La biblioteca piattaforma della conoscenza. Collaborativa, inclusiva, reticolare

438 Pages·2021·20.932 MB·Italian

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RELAZIONI CONVEGNO 2021
LA BIBLIOTECA PIATTAFORMA DELLA CONOSCENZA
COLLABORATIVA, INCLUSIVA, RETICOLARE
RELAZIONI CONVEGNO
ISBN 978-88-9357-428-0
Copyright © 2021 Editrice Bibliografica
Via San Francesco d’Assisi, 15 - 20122 Milano
Proprietà letteraria riservata
Il presente volume è a cura dell’Associazione Biblioteche oggi.
Convegno delle Stelline 2021
LA BIBLIOTECA PIATTAFORMA
DELLA CONOSCENZA
Collaborativa, inclusiva, reticolare
Sommario
TORINO, 25-26 FEBBRAIO 2021
SCENARI E TENDENZE
David Weinberger
Oracles, Libraries, AI ..............................................................................................................................................................................11
Maurizio Vivarelli, Marco Mellia
Reading(&)Machine: identità della biblioteca e Intelligenza Artificiale ...................................................17
Gino Roncaglia
Quali piattaforme per la cultura? ............................................................................................................................................35
Rossana Morriello
Piattaforme bibliotecarie aperte e resilienti ...................................................................................................................39
PER UNA BIBLIOTECA COLLABORATIVA, INCLUSIVA, RETICOLARE
Cecilia Cognigni
Biblioteche pubbliche, dal 2021 guardando al futuro.
Prospettive e scenari partendo da Torino .........................................................................................................................49
Luca Dal Pozzolo
Biblioteche e beni culturali: cosa insegna la lezione del Covid ......................................................................53
Sergio Pace
Il ritorno della fenice. Spazio reale e spazio simbolico nell’architettura
delle biblioteche contemporanee ...........................................................................................................................................57
Alessandro Bollo
Piattaforme collaborative: un progetto fondato sull’integrazione ..............................................................63
TAVOLA ROTONDA
Enzo Borio
La biblioteca per te: utenti, stakeholder, decisori (e bibliotecari) a confronto ..................................69
NAPOLI, 22-23 APRILE 2021
BIBLIOTECHE ACCADEMICHE: SCENARI E TENDENZE
Federico Meschini
What’s in a [Library|Platform]? Trasversalità e intersezioni nell’infosfera ..............................................79
Luigi Moschera
La Terza missione delle università e il ruolo delle biblioteche .........................................................................87
Raffaele De Magistris
Se una Biblioteca Universitaria guarda al territorio .................................................................................................97
BIBLIOTECA ACCADEMICA: PROGETTI E OBIETTIVI
Paul Ayris
Carpe diem (seize the day): roles for academic libraries in Citizen Science .......................................105
Andrea Capaccioni
Le nuove competenze del bibliotecario accademico ............................................................................................113
Serafina Spinelli
Reti, luoghi e pandemie. Qualche riflessione sul presente e il futuro
delle biblioteche accademiche .................................................................................................................................................121
3
Lucilla Conigliello
Anno 2021: primo piano sui servizi di una biblioteca accademica .............................................................125
Ferruccio Diozzi, Rosa Sannino
Gestione delle crisi e continuità delle biblioteche ....................................................................................................131
TAVOLA ROTONDA
Milena Tancredi
Biblioteche pubbliche al sud: leggere le tendenze ..................................................................................................139
FIRENZE, 17-18 GIUGNO 2021
TRASFORMAZIONE DIGITALE: SCENARI E TENDENZE
Giovanni Bergamin, Mauro Guerrini
La trasformazione digitale nel contesto internazionale: introduzione a due voci ........................149
Barbara Fischer
A Voice in the Orchestra of Opening the GND .............................................................................................................163
Luca Martinelli
L’Italia vista da Wikidata .............................................................................................................................................................169
Giulio Blasi
Dalle biblioteche digitali alla trasformazione digitale delle biblioteche.
Un cambio di prospettiva .............................................................................................................................................................175
Anna Maria Tammaro
Come cambia il profilo del bibliotecario nel contesto internazionale ...................................................189
IL DIGITALE COME PROGETTO
Paolo Baldi
Come cambiano i luoghi della conoscenza: la trasformazione digitale in Toscana ...................197
Tiziana Possemato
Share Family: un’iniziativa di condivisione internazionale ...............................................................................203
Jan Simane
Da Firenze al mondo. La rete internazionale di biblioteche d’arte ‘artlibraries.net’ ....................213
Chiara Storti
Web archiving: trasformazione digitale e conservazione della memoria .............................................217
Klaus Kempf
I nuovi sviluppi nel campo delle piattaforme digitali tematiche ...............................................................223
PERCORSI
Lucia Sardo
Osservatorio internazionale: una ricerca in memoria di Carlo Revelli ...................................................235
Anna Bilotta
Biblioteche pubbliche tra digitale e pandemia:
tendenze e modelli europei a confronto .........................................................................................................................243
Maria Stella Rasetti
Oltre l’emergenza: una piattaforma permanente per la filiera del libro .............................................253
Maddalena Battaggia
Bibliotecari italiani e “sentire” digitale: riflessioni a partire dalla ricerca sul campo ................257
Andrea Bernardoni, Stefano Casati
La Biblioteca di Leonardo: tecnologia avanzata di archiviazione,
consultazione e ricerca bibliografica per gli studi su Leonardo da Vinci ............................................265
4
MILANO, 29-30 SETTEMBRE 2021
SCENARI E TENDENZE
Chiara Faggiolani
Biblioteche e sviluppo di comunità nella “grande ricostruzione”:
culturale, sociale, digitale ...........................................................................................................................................................277
Maurizio Vivarelli
Immaginare il cambiamento.
Biblioteche e biblioteconomia nell’epoca del postumano ..............................................................................297
Giovanni Bergamin
Per un nuovo futuro delle biblioteche .................................................................................................................................311
Lorcan Dempsey
Gli effetti della pandemia stanno accelerando lo sviluppo delle collezioni? ...................................317
UNA NUOVA NORMALITÀ. IL RINASCIMENTO DELLE BIBLIOTECHE
Hannelore Vogt
Tinker and Try - What does Cologne Public Library
have to do with making knowledge cool? .....................................................................................................................327
LE BIBLIOTECHE ACCADEMICHE SI CONFRONTANO CON IL CAMBIAMENTO
Fabio Cusimano
Come il digitale cambierà le biblioteche analogiche ..........................................................................................341
Paola Galimberti
Dati della ricerca: strumenti e servizi della biblioteca universitaria ........................................................355
Simona Turbanti
La “tenda” delle digital humanities come spazio di sviluppo per le biblioteche ............................361
Paola Ciandrini
Le nuove piattaforme per gli archivi ..................................................................................................................................367
PRIMO PIANO SULLA LETTURA
Luca Ferrieri
Il posto della lettura nella concezione della biblioteca come piattaforma.
Dal design dell’interfaccia al consiglio di lettura ....................................................................................................377
Giovanni Solimine
Adolescenti: fuga dalla lettura? Sguardo internazionale e ipotesi interpretative ........................401
BIBLIOTECHE PUBBLICHE: NUOVI PERCORSI
Sara Dinotola
Il “rinascimento” della biblioteca e delle collezioni tra data analysis,
apertura verso l’esterno, culture digitali e nuova progettualità ..................................................................413
Anna Bilotta
Biblioteche pubbliche in trasformazione: politiche
e strategie per rinnovarsi nelle comunità ......................................................................................................................425
Matteo Uggeri, Viviana Vitari
Piattaforme ecologiche per le biblioteche: introduzione a due voci .......................................................437
Fabio Venuda
La biblioteca inclusiva: una proposta per un modello di riferimento .....................................................443
Francesco Giuseppe Meliti
La tripla E della biblioteca (economia, ecologia, equità):
verso un bilancio di sostenibilità ...........................................................................................................................................457
4 5
LA BIBLIOTECA
PIATTAFORMA
DELLA CONOSCENZA
collaborativa, inclusiva, reticolare
CONVEGNO STELLINE 2021
TORINO - NAPOLI - FIRENZE - MILANO
TORINO
25-26 febbraio 2021
LA BIBLIOTECA
PIATTAFORMA
DELLA CONOSCENZA
collaborativa, inclusiva, reticolare
TO R I N O 2 5 - 2 6 fe b b ra i o 2 02 1
SCENARI E TENDENZE
SI RINGRAZIA UBIDICTIONARY PER IL SERVIZIO DI TRADUZIONE
SIMULTANEA OFFERTO IN OCCASIONE DEL CONVEGNO
David Weinberger
Senior Researcher at Harvard’s
Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society
Oracles, Libraries, AI
Artificial intelligence in the form of machine learning is a new place of knowledge, much as libraries are.
Of course, machine learning is also a very different type of place of knowledge that challenges some of
our core ideas about knowledge. But those challenges need not hurt or compete with libraries. AI can
not only enhance the work of libraries, embracing AI can provide a way to preserve and advance that
essential work: helping communities collaboratively make sense of their world.
In considering modern libraries and our new technology, we should begin by remembering a far more
ancient place of Western knowledge as well: oracles such as the one at Delphi that conveyed knowledge
from Apollo in enigmatic ways. As the philosopher Elena Esposito has pointed out, this was possible
because the ancient Greeks believed the future was fated and determinate, and thus knowable, at least
to a divinity. Likewise, she says, referencing Foucault, the ancient tradition of reading auguries, such as
the entrails of birds, was rooted in a sense of correspondences1: the world is ontologically meaningful and
interconnected down to its details, so one thing can be a sign of another without any intervening cau-
sality. Knowledge, it was assumed, could be gleaned from these hidden connections and relationships.
Libraries have something formally in common with the system of signs of auguries, for there is no
such thing as a book by itself. Each book springs from its cultural context and exists in reference to other
books, whether explicitly or not; unlike the ancient system of divination, of course, those relationships
are based in reason, not mere similarities.2
This is especially true of non-fiction books. Many express their connection to other works through
citations and footnotes. But all of them use the conventions of languages and of books’ various struc-
tures to communicate their ideas.
This is also true of libraries themselves. When we are in a library we are made physically aware that
knowledge exists in relation to other knowledge, for we can see those other sources of knowledge on
display in front of us. We are thus implicitly taught that knowledge comes from, and exists in relation
to, other knowledge. Further, because one book builds on other books, the implication is that knowl-
edge is knowledge all the way down … although what’s beneath that bottom-most layer is the subject
of age-old disputes.
Now there is machine learning as another place of knowledge. And although I am going to argue that
this new place of knowledge has no knowledge inside of it, I want to be clear from the outset that I do
believe that machine learning produces knowledge and is going to be one of the most important and
influential sources of knowledge for the foreseeable future.
1 Elena Esposito, Rational Divination, Jan. 16, 2018, https://youtu.be/rSxP_m9kLbk. Also, Future and uncertainty in
the digital society, Mar. 15, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zb18MZn9Ies
2 This is true even for fiction, where our expectations as readers, and thus the intentions of writers, are shaped by life-
times of reading books.
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The new Copernican revolution
First, let me be clear about what I think is special about machine learning, relevant to this topic.
A traditional computer program is a model of the elements of a system and their relationships. So, if
you want to predict quarterly profits, you figure out what factors will affect those profits — the number
of sales people, the cost of goods, the marketing budget, and so forth — and what the relationships are
among those factors. For example, you will program in what you think the relationship is between the
number of sales people and sales revenues. Having done that for all of the factors, you can feed in the
most recent data and get a prediction for the quarter.
Machine learning doesn’t work like that. Instead, you give it piles of data without telling it how you
think that data is interrelated. That seems perverse. For example, you might train a machine learning
model by giving it hundreds of thousands of patient health records, but purposefully not tell it what we
know about the relationships among those pieces of data, such as the fact that symptoms are expressions
of a disease, medicines are designed to treat particular diseases, factors such as weight and age can affect
outcomes of certain treatments, and so forth. Instead, we let the machine learning system iterate on the
data to find correlations within the data, and correlations of the correlations.
The result can be a model that produces accurate outputs (always probabilistic) but through a set of
weighted interconnections — a neural network — that can be too complex for us humans to under-
stand. This “black box” outputs knowledge even though we sometimes cannot understand how it came
up with it.
(It’s worth noting that this corresponds to the architecture within which auguries made sense: both
depend upon a world that is vastly, delicately, and ultimately mysteriously interconnected. Of course,
machine learning is grounded in statistical analyses of data, not on a mystical or aesthetic belief in cor-
respondences among things with surface similarities. Elena Esposito is, again, eloquent on this topic.3)
The consequence is that before too long, your physician may tell you that you have a 72% chance of
developing Type 2 diabetes, and when you ask what that’s based on, the physician will say that it’s the
result of a black box machine learning model that is too complex for humans to figure out, but that has
been shown to be quite accurate in its predictions.
Similarly, you may take your self-driving car in to be repaired because it keeps changing lanes for no
apparent reason. It only does it on empty roads, so it’s not a hazard, but it feels wrong. Your automobile
repair computer scientist may say that no one knows why this model of car has been changing lanes
needlessly because it’s run by a set of interconnected machine learning models that together and indi-
vidually are too complex for us to understand.
So we will continue to hear an anguished cry: “We don’t know how it works!” And there are import-
ant issues with black box AI, including its obscure inner workings quite possibly hiding unacceptable
biases. Thankfully, there is a great deal of work being done on this problem, but at least for now, many
of our machine learning systems are indeed inexplicable to one degree or another. So we still hear the
cry, “But we don’t know how it works!”, and that may become this century’s persistent echo if the com-
plexity of machine learning models outpace our ability to decipher them.
That concerning and disruptive, but I believe that it’s the last two words of “We don’t know how it
works!” that express the largest disruption: “It works”. Even though we don’t know how, it works. Even
though its processes often do not yield generalizations of the sort that we can apply outside of the mod-
el, and often not even generalizations we can understand, it works.
Those two words — “It works!” — tell us something about the world. It works because the model
3 Esposito, Rational Divination, cit.
12