Ku-omotso Sejamore Ntsatsi, Dip. Rural Dev., Dip. Soc. Policy & Admin., MA

412 Pages·2013·14.41 MB·English

THE UNIVERSITY OF HULL
NEEDS AND PARTICIPATION IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT:
A Study of Extension Programmes
in a Botswana Village
being a Thesis submitted
for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
in the University of Hull
by
Ku-omotso Sejamore Ntsatsi, Dip. Rural Dev.,
Dip. Soc. Policy & Admin., M.A.,
January 1989
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables and Figures
iv
Acknowledgements
v
Map of Botswana
viii
PART ONE: RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND BASIC NEEDS
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 The Subject of the Thesis 1
1.2 Rationale 1
1. 3 Methodology 5
1.4 The Structure of the Thesis 11
Footnotes and references 13
CHAPTER TWO: DEVELOPMENT AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT 14
2.1 Alternative Strategies of Development 14
2.2 The Evolution of Rural Development and
the Basic Needs Strategy 18
Footnotes and references 29
CHAPTER THREE, RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES 32
3.1 Rural Development: Concepts and Dimensions 32
3.2 Definitions and Strategies 37
3.3 Factors that Inhibit Progress and
Participation in the Rural Areas 46
3.3.1 International Policies and Trade Laws 48
3.3.2 Government Policies 51
3.3.3 Lack of Social Security Base 59
3.3.4 The Interrelatedness and Reinforcing
Nature of Rural Problems 63
3.4 Factors of Production 67
3.5 Employment Opportunities 78
Footnotes and references 86
CHAPTER FOUR: RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND ADULT EDUCATION IN BOTSWANA 91
4.1 Introduction to Botswana 91
4.1.1 Climatic Conditions 93
4.1.2 The Economy 95
4.2 History 96
4.3 The Socio-economic Profile 99
4.4 Botswana at Independence 104
4.5 Extension Work in Botswana 107
4.5.1 Brief Historical Review 107
4.5.2 Training, Organization and
Management of Extension Work
in Botswana 113
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4.5.3 Co-ordination 115
4.6 Institutional Developments 118
4.7 Research in Rural Development and
Adult Education 132
4.7.1 Research Studies undertaken in
Rural Development and Adult Education 134
Footnotes and references 143
CHAPTER FIVE) THE CONTEXT OF THE STUDY 148
Map of Kgatleng
148
5.1 Introduction 148
5.1.1 Kgatleng 148
5.2 The Socio-economic Profile of the Village 153
5.2.1 Situation and Population Growth 153
5.2.2 Income Description 158
5.2.3 Occupation 159
5.3 Village Organization 164
5.3.1 Leadership 164
5.3.2 Village Committees 165
5.3.3 Tribal Office and the Kgotla 166
5.4 Infrastructural Provision and Services 168
5.4.1 Education 168
5.4.2 Health 169
5.4.3 Consumer Shops and Amenities 170
5.4.4 Other Services 171
5.5 Extension Staff 172
5.6 Other Committees 178
5.6.1 Burial Societies 178
5.6.2 Village Extension Team 179
5.6.3 Thrift and Loan Society 179
5.6.4 Lentswe La Oodi Co-op Bank 179
5.6.5 Football Clubs 180
5.6.6 Crime Prevention Committee 180
Footnotes and references 182
CHAPTER SIX: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY 183
6.1 Framework and Hypothesis 183
6.2 Choice of Methods 193
6.2.1 Qualitative Research: What it is
and why it was used 194
6.2.2 Qualitative Research Techniques 198
6.3 The Conduct of the Study 205
6.3.1 Preparatory Stage 305
6.3.2 Phase I - Gaining Access 208
6.3.3 Pre-testing 211
6.3.4 Sampling Procedure 213
6.3.5 Selecting the Respondents 214
6.3.6 The Investigation and Recording
of Interviews 216
6.3.7 Recording the Interview 219
Footnotes and references 223
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CHAPTER SEVEN : FIELD REPORT 227
7.1 Introduction 227
7.2 Presentation of Data through Case
Histories and Interviews 230
CHAPTER EIGHT. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 322
c
8.1 Introduction 322
8.2 Participation According to Programme 323
8.2.1 Community Dev~lopment 323
8.2.2 DNFE Programmes 332
8.2.3 Agriculture 335
8.2.4 The Co-operatives 338
8.2.5 The Factory 340
8.2.6 The Knitting Project 343
8.2.7 Health 345
8.3 Key Issues Related to Participation
in the Village 349
8.3.1 The Gender Issue 349
8.3.2 Migration 350
8.3.3 The Consultation.Machinery 352
8.3.4 Programme Planning and Management 355
Footnotes and references 359
CHAPTER NINE: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 362
9.1 Conclusions 362
9.2 Implications 368
Glossary 373
Appendix 376
Bibliography 387
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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Table 4.7
The Training Programme and the Ministries Responsible 114
Map of Kgatleng District 148
Figure 6.1
Needs and Orientations: A Framework 184
Figure 6.2
The Context of the Interview 217
Table 7.1
The Respondents' Background
Figure 8.1
Factors Influencing Programme Formation 323
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many people and organizations have directly and indirectly
contributed to this study. First, I am very grateful to my employers,
the University of Botswana and the Director of the Institute of Adult
Education, Mr. Youngman, who released me from my duties during the
period of the research. To colleagues at the Institute of Adult
Education and to my referen~e group, Dr. Ulla Kann, Mr. Frank Youngman
and Mrs. Nomtuse Mbere, I am deeply indebted for comments,
professional guidance and insights in the initial stages of the
research. My sincere thanks go to Kefilwe Senne, Irene Baebela and
Jwalang Wamasole who typed the first draft chapters and other
preparatory papers for field work and to Mrs. Keabona Sebonego who
tirelessly sent me materials from Botswana to augment the literature
reviews.
It would have been impossible to complete this study without the
support and the co-operation of the Oodi residents. My special thanks
go to all those who by way of answering interviews, giving information
on different programmes, and general comments, participated in the
research exercise. I am greatly indebted to my key informants and
host families of the Mesweles, Moumakwas and the Setswammungs who
throughout the research supported me morally and with information.
Mrs. Meswele and her family did everything they could to make my stay
in their home very comfortable.
Some people were either in Mochudi or Gaborone and were still
able to fit me into their tight schedules. These include M. P., Mr.
Meswele, Mr. Maakwe - the DC, Mr. Mabua and some members of the
District Extension Team.
The direction and layout of content, organization and detail is
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the result of the meticulous work of my supervisor Dr. Geoffrey
Squires. His professional prowess provided skilful probing and yet
constructive criticisms to the debate in the study, which made my
write-up a joyful learning experience. I am profoundly gra teful to
him.
My sincere thanks also go to my sponsors, the British Council,
for their financial and moral support throughout the entire study
period.
Professor Pons' assistance at the research seminars helped
greatly during those stages of groping when one's mind was not quite
focused. Dr. Paul Armstrong provided guidance in the research methods
at a very early stage when he took over from Professor Jennings. I
also thank other members of staff at the School of Adult and
Continuing Education who were always available for help. I am deeply
indebted to all these people. Nonetheless, I remain responsible for
the issues raised, and any errors of fact or judgement are entirely
mine.
Among the Institutions that. have assisted I would like to mention
the University of Reading, Agricultural Extension and Rural
Development Centre. The Botswana Archives, the University of Botswana,
the National Institute for Research (NIR), the Women's Development
Unit of the Ministry of Home Affairs, the Applied Research Unit of the
Ministry of Local Government and Lands and the Statistics Department
at the Ministry of Finance and Development Planning.
There are also many people outside the academic realm whose
profound assistance and support kept me going throughout the entire
period. It is difficult to mention them all by name here. I thank
them all and I ask them all to accept my thanks offered generally.
Having said that, my greatest debt goes to Mrs. May Snowden, whose
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sUpportive motherly care has remained steadfast throughout; Mss.
Peggy Beale, Irene Derving, Mr. and Mrs. Havard, Mrs. Florence Aka~ue,
Mrs. Sue Wiley, Mrs. Kathleen Bunn and Mrs. Kathleen Maw who provided
me with enormous support in many different ways. There has been
continued support from my family. My husband has given me relentless
Support and encouragement. so did my mother. My eight year old son,
Emmanuel. has been marvellous.
Last but not least. my gratitude goes to Mrs. Stella Rhind who
typed this work. Her cheerfulness and co-operation made the
compilation of this study a lot easier.
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REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
PART ONE
RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND BASIC NEEDS