la all 211 «f ait^cologloal bouse mrm oolloetod frosi 4lttermt parta Of 171 M4plM AT9 troa th«

27 Pages·2017·1.28 MB·English

C^APtim XI
M i f c f H a D O L O o y
la a ll 211 «f ait^co lo g lo al bouse mrm
oolloetod frosi 4lttermt parta Of 171
M4plM AT9 troa th« Holocea« p*ri9d which incltade tfi« boii«t
from th« iUatttrlOt ^i«SAUthlo* OM loolithlOt »«olittilc
•i««olithic pailods f r ^ 41ff«r«at g*ogr«phi«al and clis» tie
myHrommt»$ iihile flO f9«a.iXa ara tmm tha ^Xmlato^m*
daposita trosi dliffarant rivor brains. A faw fsaM Ia fm a
farU ary parlod iMir® aiao aimlyaad* A lis t of tha arohaao*
U ^ c « i aitaa frt^ ir\ara tha twnaa «r@ra oollaetad la flvan
la table 7 iritii tdrta nu»bar of aaijplaa obtalaad a t aaoh
alta* 1)
2*1 C^ilaotioii of aa^laa
tha praaent work ia tha fira t of ita kind $and@r%iilcofi
ajit«ialvaly in India, lor p%tfi>oaa ttia Caaico 4 taio
Xaangaon aituatad aaar ama ii^ish ia tmdar exoavaUcm waa
aalaotod for t&t%9 aoala aa pling* fba «a ^ia a mrm e o li^ta d
fi>oa tr^a fressbly a8c^^O£»a>ct a ^ti< ^a in tha tr4»ionaa out
52
100 P Ipo . 300 . , 600 KM
FIG. 1 . ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN INDIA
during «3teavttUi»ii«« fiMiatt w«r# <^btaia«d tr^m th« oolmmt^
or pmitlmm ot tittt mtmimitim tron< ^» m4 from tn« ouXtuml
l«v«Xa «ic^s94 In hftsl«m tal «oio<iiratioiia m n o 0r»
th« Hoitft««t bfnttnk pita fttc« 3009 «<»r« oolI^t«<t by
vi»itiiii th« «it«» Kkiisal»ad« Oufki^l «te« whleh nttr«
u»&«r cxOttvaitioiMi
X«iae 7 of eitoa
I’io* stat9
I AfiUTiglini iS0«50* t 93^36* &) Oriiisa 1
2 (1 5 *a * ». 79*06* Andhn .'^radsfldli 11
3 aurmoagiuit (13*02* 79*02* «) 2
h aurc«iuui », 74*33* J«*aBot ft K«gtifiir 8
5 i^maOmr (15*15» K. 7^*03* w) Cioa 1
6 CH«A<Sdll (19*05* »• 7it*oa» d> H«har ihtrft 1
7 iPidaabeil (1^*31» », 74*4t* &) Pharaoh t n 8
S 4»ftViik«ciii«r (a3*oo« »t 79*07* 3
9 iJiMleglKIII 41I**36* M# 76*10* IS) Mal»ara«htftt 1
fO itm ra^puri i22*08* », 73*20* is) t1«<3hyft ?rad*ali 3
11 (a4»05* H, 70*00* &) t^^adhyai rEtd«th 1
12 visA^ur C18*35* S. 7b*24» ii) 1
13 lul^Lra (3«»*10* !l* 73*10* s) 13
5 4
fio* of aon»
Ho*
o n ^'n «^
14 mmuit il6*29» », 76*36* S) 1
fj> i10«j»* If, 74*50* 67
16 (25*52* l«t 71*27* «) 5
17 JocUHmra (27*5I» «• 76*a7* 1
18 liiiXdoywiluilIS. «» 7S*B* S) 1
19 jMa^iaon C19*45* 75*00» 1> 1
20 «4ipi Ci6*a4* Kf 76*29* ») iMinwitak 1
21 i«otnal Caffi*55* »» 72*17* «> O n^rftt 1
aa (21*14* «♦ n*m * 17
29 ilrwBt^wr (5&*54* «» 76*44* &) Hisnelua 1
24 (21* to* »♦ 79*10* Q
2» iavdAtoU (22*15* 75*56* s) 1
26 (ia *2a* »f 7»*55* S> 1
27 ^drsuMuiOal (52*42* 75*05* iS) A KaaHMir 1
aa «^lnJor (5&*40* 76*55* &) 1
29 (14*05* »# 79*21* ii) Aciaiira 5
30 nattftpimHi (15*05* 7® *^* 1) S*ra4eirti 15
51 (25*10* 75*15* &) «adh|m 4
32 •i«itiiaii (55*49* **# 75*06* Jattsai S lia«halr 5
55 ^^oabiir (55*5»* 74*56» &) Jeftstaia & t^jd alr 1
54 fiMftaii (ia*:»* «# 7 6*a * a> 1
55 faraaitii; (22*56* 75*» * ») ‘Hi^arat 8
56 Jraii (16*50* 7 f5 1 * £> %harri9littinei 1
57 (22*19* »• 71*51* I) d
36 (1®^55* 76*25* 8) n^imrmahtm 1
59 ^ItTR i’i r Tftlfto itmniiff } iki^ar^t (<^utQli) 4
c c
o 0
Haoy MiapXott taad tomtlXa w#r« tmm tli«
cxoavAtora trofli th«ir at ^iti^nmt p>X(acmmm th«««
\mv Iff tha memvmtom since «sttav«Udns 2«id
ftlroadf ooi^letcd and tmiiehM mrm mt for
•ftaplifig* At Xa^i^oii a^ttt ^ 9i
eoIX«otd<S a t tt)« sit# «»d Ulsok soil uad«rlyiii|E tbs hdbitAUQfial
ttouQd «fts eollsotsd to tsst the fluoiins eontsnt of the sail*
:ioam of i^e rssul.ts of tiie oiiiaadojil snalyais of
deposlta curs 4sJlir<3tt in cAMptwt V to se«t mtfmt of tlis
chsalo^I snvironaiecit on the fossiliKStion s»roesss of ths
arolissoxoi^oal b<ms^«
2*2 Prspam tistt of
Hie lMa» si^aiAss oollaotsd »t tile arotuieoio^eitl
si toe wore treats^ io ttie Xet»oimtonr b<.}fors Vs^wf were
subjaotsd to ohstttoel tests* soil «tteolt«<t to bone
froift outaKts MIS fssoved o sref^ly * % or^irtr possHAey
tiises tfsrs s s ^ a o d tojr ^ e s o o l^ is t or palad^tolog ist
for the purpoos of tdentifiii«ition of the aniaal or itisBsn
s^soios* Very sbsII fnii»ontary boos^t of ooitrss c^uld mt
be ic^sntified* ^inoe Idie li^X«aKKitetioii of the ohefsiosl
listhods is possible only s fts r orustilne the ss^plef ia
mo^t of the o^sesi the fm §»m ts of the bones oouXa be
obt^tinsa for the analysis* the mmpXm %fsre a ir dried»
crushsdt snd psssod t^rotii^ 72 siev^* After tliia i^ey
n5r6
c
wur* takon for oi}«»ioaX ^
«iialy»iA m* 6am in ^ 9 mmlAtwy l^tKir»t9nr of ^ Arehato*
l^gy d^rtflMBit of t!i« Dooomi CoXl«f« t^iieh is ISiirly v»Xl
«quipp«il for tito nonMl enottieal A f«v snu^loa #«r«
studied in otIiQj* laliorm1^ri#@ ^ italic
a* 5 JUo«a of ind o t^ n le mttmt
mi ^ ^agmmm trm
4ltt9rmt •lt«» of 4iti«rmt pmto4& %mm tmtwd i&r tlm io«s
of M tor and orgmilo inittor* for tliio I §» of po^i^or
wa» flro t h«atod to KK>* C to fiad out the loas of v»tor ocmtont
mad thm to 600*C in fum&0£> to find out t^o let^ of orgasiie
mtt&r*
£«4 i^teiiofii
Xt will he smm frm the dotaiXod ehmlmX oo^ }0»
eitim or t^o htum or fooM i tl^^^^t ^ a iio t t^o ofiam o
i t omt&im flti0rifi0,0£il«iiittt o^ffxmatos iiitli ooato
tr ^ « @lmm%B» in tlio pvmmt « ^ 7» tlio
hoo booD laid cm am <3otoraiiioti<iao of flt^riiaot plioiM>oru«»
earbonatof of^jr ao tlmao ^r» tlio ^ o f oioansiito ar«
itsttful in ttiQ study of r«i tivo Hatiii«i oiwl ttio ^miSmiX tfm #»
fofm tioo of l^roi^ lato f^ s a ilia ^ form*
Hi« ««tlK>«l& of ehoiftiool ooaiyoio itsod ii» tiio i^r^sont
•tutffiy a^ro tito## ^osorlbod by ifadkaoti (19^2)# Fip«r (19S6) aai
5 7
SXaok ^ aoafii nm«mmff*
Uktimrmt m»tlMa ot ebMdoal atialyolA luiv« hmm given in
d«tail m* th« »btai»«<l in ttk* H^v« used
tor vnri^us a»i»«et« of t^o aroh&Qolof^Oj»l bon<»s
9)»tfti2i«Ki a t varloiia sit«ft* la thia« firs t d iffertn t 39«i9ds
of dstor^ining tlm H m aro r^taivwt and tte« detaiia
of t^o ttothocl tQllmod for tlio pre&ont study ara givan*
tharaafto; aathoda for dotar^ainint^ nitro@ «tt oartoon» eaX ol^
car^M»n^^ta» phosphorua ato* ara
2*4«1 l^laH^boda 40taf*»iiiJUig fiiaarina
th» oonvantiooQl sMithod of fluorioa dat^iaiAttiOtt
ia ia1»*icat«f tadijMXSf diffiouX t tiaa oonauaine* Biii, i t oouXd
^ ai^ioyad in aaalX la ^ra to ria a «aieh do not h^vo aophiati«
oatad ooatly aodam «rqiuipaMnt« ikht do fiava anoiigh l^mda to
aaat thaaa ra^[Uir«aMRita« tha prooadura eo iscmly aa^Xoyad
today and iinad by OsAiley^a ohasiats aaa orisinaXiy daeeribad
by D illard m& ^intar (1939) • Currant i>raetio« InoliiiSaa
digaation airi diatilX ation of tHa aai^la ai»d mjbaaqiMnt
titra tio n of th* d lstiU ata against ooXoun»u inciioistor*
oan« «»ttiod ia oanvani^mtiy aa^ley ^ ia tlia pr«'a«%t
HioXogioal sft^Iaa afkfl organio i ^ 8 |! ^ t i e satariale
lik a bonaa ^ io h ^ro anaXyaad for fltiorina oontant aro umially
aabad* For a^tlu^tiim of snail, tmamta of fluorin# proper
fixative Ilk a otJLciuai o ^d a or ni^gnaaitHi aoatata ia uaad*
5 8
i t ia is lo st in sshiiig aad i t i& not
i» dl«till«di (Fujraany 1962).
p re li^n a ry oshlns t» cMmio^i out to d««»tro^ iioet
of th» arganlo ^ tto r . ^>«aftpio ia «ix«tf th« fimitivoy
ttoiatoiio^ with U ttio mtmr am! hoated to 2*5 hour» a t 600*C .
Th« 4M^ i« jmibJ«oti»dl to d istiila tio a
to s«p»roto nuori<t« it« hfilroflttoatUoio !)ol<i fro«i tho
int9rtarrin& mifyat4tnc»» th t fXtiorlno in
4istlII«t<« in iimialiy Odtorsiiio^ ^oatrd|>)Mtoe»«trlo«lly
m th diJTforoat r ^ o a te or hf titffttion ^ith thorimi n itra te .
As fiuorl»« doo» aot tom ^olouroil eo^l«9c«a only im lireot
d^GO rophotOAOtrie flotarmin tion has boon pro|iMi»«a to dot«,
mtm on noai»itrins fS%Q t^loaiching of nomm eotouroai
aotol eo^ii^x by torm\tton of the coaplmif
botno«ii th0 oot^l Ion oad tiEio fluoridot
ta tlio lact fov yoorsg fOr ^ cm^i<i aotorsinatioa
of fli»orint3!» Aoortae ion di«fOtro^o i« us«d* ^in^^or aoul
Ara»trona i196d) have given aothod of aotortiiniik^ fluorine
in tKNM «^itti fXuoritio «ioQtm»ao« In ^ o aothod* the hono
ii» iti diXut* ftoi^ ^ «t pH 4«7 fluorino
ia ^Htorminoa froo ttan lira eunroo obtointa froa
a illiv 0i« t«30 r<ta4in§» ibgoinot tho tmown oonoontrition« of
fluoride. Bolcor it97S) Ha» dlao ^vtm tho mm asotiio i of
59
t->r fluorine d«t«nsin ition in
vtt^otation tiw n^yarid*# ftnd atG»i»pli«r«i oo >talniQg
fiuorlfni o > :pouo4« dai8ai& to w«l In ca»e« <i«3tnic«*
of ,5l.-mts ^3Titd. ^lant t;-»*«»»• ’ic l*dll and
-um«y i197?) 4a«ertJNHl ?% va/L-
fjaion and 3-->8olfie ioa ^ieeftr-jc'e t0c'vai«|u9 th# <1«t«r-*
ajRiutioii of t.jtrtl fli(*0ria» 'ssdtn stoiX ami -^m*
r«3t-fitly tho ton »l©otrt»"«* 1& uasd andl
th« «t<EH» ®f dliSktination in flxmrtm <S«t«rainatl?m Is
aat«4 In ««#•»# »©3iration of fIuorin« by
•nd I t by ti^irsttlaa or »p«c trophy to-
«i?'tjods 13 c-inv ^ritlonrit, th® ap«>tro?h?»^'>^«?tic
^alviU e iW 5^ i«» ltt «t to u tllltie th« thortias
a ita rln a Bed a r#a.§®ut X t<sXf IcH«n mm Slissck <t^53)
asi^ (1993) publis?2h€KS pr;e«e<iur0« o-t th is
r a dfit* Loth® li«« «lv«n tlia di ferw ittal
^»<K3tropht>t9»#trlc ^letemin^ tlaw of t3iuorliio <irtth thorium -
tlisa rin a iH«d a i p.i P*s3t Jdaii«^ r: ,
•^lovik aad ^Ibfi-rt (1957) H«v# th« »n;ae rm s^t
istr 3i6r>(i«tii}r'^ndtioii ot flitorin** fo^ -^ivi J okson (1999)
hav« gl.v«a titftitl»« »etf»o.l tor nuorln« with thorltna
?iltr»t« Alijearlnci* ('<»d > ss ^ifi Indioatar tat pH 5«
6 0
«arri@^ mskt m pM
ii^tosMrtrio A^tmmim^tim <»f fltieif^A# <&irQi»iiur4 • «:.ri9atir9w»
0ymU,o0 a mM B^mef H«ve
cHlormnSlito «• tt spootropiiotoa^tno rm&mtt,
4teic« the prm&m i» mid Um&
eimmjmiag., th« Qt4iei( of bon^ mmlm lill^ aUt^li
wm ttl9^ to pr^mBm tlia d!#t^],« of
for rook !8«torist*, ilouit and J^wis Ct9^7) J t
to tXmrlUQ \Athmit 4iBtllXm ^m W
into iodim dux for
dcjOo«i!»oiiiUon| tli«f ito«a 8j»®otm;»l»ot«^e%ri«
mth&d it^in^; «i4no^ro^i^fsttiiio ai4reoiiii^ fmnmt* Hu
tMft procooa* Itxm «tid piioM>onts r^sMin «ntir«ly rssi*
du« «ft«r uqmmm mttraotiois* 4«i4i.iiia ciiti^o
flux tm« tn«d 8ific«» 8odia'3 o^’«r))oiir»tie» a vmey lian! e»He
In oaoo of mmi$m Im t'^io oi^oo# of t^o g’ ^tv»9$^t9
rmmiMB $i%# rsoiter ^tiout 0«f %>» 0*5^ pltoit^hQms
boao pmmm tato tfi© o-ii -t.n
&on«s l« vary hl^ (1^ « 15#) ©fid i#liic?i lntorfor®a in tlio
fi«toraiii«tiim of fluoriii#* to r«oir« tsjio rwi.^fiiiig phosplionui
tlfso oorban^^io mm ^ofi tlio soltttiaifi m» t«ot^ for
fluorine if* »ofi« CSiai^siaa ttimvtiX&m and ^bi?oalbrt«fe