l. gumiliovi. aris

40 Pages·2009·0.47 MB·Italian

by  Lali Burduli

lev gumiliovi andrei panCenko

kerpi maTi sicrue
(dialogi krebulidan <<raTa sanTeli ar Caqres>>)
l. gumiliovi. aris Tu ara cocxal bunebaSi sicrue? raRac doziT
aris. cxovelTa mimikria es mtaceblis, an msxverplis motyuebis
mcdelobaa. rogorc mtacebelT, aseve msxverplT aqvT ufleba daicvan
sakuTari sicocxle, romelsac xan SimSili emuqreba, xan ki gadasansvla,
ase rom mimikria gamarTlebulia biosferos kanonzomierebebiT, romelnic
sikeTisa da borotebis miRma imyofebian.
a. panCenko. raRac amdagvari adamianur urTierTobebSic arsebobs e.
w. <<sicrue dacvis mizniT>>, (ara sakuTari tyavisa), magaliTad, is
tyuili, romelsac yovelTvis eubnebian sasikvdilo sarecelze mwolares.
arsebobs agreTve uangaro sicruis sxva saxeobanic, Tundac laqlaqi
<<gamamarTlebeli>> andaziT damtkicebuli _ <<mindors Wvavi amSvenebs,
saubars ki – sicrue>>. es kargad esmoda qalaqisTavs <<revizoridan>> _
ufro zustad gogols, romelic yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi xlestakoviviT
moqmedebda. aseTi tyuili codva ki ara, sisustea.
l. gumiliovi. Zvelebs es problema ar abnevdaT. maT SemoiRes
cneba <<fici>>, ese igi, iuridiuli gamijnva, sasargeblo da xSirad
tyuilisagan (sakuTari Tavis) damcavi. sicruis ufleba, orazrovneba,
mikib-mokibva adamians SemorCa, magram mxolod yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.
fici gamoiyofoda rogorc eqstraordinaluri (sagangebo) aqti, rogorc
bunebis kanonis miyolaze, e. i. Tavdacvis instinqtze uaris Tqma. amitom
mowmeebad, ufro zustad ki ficis dacvis meTvalyureebad ixmobdnen
xolme RmerTebs, stqionTa sulebs, romelTac ficis gamtexi unda
daesajaT1. amiT ikveTeboda ficis supernaturaluri mniSvneloba.
saxarebaSi, sadac mocemulia TviTsrulyofis gza, rekomendebulia
ara fici, aramed mxolod simarTlis Tqma: <<aramed iyavn Tquenda hÀ, he
da araÁ, ara, xolo umetesi amaTsa ukeTurisagani ars>> (m. V, 37) magram
sxva yvela Cveulebrivi adamianisTvis yvela qristianul qveyanaSi fics
ewodeba присяга – sityvis micema saficarze xelisdadebiT2. igi
SemorCenilia rogorc naxevrad-iuridiuli, naxevrad-religiuri aqti da
dRemde aqvs gadmoyolili mniSvneloba da azri. tyuili - es ubralod
saZraxisi qmedebaa, ficis gatexa, ese igi, mindobilis motyueba ki –
danaSauli _ bunebis sawinaaRmdego, RvTis sawinaaRmdego danaSauli, es
msoflio wesrigis Seuracxyofaa, Ralatia.
organizmul doneze calkeuli personebis sicru es aramxolod
qcevis arasimpaTiuri stereotipia, aramed garemomcvel eTnikur da
landSaftur garemoze zemoqmedebis meTodic. populaciur doneze –
socialur da kulturul garemoze zemoqmedebis unaris mqone – masobrivi
dezinformacia antisistemebSi. biosferul doneze ki -gamartivebis
procesebi, rac iwvevs umaRlesi cxoveluri organizmebis
mikroorganizmebiT Secvlas (gvamebis gaxrwna), moZravi nivTierebis
uZraobaSi gadasvlas. kosmiuri nivTierebebis daSlas molekulebad.
molekulebisas atomebad, Sidaatomuri realuri nawilakebis
virtualurad gadaqcevas, fotonebis gadatanas ufskrulSi, e. i. vakuumSi.
arada TiTqos yvelaferi sul umniSvnelodan daiwyo.
magram ra aris WeSmariteba, romelic sicrues upirispirdeba? ar
1  . gavixsenoT <<vefxixtyaosnidan>>: “ficiT giTxrob ,Sengan kide Tu SevirTo raca qmari ,srulad
movswyde samoTxesa ,qvesknels viyo dasanTqmari”(137); “gecruo ,RmerTman miwa mqmnas ,numca cxriTave
vzi ciTa(422) da a. S.
2   “zeda wignsa saficarsa Sevfice da Semomfica” (TargmanisTvis darTuli yvela SeniSvna da
komentari ekuTvnis qeTevan jervaliZes)
1
aris saWiro brZnoba da mkiTxvelis mistificireba, arc sakuTari Tavisa.
modiT, WeSmariteba davarqvaT msjelobas, dakvirvebaTa faqtebis jamis
adeqvaturs, romelSic cdomileba ar aRemateba kanoniT dasaSveb normas.
a. panCenko. sxvadasxva qveynebsa da xalxebs uwevdaT didi sicruis
epoqebis gaZleba. ruseTi ar aris gamonaklisi. a. s. xomiakovi (1804-1860),
romelsac namdvilad sjeroda, rom <<naTeli iyo misi [ruseTis] gza>>
tyuilad rodi mimarTavda mas ase:
magram gaxsovdes; mesiis maxvilad yofna
miwisagan Seqmnils kacebas uWirs.
monaTa TvisTa umkacresad is
ganikiTxavs, Sen ki codvaTa
saSinelTa simravle gawevs.
usamarTlo samsjavroni wyvdiadSi dganan.
uRvTo liqnas, gamxrwnel sicrues,
did, samarcxvino mconareobas
da saZaglobis mravalgvarobas
masze monobis dausvams daRi.
o, Sen, uRirso, rCeulobisTvis
gamorCeulxar, nu daaxaneb, monaniebis
wyliT ganibane, mexma orgzisma,
Senma damsjelma, dae Sens Tavzed
aRar dasWeqos.
glaxakma suliT, Tavs nacaryrilma
uzenaess aRuvline locva
morCilis da Wrilobani
sinidisis, sasikvdineni, zeTiT
cremlisa ganikurne, he, ganikurne!
(Targmani qeTevan jervaliZisa)
es <<sinanulis kanonia>>1 (ase uwoda xomiakovma Tavis leqss),
ruseTisaTvis warumatebeli, gagania yirimis omis dros, zviadi da
pirmoTne nikolozis mefobis miwurulSi, 1854 wels Seqmnils. bunebrivia,
leqsi maSin ver daibeWdeboda. opoziciam ki SevCenkodan (1814-1861)
gercenamde (1812-1870) icoda kanoni xelnawerebiT da aRtacebulic iyo
misiT. rac Seexeba <<sazogadoebas>>, man avtori paskvilebiT aRavso,
<<rogorc sityvis winamZRvrebs Sehferiso>> ganacxada avtorma erT
Tavis werilSi. mesame ganyofilebis gankargulebiT xomiakovs xelwerili
CamoarTves, rom Tavis qmnilebebs cenzuris nebarTvamde aravis
gaacnobda. sazogadod, es Cveulebrivi movlenaa. mxileba da masze reaqcia
totalitaruli reJimebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. rac ufro cudad midis
saqme, ufro metad ityuebian da metadve arian Seuracxyofilni
simarTliT.
magram ai, ra aris aRsaniSnavi. Tanamokalmeebma xomiakovs
qristianuli zneobis kuTxidan wamouyenes braldeba. mexuTe mcnebis
darRvevaSi daadanaSaules. roca kiTxulob n. v. arsenevas (<<grcxvenodes,
uZRebo Svilo, dedasamSoblos kilva>>) da grafinia e. p. rostopCinas
(<<TviT RmerTma brZana: pativi ec dedasa Sensa>>) pasuxebs leqsad,
geCveneba, TiTqos qalbatonebma piri Sekres. magram maT kvers ukravs
mxcovani liberali kniazi p. a. viazemskic: (<<mowiweba da pativi sakuTar
dedis Sehferis yvelas. Zem noesaman mosasxamiT sisuste da sircxvili
1  .avtorma Tavis leqss saTauri ,rogorc vxedavT ,50-e da 90-e fsalmunis mixedviT uwoda.
2
dafara mamis>>). gamodis, rom xomiakovi cudi Svilia, bibliur qams hgavs,
romelmac mamis siSiSvles dascina.
saidan aseTi gansacvifrebeli erTsulovneba, ratom azrovneben
oponentebi religiurad? cxadia, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom maT surT
mtkivneulad wahkbinon xomiakovs, magram (yvelam icoda, rom is iyo Rrma
da mxurvale rwmenis kaci. <<marTlmadidebluri eklesiis raindi>> n.a.
berdiaevis gviani apofTegmis Tanaxmad). Cemi azriT, saWiroa, gavixsenoT
rusuli Cveuleba, (Tu gnebavT, crurwmena), istoria ganmartos
providencialurad (e. i. daukavSiros gangebas, bedisweras q.j.), rogorc
ganmartavs mas umarTlmadidebulesi xomiakovi: istoria, misi azriT,
RvTis Cnafiqrisa da codviT damZimebuli adamianebis Tavisufali nebis
raRac erTgvari SeTanxmebaa. imaTTvis, vinc religiuri Semecnebis
sferoSi cxovrobs, es mxolod normaa, magram providencialoba meoce
saukuneSic aqtualuria, miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni sazogadoeba garkveul
momentSi sakuTar Tavs maRali wrisad da aTeistadac ki miiCnevs.
<<naTeli momavali>> - es arc adamianurad gasagebi imedia, arc
gaangariSeba. aramed religiuri mrwamsi, erTgvari kerpi <<tmutarakanuli
kunZi>>. XX s-is sxvadasxva aTwleulSi sxvadasxvagvari adamianebi
yovelgvari eWvisa da Secbunebis gareSe tyuilad rodi aqveynebdnen am
<<naTeli momavlis>> dadgomis vadebs. apologetni unda Cahkvirvebodnen
imas, rom msgavsi winaswarmetyvelebani araerTgzis iyo gamoTqmuli,
aRsrulebuli ki – arasodes. udides ricxvTa kanonis Tanaxmad, arc
aRsruldeba. saerTod, ra samwuxaroc ar unda iyos es, pesimisturi
prognozebi ufro realuria, vidre optimisturi, ierusalimi daingra,
<<mzis qalaqi ki>>1 dRemde ar aSenebula.
Tuki am mrwamsis Ziebas SevudgebiT da amave dros qristianuli
civilizaciis sazRvrebSi davrCebiT, maSin Cven zogierTi SualobiTi
rgolis gamotovebiT <<qristes am soflad aTaswlovan meufebas
mivadgebiT, romelzec apokalifsis me-20 Tavis me-3-6 muxlebSia saubari.
am teqstzea damyarebuli Zalian Zveli, xiliaistebis _ <<aTaswleulis
mimdevarTa>> - eresi. (aRvniSnavT, rom marTlmadideblur eklesias swams
apokalifsis RvTivSTagonebuloba, magram miuxedavad amisa,
RvTismsaxurebaSi ar sargeblobs misiT da arc amqveyniur samoTxes
iqadis; rac Seexeba caTa sasufevels, iqedan jer aravin dabrunebula da
arc aravis uaruyvia igi).
maS, sityva <<sinanuli>>, axla esoden xSirad xmarebuli? es sityva
yovelTvis ismoda ruseTSi kulturul-istoriuli ciklebis dasrulebis
Jams. aseTivea xomiakoviseuli <<sinanulis kanoni>> batonymobis
gadavardnisa da aleqsandre II-is didi kulturuli reformebis wina
periodSi Seqmnili. kulturuli Cveuleba, anu axlandeli gamoTqmiT
tradicia, (mocemul SemTxvevaSi nacionaluri yofierebis providenciuli
gaazrebis tradicia) _ mZlavri muSaqalbatonia istoriul velze. Tumca,
is rogorc sikeTis, aseve borotebis saxeliT moqmedebs.
l. gumiliovi. istoria – es droSi mimdinare procesebis Seswavlaa,
xolo dro ra aris, aravin uwyis. arc araferia amaSi sakvirveli.
Tevzebma, cxadia, ar ician ra aris wyali, radgan mas verafers Seadareben.
maT, xmeleTze moxvedrilebs, haerisa da wylis Sesadareblad dro aRar
rCebaT. v .i. vernadskim (1863-1945) sikvdili gansazRvra rogorc sivrcisa
da drois gayofa. vinaidan, misi azriT, mkvdari nivTiereba ar aris droiT
SemosazRvruli. vernadski marTalia, magram istorikosebs yovelTvis
mxolod kvdomis procesebTan aqvT saqme, romelTa drosac arsebuli
gadadis warsulSi.
warsuli mainc Tua realuri? Tanamedrove mecnierebSi am kiTxvaze
1  .<< mzis qalaqi>> – italieli poetis ,filosofosisa da politikuri moRvawis Tomazo kampanelas
(1568 – 1639) mier 1602 w-s dawerili da 1623 w-s gamoqveynebuli utopiuri saxelmwifos modeli.
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erTsulovneba ar arsebobs. arsebobs da Tan Zalian gavrcelebulicaa
Tvalsazrisi, rom warsuli srulebiT ar arsebobs. jovani jentile
(1875-1944) wers: <<uwin adamianebi ibadebodnen, fiqrobdnen, Sromobdnen....
magram yvela maTgani mkvdaria yvavilTa msgavsad, romelTa silamaziTac
isini tkbebodnen, an foTolTa msgavsad, romelnic gazafxulobiT maT
Tvalwin mwvandebodnen, SemodgomobiT ki gayviTlebulni cviodnen. xsovna
maT Sesaxeb cocxlobs, magram mogonebaTa samyaro fantaziis samyaros
msgavsad aris arara; da arc gaxsenebaa ocnebaze ukeTesi... istorikosma
icis, rom cxovreba da warsuli faqtebis mniSvneloba ver aixsneba
qartiebiT, warwerebiTa Tu warsulis nebismieri namdvili naSTebiT. maTi
wyaroebi TviT istorikosis pirovnebaSia>>. aq daTanxmeba SeuZlebelia.
magram Tavi SevikavoT kamaTisagan, radgan arian sxva avtorebic, romelnic
am Temaze weren.
ufro kategoriulni arian p. gardineri (XIXs.) da b. raseli
(1872-1970). ar arsebobs absoluturi, realuri mizezebi, romelnic elian
aRmoCenas istorikosebis mier, istorikosebisa, romelnic sxvadasxva
doneze, sivrcis sxvadasxva monakveTSi, gansxvavebuli miznebiTa da
interesebiT, sxvadasxva konteqstsa da gansxvavebuli TvalsazrisiT
weren>> (p. gardineri). istoriis Rirebuleba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is
iZleva codnas <<im adamianebis Sesaxeb, romelnic Cvengan sagangebod
gansxvavebul viTarebaSi imyofebian>>, magram es ar aris mkacrad
analitikuri, mecnieruli codna>>, es raRac im codnis msgavsia, ZaRlis
patrons rom gaaCnia Tavisi ZaRlis Sesaxeb>> (b. raseli). vfiqrob, rom
aseTi pesimisturi daskvnisaTvis masala zemoxsenebul moazrovneT im
tipis istorikosebma misces, romelnic kargad aRwera anatol fransma
(1844-1924) Tavis <<pingvinTa kunZulis>> SesavalSi. <<gana Cven istorias
vwerT? gana Cven vcdilobT romeliRac teqstsa Tu dokumentSi cxovrebis,
an WeSmaritebis Tundac umciresi marcvali vipovoT? Cven ubralod
gamovcemT teqstebs, asoebs mivdevT..... azri ar arsebobs>>. am poziciis
dacva ar msurs, arada kamaTi xom arsebiTad swored misi sababiT
mimdinareobs. maS, SevitanoT masSi aucilebeli sicxade.
kamaTi, dawyebuli romc yofiliyo, filologiur gaugebrobaze
iqneboda dafuZnebuli. istoria axla mTel rig erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebul, magram amave dros erTmaneTisagan Zalian gansxvavebul
saqmianobas hqvia: 1. publikacia da Zveli wyaroebis Targmna _
aucilebeli, magram mxolod masalis momcemi saqme. 2. istoriuli kritika,
Zvel avtorTa nebsiTi Tu uneblie sicruis gacxrilva – naxevar
fabrikatis miReba. 3. mopovebuli masalis Sejereba adre dagrovilTan _
es ukve produqtia, magram ara moxmarebis sagani. 4. monacemTa
interpretacia dayenebuli problemis WrilSi. 5. mecnierebebis
Sepirispirebidan gamomdinare, axali problemis wamoyeneba. zemoT
CamoTvlili filosofosebi da maTi msgavsni arsebiTaad imaze wuxdnen,
rom winaswari damuSavebis gareSe gadaumuSavebeli masalidan ver
Rebulobdnen SekveTil suvenirs. es namdvilad SeuZlebelia. sxva gza ar
aris da arc iqneba. filosofosebi sxva rameSi arian marTalni: am gziT
siaruls sulac ver SesZlebs yvela.
erTi SexedviT yvelaze martivi ganzogadebebi iseT sulier
aRmafrenasa da grZnobaTa daZabvas moiTxoven, romelTa drosac azri
dneba da axal formas iZens. igi jer ganacvifrebs, Semdeg ki arwmunebs
WeSmarit mkiTxvels. saqme is rodia, azris rogori msvlelobiT, an
argumentTa rogori SerCeviTaa damtkicebuli Tezisi: es samecniero
ostatobis samzareuloa, romlis codnac, cxadia, saWiroa, magram mxolod
codna sakmarisi ar aris. mainc rogor xdeba xandaxan axali Tezisis
povna da dasabuTeba? es Semoqmedebis fsiqologiis saidumloa, romelsac
Zveli berZnebi istoriis muzas – klios miawerdnen.
4
es muza gvkarnaxobs Cven, rom filosofosTa skefsisi
gaumarTlebelia, rom warsuli arc piradi gancdebia da arc piradi
ocnebebi. awmyo mxolod momentia, myisierad warsulad mqcevi. momavali ki
ar arsebobs, radgan ama Tu im Sedegebis ganmsazRvreli qmedebani jer ar
dasrulebulan da arc isaa cnobili, dasruldebian Tu ara. myofadi
SeiZleba mxolod statistikurad gamoiTvalo, Tanac im pirobebis
daSvebiT, romelnic praqtikuli Rirebulebis varaudebs aRkveTen.
warsuli ki arsebobs da yvelaferi, rac arsebobs, warsulia, radgan
nebismieri Sesruleba maSinve warsulad gadaiqceva. ai ratom swavlobs
mecniereba istoria Cven gareT da Cven gareSe arsebul erTaderT
realobas.
a. panCenko. warsulis uaryofa, arsebiTad, warsulis gakilvaa, rac
cxovrebiseuli TvalsazrisiT sruliad gasagebia. iq sakmarsze metia
sisxli, vaeba, SimSili da cremli. yovelive amas Cven memkvidreobiT
vRebulobT da gveSinia misi. amitom mzera ukan da mzera garSemo
naRvelsa da uimedobis grZnobas badebs. <<da moviZule yoveldRiuri
cxovreba Cemi, _ ambobs eklesiaste – borot ars Cem zeda qmnili igi,
romeli iqmnebis mzisa queSe, rameTu yovelive amao da gamorCeva sulis!>>
( 2, 17). sevdiania, magaliTad, <<oqros saukunis>> miTologema, romelsac
Cven hesiodesa da ovidiusis mixedviT vecnobiT. oqros saukune namyo
winarewarsulia, adamianuri yofierebis plusqvamperfeqtumi. maSin
yvelaferi mSvenivrad iyo. adamianebi erTmaneTs ar mtrobdnen. TiTqos
ZilSi miicvlebodnen xolme... magram oqros saukune vercxlis saukunem
Secvala. mas mohyvnen spilenZis, Semdeg ki rkinis saukuneni. dro dgeba
cudi, cudi da cudze cudi.
mecxramete saukunev, rkinisa,
WeSmaritad gulqva saukuneo!
umTiebo da ukuneT RameSi
nebiT SeniT kaci Cagdebulia!
saukune meoce... ufro miusafresi,
burusi cxovrebisa uusaSinlesi,
(luciferis frTaT Crdili
udides-uSavesi).
(Targmani qeTevan jervaliZisa)
es <<SurisZiebidanaa>>. 1919 wels aleqsandre blokma ganmarta:
poemis istoriosofiuli koncefcia CemSi progresis mravalgvari
Teoriebisadmi mzardi siZulvilis zemoqmedebiT Camoyalibdao. antikuri
miTologia, rogorc vxedavT, gamoadga uaxlesi epoqis rus poets (sxvaTa
Soris, mas kargi filologiur - istoriuli ganaTleba hqonda).
Znelia, uimedobas Seurigde. sevda unda daZlio. am keTili mizniT
mravali gonebaWvretiTi konstruqciaa Seqmnili. kerZod, mofiqrebulia
sapirispiro mimarTulebis miTologema, romelSic oqros saukunem namyo
winarewarsulidan momavalSi gadainacvla. progresis yvela Teoria am
miTologemazea dafuZnebuli.
ruseTSi <<naTeli momavlisadmi>> rwmena sxvadasxvanairad
gamoixateboda. misi zomieri varianti uyvarda Cexovs. misi gmirebi
ocneboben <<im droze, SesaZloa, ukve sul axloze, rodesac cxovreba
iqneba iseTive naTeli da sixarulis momgvreli, rogorc.... wynari kvira
dila>>. es mxolod ocneba rodia, aramed qmedebisaken mowodebac. mivceT
sityva moTxroba <<sacolis>> personaJs: <<Tqven rom saswavleblad
wasuliyaviT! _ ambobda igi _ mxolod ganaTlebuli da wminda adamianebi
arian saWiro. ramdenadac bevri iqneba aseTi adamiani, imdenad male
dadgeba meufeba RvTisa miwaze. maSin Tqveni qalaqidan TandaTanobiT qva
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qvaze aRar darCeba _ yvelaferi Tavdayira dadgeba, yvelferi zustad
jadoqrobisamebr Seicvleba. da iqneba maSin aq veeberTela umSvenieresi
saxlebi, gasaocari baRebi, araCveulebrivi Sadrevnebi, SesaniSnavi
adamianebi... >>
cxadia, utopia uaRresad gulubryviloa. am uangaro, mSvenieri sulis,
magram araSorsmWvreteli, naklebniWieri da ramdenadme komikuri
personaJisaTvis niSandoblivi. magram am personaJis raciaSi aris
zogierTi sityva – signali, saerTo Cexovis yvela meocnebe gmirisaTvis.
da maSasadame, SeiZleba <<Cexoviseburs>> miekuTvnos. Tuki saubari exeba
<<ganaTlebul da wminda adamianebs>>, maS cxadia, miTiTebaa swavlaze,
codnis Sematebaze, Tanac koreqtirebulsa da zneobis wesebiT
gajerebulze. uintereso, <<wminda>> codnis hipertrofia rusuli
tradicia ar aris (XX s-m gviCvena rogori ubedurebebi mosdevs xolme
aseT teqnicistur hipertrofias). ruseTi mecnierebas yovelTvis uyurebda,
rogorc gzasa da simarTles. rac Seexeba gamoTqmas <<TandaTanobiT>>, is
umecrebas aCqarebisagan icavs da moTminebisa da TavSekavebisaken
mouwodebs: <<asjer gazome da erTxel gaWeri>>.
Tanamedroveobas safrTxe maSin eqmneba, rodesac <<naTeli
momavalis>> mrwmenni daaskvnian – is axloa,1 zRurbls gadaRma da
gadaabijeben mas. aseTi <<naTeli momavlisaTvis>> awmyo dasanani ar
aris. aseTi sanukvari samoTxisaTvis miwaze SeiZleba culsac mohkido
xeli, wiTeli mamalic auSva, <<sajegveliT daCeCqvo dRevandeloba>>, arc
axlobelia dasanan-dasandobi, arc Soreuli, arc buneba, arc kultura,
arc Tavadi, arc glexi. <<naTeli momavlis>> rwmena Zalis religiad
gardaiqmneba, raRac axal warmarTobad. religiaSi warmarTni xom mxolod
Zalas afaseben. da vai, kerpebs, Tu maTSi daeWvdebian!
gavixsenoT, rogor amxobdnen maT kievSi. vladimirma brZana <<peruni
cxenis kudze gamoebaT, mTidan CamoeTriaT, boriCevos maRlobidan
mdinarisaken, Tan gasawkeplad Tormeti rkinisjoxiani kaci miuCina>>.
JamTaaRmwereli grZnobda am scenis orazrovnebas da aucileblobad
miaCnda misi ganmarteba: <<amas imitom ki ar sCadiodnen, TiTqos xes
grZnoba hqonodes, aramed eSmakebis gamosalanZRad, amdagvari saxiT rom
acdunebdnen adamianebs, dae, mizRvodaTo magieri kacTagan>>. mzakvrobda
JamTaaRmwereli, mzakvrobda... imas ubralod Zalian undoda kieveli
neofitebis gamarTleba, romelTagan warmarToba jer kidev ar
ganqarvebuliyo. sinamdvileSi ki isini ara <<xatebas>>, ara simbolos,
aramed qristes mier damarcxebul druJinis RmerTs amaTraxebdnen.
warmarToba, saerTod, Rrmad idgams fesvebs sulSi, da arc aris gasakviri,
qristianoba sul raRac ori aTas wels iTvlis, warmarToba ki bevrad,
bevrad mets. rodesac puSkinis evgeni emuqreboda spilenZis mxedars <<
damaca, me Sen!>>, roca revoluciis Semdeg moskovis kremlSi yulfi
wamoacves aleqsandre II-is (1818-1881) qandakebas da kvarcxlbekidan
moaZres _ yovelive es warmarTuli epoqis xarxari iyo, gamoZaxili im
kievuri periodisa. Cveni Tanamderoveni, romelnic sakuTar Tavs aTeistebs
uwodeben, Zalze xSirad imas gulsxmoben, rom ara swamT iaxvesi, ieso
qristesi da alahisa. magram am <<aTeistTagan>> nuTu bevria, visac Savi
katis ar eSinodes?!
Zalis religia Taviseburad savsebiT logikuria: Tu awmyo
dabrkoleba da winaaRmdegobaa, is dangrevas saWiroebs. amave logikas
emorCileba Zalis religia: igi awmyos ekuTvnis (<<oqros saukuneSi>> xom
yvelaferi sxvagvarad, saTnod da keTilad iqneba), maS, arc is yofila
dasandobi. da iwyebs igi Tavisi Tavis, misnebis, mgaloblebis, qurumebisa
da sakuTarive kultis msaxurTa ganadgurebas. am religias axal-axali
1  . avtors mxedvelobaSi unda hqondes citata pavles epistoledan “mciredRa wuT erT ,momavali igi
movides da ara yovnos (ebr. XI ,37).
6
msxverpli esWiroeba. pirvelad sustni iCagrebian. Zala amtvrevs Calis
Rers. magram male, Zalian male ZlierebSic iwyeba angariSsworeba. maTi
urTierTbrZolis Jams ki sxvadasxva rwmenis adamianebisTvisac rCeba
raRac adgili miwaze da isini saukunidan saukuneSi gadadian.
Zalis religia, bunebrivia, ver ewyoba WeSmaritebas. Zala ver itans
winaaRmdegobebsa da damsazRvreblebs. WeSmariteba ki yovelTvis
damsazRvrelia. aqedan gamomdinare, Zala ver itans WeSmaritebas.
pirvelad ezizReba, xolo roca TviTon siberesa da marazms miaRwevs,
eSinia misi. Zalis religiis batonobis epoqebi aucileblad gadaiqcevian
xolme sicruis epoqebad. winaswarmetyvel ieremias aqvs naTqvami: <<kerpi
misi sicrue>>. sxvaTa Soris, sworia sapirspiroc: sicruis epoqebSi
yovelTvis eTayvanebian Zalas.
amis demonstrireba SeiZleba nikolozis mefobis magaliTze (miT
umetes, rom saubari mis Sesaxeb ukve iyo). magram aseTi istoriuli
eqsperimentis siswore saeWvoa. imperatori nikoloz pavles Ze Tavis
reskriptebs yovelTvis zviadi sityvebiT - <<RmerTi ars CvenTan>> -
amTavrebda da amiT aramxolod saxelmwifo meTauris, aramed eklesiis
meTauris rolzec acxadebda pretenzias. es mkveTrad, SeiZleba iTqvas,
mWaxedac kia formulirebuli maSindel kanonmdeblobaSi: <<imperatori,
viTarca qristiani xelmwife aris umaRlesi damcveli da gamfrTxilebeli
gabatonebuli sarwmunoebis dogmebis, meTvalyure sjulisa da yovelive
keTilmoweseobisa eklesiaSi>>. garegnulad es formulireba Seesabameba
dadgenilebebs petre pirvelisas, romelmac patriarqoba gaauqma. rogorc
petres, aseve misi SviliSvilebis dros sinodis wevrebi monarqs, <<am
kolegiis umaRles sasuliero msajuls>>), erTgulebas saficarze
eficebodnen. magram es ukve mxolod asoebis Sesabamisoba iyo da ara
sulisa.
<<sjulSemwynarebloba, romelic petrem SemoiRo, imperiis erT-erT
saxelovan safuZvelTagans warmoadgenda. nikolozma ki maT mimarT, vinc
aRmsareblobas Seicvlida, mkacri kanoni gamosca>>. ase Tqva a. i.
gercenma da manve uwoda nikolozis marTlmadideblobas moCvenebiTi,
<<civi, peterburgis klimativiT susxiani. gerceni marTalia, magram Tan
arcaa marTali. petrem mefis asul sofiasagan miiRo ra qveyana, romelSic
Tavs iwvavdnen da romlidanac garbodnen, Tavisi mmarTvelobis pirvel
wlebSi marTlac tolerantobaze gaakeTa aqcenti. holandiasa da
inglisSi is mxolod gemTsaSenSi durglobisTvis rodi wavida,
ideebisTvis iyo iq wasuli. roterdamSi is aTvalierebda erazmis statuas
(maSin is mwerlisadmi miZRvnili erTaderTi qandakeba iyo), lamanSs
gadaRma ki piradad gaecno jon loks (is maSin mefis xelisuflebaSi
vaWrobas ganagebda). erazmi da loki im dros sjulSemwynareblobis
keTilSobiluri ideis istoriasa da Tanamedroveobas ganasaxierebdnen.
<<petres sabudris>> im bartyebisTvis ki, romelTac gansja SeeZloT da
msoflWvretiTi refleqsiisaken midrekileba aRmoaCndaT, modaSi Semovida
loki. amis Sesaxeb 1702 w-s Tavisi ordenis winamZRvars gagulisebuli
atyobinebda erTi faruli iezuiti. gulmosasvleli ki namdvilad iyo.
loki mouwodebda pativi ecaT nebismieri religiuri doqtrinisaTvis, Tu
is sazogadoebrivi organizmis funqciebis normalur muSaobas xels ar
SeuSlida, _ garda aTeisturisa (aTeizmi gaigivebuli iyo uzneobasTan,
yvelafris Cadenis uflebasTan, rogorc es dostoevskis mogviano
periodis TezisSia: <<ar arsebobs RmerTi, yvelaferi nebadarTulia!>>) da
iezuiturisa (iezuitebi arafers Takilobdnen TavianTi globaluri
sulier-eqspansiuri miznebis misaRwevad). petres dros loks ara marto
kiTxulobdnen da Targmnidnen, aramed mis rekondeciebsac
iTvaliswinebdnen.
yvelaze ukeT es igrZnes gaurkvevli saxelis da sxvadasxva
7
mimarTulebis evangelistebma, _ aseve kaTolikeebma. isini Tavisuflad
cxovrobdnen, ris Sesaxebac kargad icodnen dasavleTSi. karlos XII
Seecada kidec esargebla am TavisuflebiT. igi ukrainelebs samefo
universaliebiT aSinebda. TiTqos mefe eklesiaTa gaerTianebis Taobaze
saidumlo molaparakebebs awarmoebda romis papTan. petre aRaSfoTa
<<briyvulma yefam>> da man 1709 wlis 3 Tebervalis manifestSi uaryo igi.
mefis asul sofias xelisuflebis damxobis Semdeg SvebiT amoisunTqes
staroobriadcebmac. maT praqtikulad uari Tqves TviTdawvaze. magram
petres tolerantobis sazRvrebi mkacrad iyo Semoxazuli, <<maTraxiT
Semowerili>>, Tuki puSkinis gamoTqmiT visargeblebT. Tanac es sazRvrebi,
upirveles yovlisa, Tavisebs, bunebiT rusebs zRudavdnen.
staroobriadcebs mainc ise eqceodnen, rogorc gandgomilebs1. maT
gansakuTrebuli samosis tareba dauweses. marTlmadideblebs ki ucxo
sarwmunoebaSi gadasvlis gamo mkacri sasjeli daudgines. yvelaze metad
rusul eklesias gauWirda. sinodis dawesebiT petrem mas yovelgvari
damoukidebloba mouspo, sasuliero pirebi ki Cinovnikebad aqcia. mefis
dauviwyarma da avadsaxsenebelma brZanebam aRsarebis saidumlos
gatexvisam, (nabrZanebi iyo SeetyobinebinaT xelmwifis pirovnebis mimarT
borotganzraxvisa da saerTod <<meryev Wkua-gonebaTa>> Sesaxeb),
sasuliero pirebis mimarT undoblobis Tesli daTesa. ai scena
<<plodomasovoSi Zveli wlebidan>> dawerili leskovis mier, romelic
Zvel xucesTa STamomavali iyo da sasuliero fenasTan keTilmegobruli
damokidebuleba hqonda.
peterburgidan dedasTan SvebulebiT Cadis gvardieli. (scenis yvela
gmiri uaRresad <<dadebiTia>>). qalbatons, romelmac mzeTunaxaviviT
gazarda Tavisi vaJi, surs darwmundes, <<rom mis mier naloliavebi bavSvi
namdvilad ucodvelia Tavis siwmindeSi, da amitom mRvdeli mama aleqsi
miiRebs brZanebas, ufro gamowvlilviT Seityos amis Sesaxeb>>. is
axalgazrda gvardielisagan aRsarebas ibarebs _ da ai dasasruli:
mRvdeli Sevida masTan (qalbatonTan) da mowiwebiT CasCurCula:
<<qalwulia!>>. leskovi ver xedavs am scenis saSinelebas. Tumca, saRvTo
Tu adamianuri kanonebis Tanaxmad, unda aekrZalaT, aRekveTaT da a.S.
CvenTan ki, ruseTSi, es normalurad eCvenebodaT.
petredan daiwyo <<gonebis saukune>>, ganmanaTleblobis epoqa.
rusuli religiurobis istoriaSi es Sors mimaval movlenaTa rigs
ganekuTvneba: <<sazogadoeba>>, (e. i. zeda fena), rogorRac
marTlmadidebluri eklesiis gareSe cxovrobs. cxadia, eklesiebSi dadian,
weliwadSi erTxel marxuloben, aRsarebas abareben da ziarebasac iReben,
magram ganaTlebuli adamianebi amas uxalisod akeTeben, TiTqos fexebi
ebmiT, rogorc es tolstois stiv obolenskis emarTeboda, male mainc
damTavrdebodes es <<yuryuti>>. midian masonebSi da sadac ginda, oRond
ara marTlmadideblur taZarSi.
puSkinis droidan <<sazogadoebis>> adamiani, gansakuTrebiT ki
peterburgis maRali wodebisa, religiuri da eklesiuri gulgrilobis
placentiT Semogarsuli aRmoCnda. es evgeni oneginiTac Cans, <<rusuli
axalgazrdobis jibis sarkiT>>, rogorc mis Sesaxeb brZana pletnevma. am
sarkeSi aisaxa TviT puSkini da zogadad misi Taobis, misi mdgomareobisa
da aRzrdis adamiani. onegini seirnobs sazafxulo baRSi, izrdeba, xdeba
Seyvarebuli, Teatris xSiri stumari, cekvavs balebze da sxvadasxva
nairnairobebs sCadis, magram TavSi erTxelac ar mouva, dasamSvideblad
moZRvarTan wavides. rac Seexeba sofels, sadac onegini ganmartovda, mis
poetur landSaftsa da poetur interierSi ver vipoviT Cven verc taZars
da verc xats. gmiri dasaxlda biZis binaSi:
1  . swored aseve eqcevian dRevandel saqarTveloSi saqarTvelos pirveli prezidentis zviad
gamsaxurdias momxreebs.
8
...savaneebi erTob maRlebi,
sastumro atlasSemovlebuli,
yvela kedelze mefe ufali,
Rumelni Wrelad naCuqurTmalni...
sadas da muxis iatakians
oTaxs, bumbula divans, magidas
da wyvil karadas, rac Tvals xvdeboda,
melnis winwkalic ar Sexeboda.
( Targmani oTar WilaZisa)
magram sad aris xatebi da kandelebi? cxadia, xatebic ekida da
kandelebic enTo (miT umetes rom dakrZalvis Semdgom cota dro iyo
gasuli), magram oneginis (da puSkinis) mzera maT miRma misxltis. romanSi
ar aris arc guliTadi rwmena da arc yofiTi marTlmadidebloba.
davuSvaT onegini <<zedmeti kacia>>, magram meocnebe lenski? igi midis
sasaflaoze, cremls Rvris mSoblebis saflavze, magram cal fexsac ar
Seadgams eklesiaSi. aseTivea <<suliT rusi>> tatianac: mSobliur
mxaresTan gamoTxovebisas igi ver iclis eklesias gamoemSvidobos, sadac
TviTon is monaTles, sadac mamamiss wesi auges. <<cxovrebaSi>> ki
sxvagvarad iyo.
ras niSnavs yovelive es? es imas niSnavs, rom aleqsandres epoqaSi
sazogadoeba ver xedavda da arc eZebda sayrdens eklesiaSi. es sayrdeni
mas ubralod ar sWirdeboda. rusuli poeziis <<oqros saukune>> naTeli
da harmoniulia. sazogadoebaSic harmoniuli ganwyobileba Warbobda. misi
Seryeva ver moaxerxa verc ori aTeuli eris Tavdasxmam, verc
batonymobasa da samxedro dasaxlebebTan dakavSirebulma eqscesebma.
sevda da farisevloba is-is iyo ibadeboda da mTeli Tavisi
feradaovnebiT nikoloz I-is mefobis dros gaifurCqna.
mis dros Seicvala orientacia. Tuki wina imperatori Tavisi mefobis
ukanasknel wlamde yvelaze metad sjulTSemwynareblobas afasebda
(cenzuris wesdebaSi kategoriulad ikrZaleboda qristianuli
mimarTulebis nebismieri eklesiis augad moxsenieba) da nacionalur,
Tugind konfesionalur TviTkmayofilebas ar gamoxatavda, misma umcrosma
Zmam, bedisweris nebiT, aRmoCnda ra taxtze, <<uaryo>> tolerantoba. es
cnobil samebaSc gamoxata: TviTmpyrobeloba, marTlmadidebloba,
xalxuroba. dadga apoTeozis xana marTlmadideblobisaTvis, magram amas
misTvis sargebloba ar moutania, radgan nikolozis RvTismosaoba iyo
moCvenebiTi da namdvilad civi. mRvdlebs moeTxovebodaT ara
RvTismsaxurebis aRsruleba, aramed ceremonia, risTvisac sakmarisi iyo
katexizmos, saeklesio gangebis, notebis mixedviT galobis mtkiced codna
_ da meti araferi. am sulier sicives, ra Tqma unda, win aRudga mxolod
optinis udabnos siTbo, rogorc es xomiakovsa aqvs. magram maSin
aRgznebuloba meti iyo, vidre rwmena. farisevlobisa da sicruis epoqebSi
asea xolme.
avadmyofurad exmaurebian utopias RvTis saxelmwifoze, romliTac
gatacebulni iyvnen aleqsandre ivanovi da gogoli. <<xelmwifis
xelisufleba – uazrobaa – Tuki is ver igrZnobs RvTis xatad yofnis
aucileblobas miwaze>>, _ vkiTxulobT Cven <<megobarTadmi mimoweris
rCeul adgilebSi>>. es keTilganzraxviTaa Tqmuli, magram visTvis?
gogoli ratomRac imedovnebda, rom <<yvela, nebismieri fenisa da wodebis
warmomadgeneli, moyvaruli Tavisi saxelmwifosi, Tuki yovelives, rac am
saxelmwifoSi ar iyo, mimarTavda misken, rogorc sakuTari sxeulisaken:
iglovebda suliT, inaRvlebda, mosTqvamda, dRedaRam ilocebda Tavisi
vnebuli xalxisaTvis, maSin xelmwife SeiZenda im yovlisSemZle
siyvarulis xmas, romelic erTaderTi miaRwevda avadmyof
9
kacobriobamde>>. gulubryvilo ocnebebia, usafuZvlo imedebi! da
ramdenjer motyuvda misiT sacodavi, alal-marTali ruseTi!
Cveulebriv es naocnebari gogolis pirovnebaze gadaaqvT xolme,
masSi xedaven martoxelas, Tavdaxsnils im problemebisagan, romlebic mis
TanamedroveT awuxebda (ris gamoc, iSviaTi gamonaklisebis garda, wigni
erTxmad gakicxes). Cven ukeT gavugebT gogols, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom isini, visac ramdenime wlis Semdgom wilad xvda gamxdariyvnen
saZirkvlis damangrevelni da kerpTa damamxobelni, maSin msgavs religiur
Semogznebas ganicdidnen. CerniSevski 1848 wels moeloda mesiis
movlinebas. Wabuki pisarevi, arc Tu mTlad <<rCeuli adgilebis>>
gavlenis gareSe, Targmnida klopStokis <<mesiadas>>, qadagebda
absolutur ubiwoebas im brma imediT, rom RmerTi am msxverplis fasad
daajildoebda kacobriobas, aCuqebda adamianebs ukvdavebas, an rogorRac
moawyobda ise, rom daibadebodnen isini <<saswaulebrivad, xorcieli
codvis gareSe>> (nuTu gayofiT?). dobroliubovi ki mxolod mSoblebis
uecarma sikvdilma miiyvana bedisweraSi eqstatiuri rwmenis uaryofamde.
am sulieri Semogznebisa da krizisis gareSe verc samocian wlebs
gavigebT da evrc samocianelebs gavugebT. uceb gacnobierebulma da
yovlismomwyvlelma sicruem (yirimis omis dros) gamoiwvia uaryofis
gaCena. aseT situaciebSi sazogadoeba yovelTvis axdens RirebulebiTi
niSnebis gadanacvlebas. plusebis magivrad svams minusebs da piruku.
maSin bunebrivi saxiT wina planze wamoiwia aTeisturma nihilizmma.
ganvmartoT igi rogorc urwmunoeba, amisagan me Tavs Sevikavebdi.
nihilizmi bolos da bolos axali religiaa. postulats (dasabuTebis
gareSe aRebuli debuleba) <<mwams, rom RmerTi arsebobs>> _ is
upirispirebs sxva postulats <<mwams, mwams, mwams... rom RmerTi ar
arsebobs>>. ATeistma SeiZleba uaryos, rom sityva <<mwams>> _ ar aris
mis leqsikonSi, rom is <<darwmunebulia>>, magram es viTarebas sulac
ver cvlis. vera pavlovnas1 meoTxe sizmari xilvaTa Zveli Janridan
momdinareobs: Sua saukuneebis rusul teqstebSi (isini mRvdlis Svils
SerniSevskis gadmocemiT mainc ecodineboda) qriste, RvTismSobeli,
wmindanebi xSirad ecxadebian vizioners Tvis <<fxizel ZilSi>> da
atyobineben raRac WeSmaritebebs, ufro xSirad momavlis Sesaxeb. mermisi
ezmaneboda vera pavlovnasac. misi qaluri xilvani materializdeboda
swavelebasa da missave mravalricxovan mowafeebSi, Tumca gulze xelis
dadebiT unda gamovtydeT, rom qalis sizmrebis fasi, Tundac is Zlieri
sqesis warmomadgenlis mofiqrebuli iyos, arcTu didia,. saqme imaSi
rodia, rom nihilisturi aTeizmi _ es konfesiaa, aramed mis damangrevel
mimarTulebaSia saqme.
saerTod, aTeizmi rusuli istoriis peterburguli periodisaTvis
normaluri movlenaa, ukidures SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis nawilisaTvis
mainc. rusuli aTeizmi mravalgvaria. misi fsiqologiuri Sedegebi ki
samgvari: gulgrili adamianebi ver gamohyavs gulgrilobidan. RmerTi ar
arsebobs, mis Sesaxeb gansamartic araferia; sxvebs is gulwrfelad
sevdiT avsebs da amdagvar tips miekuTvneba puSkini, romelic
axalgazrdobaSi aTeizmiT scodavda. moviyvan cnobil nawyvets 1824 wlis
gazafxulze odesidan viazemskisadmi gagzavnil im perlustrirebuli
(saxelmwifo organoebis mier fostiT gagzavnili werilebis gaxsna)
werilidan, romlis gamoc avtori fskovSi gadaasaxles. <<...wminda
aTeizmis gakveTilebs vewafebi. aq erTi ingliselia, Rrma filosofosi,
erTaderTi gonieri aTeisti, visac me Sevxvedrivar. man aTasi furceli
CaaTava imis dasamtkiceblad, rom qu’il ne peut exister d’etre inteligent c eateur et
regulateur (Semoqmedsa da mmarTvelze gonieri arseba SeuZlebelia
1  . a. panCenkos mxedvelobaSi hyavs CerniSevskis romanis <<ra vakeToT>> gmiri.
10