Kwame Nkrumah's Contribution to Pan-Africanism: An Afrocentric

197 Pages·2005·0.86 MB·English

AFRICAN STUDIES
HISTORY, POLITICS, ECONOMICS, AND CULTURE
Edited By
Molefi Asante
Temple University
A ROUTLEDGE SERIES
AFRICAN STUDIES HISTORY, POLITICS,
ECONOMICS, AND CULTURE
MOLEFI ASANTE, General Editor
KWAME NKRUMAH'S CONTRIBUTION
TO PAN-AFRICANISM
An Afrocentric Analysis
D.Zizwe Poe
KWAME NKRUMAH’S
CONTRIBUTION TO PAN-
AFRICANISM
An Afrocentric Analysis
D.Zizwe Poe
Routledge
New York & London
Published in 2003 by
Routledge
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Copyright © 2003 by Routledge
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Poe, D.Zizwe (Daryl Zizwe), 1954–
Kwame Nkrumah’s contribution to Pan-Africanism: an Afrocentric
analysis/by D.Zizwe Poe.
p. cm.—(African studies: history, politics, economics, and
culture)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-415-94643-3
1. Nkrumah, Kwame, 1909–1972—Political and social views. 2.
African cooperation. 3. Pan-Africanism. I. Title. II. African studies
(Routledge (Firm))
DT512.3.N57P64 2003
341.24′ 9–dc21
2003004068
ISBN 0-203-50537-9 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-57724-8 (Adobe eReaderFormat)
Contents
1. Introduction 1
A Presentation of Key Terms 7
Africology and ‘Africalogy’ 7
African Centered 8
African Liberation Movement (ALM) 9
Pan-African Nationalist Movement (PANM) and the African Unity 9
Movement (AUM)
African Personality 9
Collectivist African Personality 10
Composite African 10
Pan-Africanism 11
Philosophical Consciencism 11
Centrism 11
Object-Subject 11
Traditional Rulers 12
2. Method to Examine Nkrumah’s Contribution to Pan-African Agency 13
Afrocentricity 13
A Synthetic Afrocentric Paradigm 14
Individual and Organizational Agency in the Intellectual and Social 15
Landscape
Psychological, Political, and Philosophical Location 19
Historicity and Hermeneutics 20
Critique and Delinking 22
Denunciation of Hegemony 22
vi
Assertion of an African Culture, Personality, and Genius 22
3. The Basis of Nkrumah’s Contribution 24
Custom Locatives 24
Primary Source Data—Nkrumah 26
Nkrumah’s Speeches 27
Nkrumah and the Pan-African Centered Perspective 28
Nkrumah’s Written Works 29
Autobiographical Works 32
Nkrumah’s Theoretical Works 33
Testimonial of Key African Revolutionists 34
Secondary Sources 35
Comrade-Authors 37
Tertiary Sources 39
Pan-African Historiography 39
Biographers 41
4. The Pan-African Nationalistic Trend in African Culture: An 43
Afrocentric Presentation
The Pan-African Centered Perspective 44
Definitions and Typology 46
The Problem of Eurocentric Hegemony and African Phenomenon 46
Pan-Africanism as a Racial Concept 47
African Centered Version of Pan-Africanism 50
Pan-Africanism’s Typology (Revolutionary versus Retrogressive) 53
An Afrocentric Perspective to Understand Pan-African Development 57
Historical Origins of Pan-Africanism 57
Opposition to Pan-Africanism During the Modern Era 58
Conclusion 59
5. Major Tributary Events That Influenced Nkrumah’s Pan-African 61
Agency
Periodization of Pan-African Nationalism 61
vii
‘Liberty’ and ‘Unity’ as Pan-African Themes 63
Abyssinia: A Pan-African Nationalist Symbol of a Liberated Zone 66
The Liberated Ghanaian State and Pan-African Nationalism 74
Conclusion 83
6. Part1 Nkrumah and the Pan-African Movement 1945–1966 85
Pan-African Conference to Leader of Gold Coast Government 85
1945 –1951
Nkrumah and the 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress 85
West African National Secretariat 88
The Circle 89
Organization of the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) 90
Organization of the Convention People’s Party (CPP) 94
The Accra Evening News and Other Publications 96
Pan-African Agency in the Gold Coast Colony 97
P art2 From Leader of Gold Coast Government to Leader of Pan-African 98
Liberated Zone 1951–1956
Global Reconnections and the Push for West African Unity 98
The Opposition 1 01
P art3 From Leader of Pan-African Liberated Zone to Founder of 1 03
Pan-African Nationalism 1957–1966
Ghana Becomes Politically Independent and Nkrumah Declares Pan-1 03
African Policy

Conference of Independent African States (CIAS) 1 07
Nkrumah’s Trip A broad 1 08

Ghana-Guinea Union (G-GU) 1 09

The All-African People’s Conference (AAPC) 1 10

Inauguration of the All-African Trade Union Federation 1 13

The Sanniquellie Agreement 1 15

Tenth A nniversary of the CPP 1 17
Tenth Anniversary of the Positive Action Campaign 1 20
The Freedom Fighters Conference 1 21
viii
The Organization of African Unity 1 22

7. Nkrumah’s Organization of Key Pan-African Agents 1 28

Organization of African Women for Pan-African Agency 1 29

Organization of African Youth for Pan-African Agency 1 33

Institutions of Higher Learning, Africanists, Institute of African Studies 1 38
and the Encyclopaedia Africana
8. Nkrumahism: An Ideology to Enhance Pan-African Agency 1 47
Ideological Base to Achieve Pan-Africanism 1 52
Philosophic Thought 1 54
A Summation of Nkrumah’s Philosophic and Ethical Statements 1 57
The Cardinal Ethical Principles 1 57
Analytical Focus 1 58
9. Afrocentric Summary of Nkrumah’s Major Contributions 1 59
Linked Traditions of West African Nationalism and Pan-African 1 61
Nationalism
Development of the First Pan-African Liberated State in Modern 162
History
Elevation of Pan-African Agency to the Level of Nation-States 1 63
The Concept of Socialist African Union as the Optimal Level for the 1 64
African Personality, Genius, Community, and Pan-African Agency
A Philosophy to Defend the Ideology of the African Revolution 1 65
The First African State Sponsored Afrocentric Research 1 65
10 . Notes 1 68
1 1. Works Cited 1 75
12 . Index 1 82
ix