FoudnaiioojGn e omrye (tCambrUindP.gr ee,1s s97,8) L;e s
axiomreposer'sà E puC lisdeot n-iplisr-ieqm(u<<eMRs..?M .v».,
6,1 988p,p 7. 5797-6;)N o-nEuicdliGaeno mrye (t<<Athe­
naeum»1,42 ,1 094p,p 5.9 23-)5L.9' artdiiPc ooilnoc aré
V,
erdaa ta1t98o9( DeFso ndamdeeln agt éso meàtp rriosep ,o
d'ulni vdreMe : R usse«lRMl.. M.»7,,1 989p,p 2.51 2-7)9.
Analogapmeecrni ctòhe ce,o nclealr enegd gife o rdzeal la
MeccaPnoiicnamc,aa nrtéi ielsn ueco a ractotnevreen zionale
b�nchéXarpbeirtcsrheiacé ro,ir rope,ian losine mbrvainool ar-o
lap,r efermiaanmtoe nleavr anlei eddii tnàv enctoarerp ei
�ovimiepnottiMe atpi,ec Rriu .s sqeulelns,ot ènau nraa gio"
ned imostCriacòth iPevo ai.n dceafriécn oinsvceen nzoino­ne
-arbistipr oatrrieaab nbcech oen sidveerrsaoenr oen c is i
fosismep egnati, praen goincu odnisziidcaeolrmmaeer net e,
vercohq eu eclhlleo' espepruciòoe nnfzeaor r measrpei ngere.
Int erlzuoo gloat ,� odreil�pI..� r. g�cahbPeio liintcàa ré
difel1d�es oddis(�eic nednutbe�b,�i ta�m_m�ain,c.a'p'.� i­
fl()? .. �
sioLn'ea.s seirnz"iVÌornte"udelsldie-qnnuzoaacnl o én-orslic e
cIier�eflea fzrilaoec n oisè se p rovdvisi isgtnai mfeinctarteo,,
secoRnudsos reilglu,sa orldtala apn stioc oeldèo p griiadv ia
9