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ISSUE 3_2010
THE INSTITUTE
MOBILITY
ENERGY
TOMORROWTODAY
/// ENERGY SYSTEMS
OF TOMORROW
RESEARCH SOLUTIONS FOR A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURE
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CONTENT ISSUE 3_ENERGY
ISSUE 3_2010
THE INSTITUTE
MOBILITY
ENERGY
TOMORROWTODAY
14
THE FUTURE OF SOLAR POWER
Development of new module and cell
technologies for the photovoltaic market.
16
HIGH TECH FOR
HIGH PERFORMANCE
New methods for power measurements
of photovoltaic modules.
18
NEW ENERGY CONCEPTS FOR
TOMORROW'S CITIES
/// ENERGY SYSTEMS IV
Sustainable solutions for urban energy gy
OF TOMORROW infrastructure. olo
n
h
Tec
20 A FEEL-GOOD CITY BY DESIGN of
RESEARCH SOLUTIONS FOR A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURE e
Odepvteimloupmm eennte prgroy jmecitx "faosrp tehren u Vribeannn a’s nstitut
I
Urban Lakeside". an
03 INTRODUCTION Austri
Research solutions for a sustainable 22 FROM ENERGY CONSUMER AIT
energy future. TO ENERGY PRODUCER VIT
M
The intelligent buildings of tomorrow will B
06 LEVERAGING INNOVATION TO use know-how from different research com
areas. o
SHAPE THE ENERGY SYSTEM ot
h
p
OF TOMORROW k
Igmnrnaoonwvnianetgri.v een meregays nuereesd sa rine are squusirtaeidn atob lme eet 24 EDAnNE aSEmERbRGitTiYo -uAEsR FsCuFsHItCaIiTInEEaNbCleTT tUouRrEism project is Photos:istoc
currently underway in the Arabian desert.
10
SMART GRIDS OF THE FUTURE
26
The paradigm shifts in the energy sector SUSTAINABLE CLIMATE CONTROL
pose new challenges for electricity TO COMBAT CLIMATE CHANGE
networks.
Innovative thermal components designed
to harness renewable energy sources on
a broad basis.
12
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR
29
ACTIVE DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS COLD FROM HEAT
Intelligent control concepts for efficient New approaches tap the potential of
voltage management and a high quality absorption cooling technology for smaller
of supply. scale applications.
IMPRESSUM.Publisher_Bohmann Druck und Verlag GesmbH & Co. KG., A-1110 Vienna, Leberstraße 122, phone: [phone], E-Mail: [email protected].
DVR: 0408689. Management_Dr. Gabriele Ambros, Gerhard Milletich. Publisher_AITAustrian Institute of Technology, Tech Gate Vienna, Donau-City-Straße 1, 1220 Vienna,
phone: [phone]. Editor_Michael Hlava, E-Mail: [email protected], Christian Klobucsar, E-Mail: [email protected]. Editorial_Margit Noll, Daniel Pepl, Victoria
Reinicke. Written by_Doris Griesser, Angelika Prohammer. Layout_Marion Karasek. Print_Leykam Druck Ges.m.b.H. & Co KG. Title photo_istockphoto.com/Howard Oates.
Issued_6-bi-monthly. All rights reserved. In accordance with Section 44 Para. 1 and 2 Copyright law. ISSN 1994-5159 (Print), ISSN 1994-5167 (Online). Free subscription_at
[email protected].
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ISSUE 3_ENERGY INTRODUCTION
ENERGY SYSTEMS
OF TOMORROW
/// IEA: "It is not an exaggeration to claim that the future of human prosperity depends
on how successfully we tackle the two central energy challenges facing us today: secu-
ring the supply of reliable and affordable energy; and effecting a rapid transformation to
a low-carbon, efficient, and environmentally benign system of energy supply." ///
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THE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (IEA) sounds an likely to continue,not least owing to the boom in electro-
alarm in terms ofthe need to maintain economic growth mobility,then it very quickly becomes apparent that it will
and stabilise greenhouse gas emissions.In one ofits most take much more than traditional concepts to satisfy the
recent World Energy Outlook reports, the IEA calls for growing need for energy.
"nothing short ofan energy revolution".This fundamen-
tal shift in outlook is imperative, according to experts AUSTRIA AS A PIONEER OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
around the globe, given that around 80 percent of the According to Wolfgang Anzengruber,Chair ofthe Manage-
world's energy demand continues to be met by fossil fuels ment Board ofVerbund,Austria’s largest power provider,
such as oil,natural gas and coal.Nuclear power accounts 60 percent ofthe domestic electricity demand is met by re-
for 13 percent ofenergy supply,while renewable sources of newable energy,making Austria one ofthe leading coun-
energy account for a mere 7 percent.Although Europe is a tries in this sector.He nevertheless warns against restrict-
front-runner in this matter,posting a figure ofaround 15 ing the consideration of energy policy questions to this
percent for renewable energy, this is still nowhere near alone,as electricity consumption only accounts for about
enough to bring about the much needed change.Ifwe con- 21 percent ofdomestic energy needs.
sider that electricity consumption in Europe increased by The main challenge is to achieve the “20-20-20”targets set
30 percent between 1990 and 2006 and that this trend is by the EU Heads ofState and Government,which envisage
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INTRODUCTION ISSUE 3_ENERGY
a 20 percent reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions as tems and heat pumps,and Austria is home to some inter-
compared to 1990 levels,as well as a 20 percent improve- national pioneers in fields such as hydroelectric power and
ment in energy efficiency and a 20 percent increase in the passive house technology.However,Peter Koren,Deputy
share ofrenewables in the energy mix by 2020. Director General ofthe Federation ofAustrian Industries
The Austrian Federal Ministry for Transport,Innovation (IV),warns ofthe dangers oftaking into account only the
and Technology (BMVIT) has therefore invited experts EU's energy and climate objectives during the implemen-
from science and industry to supplement the "ENERGY tation ofthe strategy.Koren insists that we should also be
2050" strategy process initiated in 2004.Their proposals for asking which energy services Austria should be providing
an energy research paper should be implemented quickly from an economic point ofview.As far as IV is concerned,
enough to be discussed at a wider level,so that the interest- the focus here would primarily be on an electromobility
ed public can be involved in the process.The aim of this programme – from electricity generation to automotive
BMVIT initiative is to summarise the key aspects ofa com- engineering,intelligent power distribution (smart grids)
prehensive energy research strategy in order to lay the and "intelligent buildings" – with energy efficiency playing
foundations for the necessary discussion ofenergy research a vital role.
measures and provide input into the federal government’s
energy strategy.
Doris Bures,Federal Minister ofTransport,Innovation and
Technology,states:"Tackling the energy question is one of
the crucial tasks ofthe future for our society.We must es-
tablish a sustainable and cost-efficient energy system capa-
ble ofmeeting the needs ofthe people.And to do that we
need comprehensive,long-term and consistent strategies.
As the minister responsible for energy research and tech-
nology policy,my job is to ensure that the emphasis re-
mains on continuing to develop existing strategies and
concepts and adapting them to the prevailing conditions."
AIT Commercial Managing Director Anton
Plimon: "Our unique selling proposition
within the European research community
is, first and foremost, our holistic view of
energy systems. Because we are involved
in the development and optimisation of
several different key energy technologies,
we are able to remain focused and leve-
rage synergies in our research activities."
Doris Bures, Federal Minister of Trans-
port, Innovation and Technology: "Tack- AIT: DICTATING THE PACE
ling the energy question is one of the It is no coincidence that the AIT Austrian Institute ofTech-
nology is involved in all ofthese areas;for several years now
crucial tasks of the future for our society.
it has been at the cutting edge ofboth national and inter-
We must establish a sustainable and national research in this field.From the very beginning,ex-
cost-efficient energy system capable of perts ofthe AIT Energy Department have been part ofthe
global search for innovative energy solutions,with the aim
meeting the needs of the people."
ofminimising the risks ofAIT's research partners from in-
dustry when introducing new technologies, while also
leveraging cost-effectiveness to maintain a competitive
AUSTRIA IS WELL PLACED edge on the international market.
As a centre of research and industry,Austria is generally "Our unique selling proposition within the European re-
very well placed to benefit from the "energy revolution" search community," says AIT Commercial Managing Di-
called for by the IEA.Domestic companies and research fa- rector Anton Plimon,"is,first and foremost,our holistic
cilities are already world leaders in numerous fields oftech- view ofenergy systems.Because we are involved in the de-
nology such as solar thermal energy,biomass heating sys- velopment and optimisation ofseveral different key ener-
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ISSUE 3_ENERGY INTRODUCTION
gy technologies,we are able to remain focused and lever-
age synergies in our research activities.This has enabled us
to gain a significant competitive edge,for example in the
fields ofsolar thermal energy,photovoltaics or smart grid
technology,thereby consolidating our leading position in-
ternationally.These days it's no longer just about develop-
ing new technologies;the primary focus is on optimising
and networking complete systems.To win the internation-
al energy research race,innovators will have to be able to
Peter Koren, Federation of Austrian
Industries: "As we implement the energy
strategy, the question we should be
asking is which energy services should
Austria provide from an economic
perspective."
can be used for industrial application. Wolfgang Knoll:
"The partners of the Alliance identify,define and imple-
ment joint research programmes which take into account
AIT Scientific Managing Director Wolfgang
the work ofEuropean technology platforms and industry
Knoll: "We joined the European Energy
groups.Working together means that better results can be
Research Alliance (EERA) at the end of achieved more quickly,because the relevant strengths and
January and are therefore now members resources can be pooled and additional research funds ob-
tained more easily."
of a first-class community which currently
comprises 14 leading European research
GREATER AWARENESS FOR ENERGY RESEARCH
institutes all focusing on the collaborative Interest in energy research appears to be widespread
amongst the general public, illustrated not least by the
development of new energy technologies."
prestigious "Austrian of the Year" award,which recently
went to head ofthe AIT Energy Department Brigitte Bach.
Last October,readers ofthe Austrian daily newspaper "Die
demonstrate sustainable and environmentally-friendly en- Presse" were given the chance to vote in five categories for
ergy management based on optimisation ofthe overall sys- the people who made the biggest impression in 2009.An-
tem." ton Plimon:"Brigitte Bach is now one of Europe's most
sought-after energy experts.We are delighted that her re-
POPULAR RESEARCH PARTNER search activities as head of our Energy Department have
"Because solutions ofthis kind can only be realised as part gained such widespread public recognition and at the same
ofa collaborative effort," adds Wolfgang Knoll,Scientific time we are proud that she has been able to reflect the AIT
Managing Director ofAIT,"the European Energy Research "Best Scientists" brandvalue so effectively.Alongside her
Alliance invited us to join their consortium.Since the end colleagues from the Mobility,Safety & Security,Health &
ofJanuary we have been members ofa first-class commu- Environment and Foresight & Policy Development De-
nity which currently comprises 14 leading European re- partments,Brigitte Bach is one ofthe key figures behind
search institutes all focusing on the collaborative develop- the areas ofresearch which will make Austria fit for the fu-
ment ofnew energy technologies geared towards combat- ture and thus help consolidate Austria's position as a tech-
ing climate change and meeting the future energy needs of nology and industry centre at the cutting edge ofEuropean
Europe." research." ///
The EERA is committed to consolidating and expanding
European energy research by pooling the expertise of
world-class research organisations.The emphasis is on the
strategic and targeted development ofnext-generation en-
ergy technologies.Alongside AIT,the other members ofthe
EERA are also working on application-oriented research
and are developing technologies to the point where they
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ISSUE 3_ENERGY
LEVERAGING INNOVATION
TO SHAPE THE ENERGY SYSTEM
OF THE FUTURE
/// Addressing the energy issue is one of the key
global sociopolitical challenges of the century.
All current energy scenarios assume that glo-
bal energy demand is poised for a dramatic
increase in the next few years; according to the
IEA's 2009 edition of the World Energy Outlook,
energy consumption is forecast to increase by
up to 40 percent by 2030. ///
THE WIDENING GAP between growing energy consump- AMBITIOUS TARGETS FOR EUROPE
tion and the continued depletion offossil fuels is not on- "These central challenges have already led to a number of
ly conducive to high price volatility but also leads to Eu- political and strategic measures at national and interna-
rope’s increasing dependency on imported energy and tional level," says Brigitte Bach,head of the AIT Energy
subsequently a significant loss in terms ofadded value.In Department.As mentioned in the introduction,the Eu-
addition to economic considerations,there is also the en- ropean Union has already set targets which envisage a 20
vironmental argument which calls for a significant re- percent reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions com-
duction in CO emissions in order to combat climate pared with 1990 levels,a 20 percent improvement in en-
2
change.It is against this background that the Internation- ergy efficiency and a 20 percent increase in the share of
al Energy Agency (IEA) has prioritised a "rapid transfor- renewables in the energy mix by 2020.
mation to a low-carbon, efficient, and environmentally In a bid to achieve these ambitious targets,the European
benign system ofenergy supply”. Commission devised the Strategic Energy Technology
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ISSUE 3_ENERGY
(SET) Plan in 2009 to accelerate the development and THE ENERGY SYSTEM OF TOMORROW:
deployment of cost-effective low-carbon technologies. SMART AND ACTIVE
Alongside fuel cells, hydrogen, "clean coal" technology A huge research and development effort will be required
and nuclear energy,hopes for a sustainable solution to to implement this paradigm shift in energy.An intensive
the energy problem rest for the most part on the use of strategy process was initiated involving significant contri-
renewable energies. butions from industry partners to identify those areas
Under the SET Plan,up to 20 percent ofelectricity con- which are expected to produce technological break-
sumption in the EU could be met by wind power and up throughs in the coming years.Analyses showed that the
to 15 percent by solar energy by the year 2020.Further energy systems ofthe future will be "smart" and "active".
cornerstones ofthe energy system ofthe future include On this basis,development in the area ofelectric energy
smart grids and energy-efficient smart cities. infrastructures is witnessing a shift away from the cur-
rently passive electricity grids towards smart grids,which
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ISSUE 3_ENERGY
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ifco csuysst oemurs .re"sBeaasrecdh oenff othrtess eo nfi nthdei negms,ewrgei nhga vaer edaesc oidfeedle tco- Bsstcroiiegnniettstief oi cBf aaoncuhar :lry "esOsisen aeor foc tfhh t eihn eev noctlovirreense trh-e eiller, AI
tric energy infrastructures and energy for the built envi- energy system. The emphasis is on & Z
ronment," explains Bach."A key point here is the holistic using the interactions between indi- anz
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ateprpmros aocfhi.nWdiev miduuastl bteec hcanroelfougl ineso ta ntod tihnidnikv iedxucalul sciovmelyp oin- vsloiydpsumteaeml nt eta.c"sh tnhoel obgaiseiss afonrd ftuhteu roev edreavlel- SA, Krisc
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the overall energy system and all ofthe interdependencies os:
involved." The Energy Department is taking just such a hot
P
holistic approach,combining several years ofcomponent
know-how with comprehensive system expertise at both
thermal and electrical level. Industry Association (EPIA),the solar electricity sector
recorded a global growth rate ofover 100 percent in 2008.
SMART GRIDS – INTELLIGENT NETWORKS "Our main objective in the solar power arena will be to of-
OF THE FUTURE fer support to the photovoltaic industry in terms of in-
The energy landscape ofthe future will be predominant- creasing the efficiency of solar modules and reducing
ly characterised by distributed generation.The variabili- costs," explains Bach.Scientific support for development
ty ofelectricity generated by photovoltaic and wind pow- covers the entire solar energy chain,from the modelling,
er plants brings about entirely new challenges for the ex- simulation and experimental analysis of solar cells and
isting electricity systems."In addition to this stochastic modules to offering scientific support in system integra-
generation we also have a strong development in the elec- tion.Research is geared towards achieving grid parity –
tromobility sector," says Bach."Researchers are currently the point at which photovoltaic electricity is equal to or
looking into the use ofelectric vehicles as mobile energy cheaper than grid power – as quickly as possible.Separate
storage units,which will be able to feed power into or con- laboratory infrastructure has been put in place during the
sume power from the grid as required." This new diversi- last years to focus on the development ofhighly promis-
ty in terms ofgenerators,consumers and energy storage ing thin-film technology.Experts at the Department are
requires smart grids,a new generation ofintelligent net- also collaborating with international partners on the har-
works capable of ensuring efficient operation through monisation ofmeasurement procedures so that perform-
communication between the various individual network ance data can be compared more accurately.The result-
nodes. ing greater market transparency and increased accept-
In recent years,experts at AIT have already been develop- ance among customers should see the competitiveness of
ing innovative control concepts to enable the improved the European photovoltaic industry increase on the world
integration of distributed generation into the existing market.
network infrastructure through the use ofintelligent volt-
age control management.Having successfully concluded THE CITY OF THE FUTURE
these developments last year, the process of validation The European Commission's SET Plan uses the term
and implementation is now beginning in collaboration "smart city",which is aimed at significantly reducing CO
2
with Austrian network operators. emissions. This will be achieved through smart energy
management and greater energy efficiency,with supply
PHOTOVOLTAICS specifically tailored to demand and other aspects such as
The solar power market is one ofthe fastest growing mar- electromobility also incorporated into the urban energy
kets worldwide;according to the European Photovoltaic concept."This approach means a complete rethink ofthe
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ISSUE 3_ENERGY
city in its context" says Bach."The relationship between KNOW-HOW FOR ECONOMY
er urban morphology, microclimate and the energy per- "Our primary goal is to help business and industry deal
m
m formance of individual buildings produces a number of with leaps in innovation by reducing costs and minimis-
Wi
n parameters whose interdependencies have yet to be re- ing the risks involved in introducing new technologies,"
n
a searched in detail." AIT is therefore working on numeri- says Bach,summing up the main objective ofthe Energy
m
off cal methods so that these complex interactions can be bet- Department.AIT is the interface between basic research
H
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H
B, ready making progress in this area, optimising district well-known national and international universities,AIT
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Ö cooling systems for the new TownTown business district experts are developing scientific methods which can be
hic: in Erdberg,Vienna,which last year was awarded a Gold put into practice in projects with partners from industry.
p
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Gr certificate by the German Sustainable Building Council The Department also plays an active role in a number of
gy; (DGNB). The Department was also responsible for the strategic networks.The AIT is involved in numerous IEA
o
nol scientific aspects ofenergy planning for an entire district Tasks and became a member ofthe European Energy Re-
h
Tec in the "aspern Vienna’s Urban Lakeside" project.Based on search Alliance (EERA) at the start ofthe year.The aim of
e of a holistic view ofthe district's energy needs,the optimum the Alliance,which was launched under the SET Plan and
ut
n Instit ewnaesr igdye mntiixfi efodr. highly efficient electricity and heat supply wjohinicth p rcoogmrapmrismese sl efaodri nthge r setsreaatrecghic i ndsetvietulotepsm,iesn tto o cfrneaetwe
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ustri energy technologies in order to fend offstiffcompetition
A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING CONCEPTS from the USA,Japan and,in future,China and India as
T
eiller, AI "bOuifldcionugrss we hsimcha ratr ec citaipesa bnlee eodf atcot ihnagv aes ethneerrmgya-le offri ceileenc-t wEEelRl.AA alolsnog fsoidceu swesin odn pcoowree rc oamndp egteeontcheesr omfaAl IeTn erregsye,arthche
& Z tric energy storage systems and reducing or shifting such as smart grids,solar power and smart cities,a new
nz loads," explains Bach.Intelligent demand side manage- programme coordinated by the Energy Department.
a
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A vative energy systems and smart control strategies.One with experimental analysis," concludes Bach.Combining
N
os: example which showcases the considerable expertise of the virtual with the real world allows us to analyse and op-
hot the Energy Department in this area is ENERGYbase, a timise thermal and electric components and,more im-
P
hugely innovative passive office building.The project al- portantly,the interactions between them in the context of
lowed crucial data on the behaviour and operation ofthis the overall system: This is how we manage to actively
new generation ofenergy-efficient and sustainable build- shape the sustainable energy system oftomorrow.///
ing to be gathered,data which can be used to benefit oth-
er projects outside Europe.AIT was also commissioned to
carry out energy simulations for the future Sheikh Zayed
Desert Learning Centre in Al Ain,Abu Dhabi.In this proj-
ect,sophisticated simulation methods are used to tackle
the particular problems presented by the complexity of
the building,the extreme climatic conditions ofthe desert
and the multitude ofenergy systems deployed.
INNOVATIVE THERMAL COMPONENTS
The final links in the sustainable energy supply chain are
heating and air-conditioning systems,which have to com-
ply with the latest,stringent standards for energy efficien-
cy and controllability."It makes sense to use energy re-
sources which are available locally," says Bach."For exam-
ple,heat pumps and solar collectors can be used to har-
ness geothermal heat and solar power very efficiently."
The Department's researchers use sophisticated model-
ling and simulation methods to optimise the thermal
transfer process and thus the thermal management of
these components.
One important area is the development ofmedium-tem-
perature collectors,which are set to significantly increase
the potential applications ofsolar thermal energy,e.g.for
industrial processes or integration in district heating net-
works.Another broad area ofresearch is heat pump tech-
nology,which can be used for both heating and cooling
purposes. In this context, the Department's researchers
are working on the development ofcompact absorption
chillers for small-scale applications.
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ISSUE 3_ENERGY
SMART GRIDS
OF THE FUTURE
/// System changes in the energy sector bring about entirely new chal-
lenges for the electric infrastructure. By using innovative strategies and
components, the experts at AIT make electricity networks ready for the
challenges of the future. ///
THE GLOBAL POWER
SUPPLY INDUSTRY
is facing a number ofmajor
challenges, as ever more
renewable energy sources
are being integrated into the
electricity networks. New
players range from large off-
shore wind parks in the
North Sea and solar power
plants in the Sahara to dis-
tributed building-integrat-
ed photovoltaic systems and
biomass power plants.
Due to the variable genera- gy
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tion from renewable nol
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sources, transmission and Tec
distribution networks face e of
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ntreiatw aonrdk Eoupreorpaeto frosr itnh eA euns-- Austria
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ergy future. "Our central AI
task is defining intelligent eiller,
strategies to integrate dis- Wolfgang Hribernik: "Our central task is de- &Z
tributed generation into the fining intelligent strategies to integrate dis- nz
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etuxriset inwgh nileet wmorakin intafrinasitnrgu ca- tinrifbruastetrdu gcetunreer awtihoinle i nmtoa itnhtea ienxiinsgti na gh nigeht wleovrekl Krisch
high level ofpower quality of power quality and network stability." otos:
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and network stability," ex- P
plains Wolfgang Hribernik,
electric energy systems expert at AIT. SYSTEMIC APPROACH
Smart grids are electricity networks designed to ensure ener- AIT is focusing on system-level numerical simulation for
gy-efficient and cost-effective operation based on real-time the analysis,planning and operation of the future trans-
and bidirectional communication between network compo- mission and distribution networks.This approach has al-
nents,consumers,generators and energy storages.This type ready been successfully demonstrated as part of the DG
of"intelligent management" is also relevant for the large-scale DemoNet project: in collaboration with network opera-
introduction of electromobility,as Hribernik explains:"We tors,new control concepts and planning tools were devel-
need to analyse more precisely the effects ofcharging process- oped for smart grids in order to create active,yet also sta-
es on the network,the potential use ofvehicle batteries as en- ble distribution networks. However, implementation of
ergy buffers and the consequences ofintegrating a large num- these innovative control strategies also requires the integra-
ber ofcharging stations." tion ofnew electronic components.