KSEMENDRA THE ELEVENTH CENTURY KASHMIR! POET A STUDY OF HIS LIFE AND WORKS- Sri Garib Dass Oriental Series No.-85 Ksemendra THE ELEVENTH CENTURY KASHMIR! POET A Study of His Life and Works Uma Chakraborty Sri Satguru Publications A Division of Indian Books Centre DELHI-INDIA Published by : Sri Satguru Publications Indological and Oriental Publishers a Division of INDIAN BOOKS CENTRE 40/5, Shakti Nagar Delhi-110007 (INDIA). All rights are reserved. No part of this work covered by the Copyrights hereon may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means-Graphics, Electronics or the Mechanical including photocopying, microfiche reading without written permission from the publisher. ISBN 81-7030-196-8 First Edition : Delhi. I 991 Printed at: A. R. Printers, D-102, New Seelampur, Delhi-110053. To my eldest brother-in-law to whom I am greatly indebted. CONTENTS Pagt! Preface ' XI Abbreviations XIII Introduction 1 A life history of K~emendra with a bistcrical back ground-from the ninth to the eleventh century Kashmir; a list of K~emendra's published works; a liit of his unpubli&hed works; the scope and purpose of the work. 1. THE B~HATKATHAMANJARi 13· Kathapi!ha-an introduction to the Brhatkathiimaiijari the main story; the Brhazkathamatljari-an early attempt of K~emendra; the Brhatkatlzii.mailjuri-Sanskrit version of KashmiJ;i .)~/okasat!lgraha; the remarks of the earlier western on scholars the BrhatkathiiJiJOiijari; a literary, estimate. 2. THE RAMAYA~AMANJARJ 29 The gist of the story of the Ramaya1_1a as narrated by Kfemendra; an evaluation of literary merit with reference to Valmlki's Riimiiya~la. 3. THE Bl-JXRATAMANJARl .. 43 The Story of the Mahiibhiirata as retold by K~emendra; literary estimate with reference to the Mahiibhiirata. 4. THE SATIRES 60 A. The Narmamiilii, B. The Desopadesa C. The Samaya miitrkii D. the Kalc7vikisa; A. The NarmamMil-apparantly a satire but inherently bears reformative elements-three cantos-parihc"isas; first Pariluisa-(a) the GrhakrJtidhipati; (b) the Pwtzsca /aka; (c) the Paripiilaka; (d) the Leklzako piidhyiiaa; (e) Gmijadivira; (f) the Miirgapati or Yytipiirika; (g) the' Grtimadivira; Second and third Parihcisa-the tragic