Table Of Content

Alter Orient und Altes Testament r: Kramer Anniversary Volume 11 !\. ;I I j Veroffendichungen zur Kultur und Geschichte des Alten Orients I l und des Alten Testaments I Cuneiform Studies I I in Honor of I I. Samuel Noah Kramer I , Edited by Barry L. Eichler Herausgeber with the assistance of Kurt Bergerhof . Manfried Dietrich . Oswald Loretz Jane W. Heimerdinger Ake W Sjoberg 1976 1976 Verlag Butzon & Bercker Kevelaer Verlag Butzon & Bercker Kevelaer Neukirchener Verlag Neukirchen-Vluyn Neukirchener Verlag Neukirchen-Vluyn Septemher 28, 1974 marks the seventy-seventh hirthday of Professor Samuel Noah Kramer. At this milestone, one pauses to reflect upon Sam's many years of selfless devotion to cuneiform studies and to its students - his productive scholarship, helpful cooperation, patient tutelage, wise counsel, and above all, his warm friend ship. Thus his colleagues and former students, wishing to honor him and to share in the joy of Lhis occasion, tender him this volume with deep affection. photos hy David I. Owen TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations XI Samuel Noah Kramer: An Appreciation XIII Al-Fouadi, A.H., Lcxical Tcxt from Dhibii'i . 1 Alster, B., Early Patterns in Mcsopotamian Literature 13 Aro, J., Anzu and Simurgh ........ . 25 Bernhardt, I., HS 156: Vertcilung von barbu GrundstUcksbau 29 Biggs, R., Enannatum I of Lagash and Ur-Lumma of Umma: A Ncw Tcxt 33 Brinkman, J .A., Cuneiform Texts in the St. Louis Public Library 41 Buccellati, G., Towards a Formal Typology of Akkadian Similes 59 Castcllino, G., The ~amas Hymn: A Note on its Structure 71 ~I~, M., New Date Formulas from the Tablet Collection of the Istanbul Archaeological Museums 75 Civil, M., The Song of the Plowing Oxen 83 Cohcn, S., Studies in Sumerian Lexicography I 97 Dalcs, G.F., New Inscriptions from Moenjo-Daro 111 Dijk, J. van, Existe-t-il un "Po~me de la Cr6'ation" sUlllerien? 125 Dossin, G., AN.KA.OI, Ie dicu sup~mc de DcI' 135 Edzard, D.O. and Wilcke, Cl., Die Uendursanga Hymne 139 Farber-FlUgge, G., Zur sogenannten Samsuilunahymne PBS 10/2 Nr. 11 177 Finet, A., Note sur la migration des Sum6rirns 183 Finkelstein, J.J., lilip remim and Helated Matlers 187 Gelb, I.J., Quantitative Evaluation of Slavery and Serfdom 195 Hallo, W., The Hoyal Correspondence of Larsa: A Sumerian Prototype for the Prayer of Hezekiah? ......... 209 Heimerdinger, ]., An Early Babylonian Offering List from Nippur 225 Held, M., Two Philological Notes on Enuma Elilt 231 Hoffner, H., Enki's Command to Atrabasis 241 Jacobsen, T., The Stele of the Vultures Col. I-X. 247 ]eslin, R.R., Quelques notes complementail'es sur les sysllillle pnHixal sumerien ........... 261 Kilmer, A.D., Speculations on Umul, the First Baby 265 Klein, ]., ~ulgi and Gilgamr~: Two Brother-Peers (~ulgi 0) 271 x Table of Contents Kraus, F.R., Del' akkadische Vokativ . . . . . . . . 293 Kupper, J.R., L'inscription du "disque" de Yahdun-Lim 299 Kutscher, R., Utu Prepares for Judgment 305 Lacheman, E.R., Nuzi Miscellanea 311 ABBREVIATIONS Lambert, W.G., A Late Assyrian Catalogue of Literary and Scholarly Texts 313 The abbreviations employed in this volume are those used in the following standard reference works: A.L. Leichty, E., The Fourth Tablet of El'imbu~ 319 Oppenheim, et ai, The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (CAD); W. Limet, H., Essai de poetique sumerienne 327 von Soden, Akkadisches Handworterbuch (AHw), and G.A. Buttrick, The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible. Moran, W.L., The Kes Temple Hymn and the Canonical Temple List 335 Abbreviations not appearing in these works are listed below. Nougayrol, J., Les "silhouettes de reference" de I 'haruspicine 343 AAS Annales archeologiques de Syrie (title now changed to Annales archeologiques Arabes Owen, 0.1., Excerpts from an Unknown Hymn to Rim-Sin of Larsa 351 syriennes). Reisman, D., A "Royal" Hymn of l~i-EI'l'8 to the Goddess Nisaba 357 Ac.Sc.-USSR Academy of Sciences, USSR. Renger, J., The Daughters of Urbaba: Some Thoughts on the Succession to AI Ancient India. Archaeological Survey of India. the Throne during the 2. Dynasty of Lagash . . . . . . .. 367 A1ster, DO B. Alster, Dumuzi's Dream: Aspects of Oral Poetry in a Sumerian Myth (Mesopotamia 1), Copenhagen, 1972. Romer, W.II.Ph., Kleine Beitrage zur Grammatik des Sumerischen: 1. Das modale grammatisehe Element nu-u~ 371 ANET J .B. Pritchard, ed., Ancicnt Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 3rd edition, Princeton, 1969. Sachs, A., The Latest Datable Cuneiform Tablets 379 APN H. Huffmon, Amorite Personal Names in the Mari Texts, Baltimore, 1965. Salonen, A., Die Fallgruben der sumerischen Jager 399 Ch E.J.H. Mackay, Chanhu-Daro Excavations 1935-36 (American Oriental Series 20), New Sasson, J .M., The ENGAR/ikkarum at Mari 401 I-laven, 1943. Sjoberg, 'A.W., Hymns to Ninurta with PI'ayers for ~iis1n of U,' and Biirstn of Cohen, ELA S. Cohen, Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta (unpublished dissertation, University of Isin ........... 411 Pennsylvania), 1973. Soden, W. von, Bemerkungen zum Adapa-Mythus 427 Death of Urnammu S.N. Kramer, "The Death of Urnammu and his Descent to the Netherworld" (JCS 21 [1967],104 ff.). Sollberger, E., Some Legal Documents of the Third Dynasty of Ur 435 Enmerkar and the Lord of AraHa S.N. Kramer, Enmerkar and the Lord of Aralta (Museum Monograph), Wilcke, Cl., Sce Edzard ce., Philadelphia, 1952. also, Cohen,ELA. EWO S.N. Kramer - I. Bernhardt, "Enki und die Weltordnung" (WZJ 9 [1959/60], 231 f£'; Bibliography of the Writings of Samuel Noah Kramer 451 cr. A. Falkenstein, ZA [1964], 44 and C. Benito, "Enki and Ninmah and Enki and the Index 463 World Order [unpublished dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1969], pp. 82 f£.). Plates P'_XX'x, FEMD E.J.I-1. Mackay, Further Excavations at Mohenjo-daro 1927-31,2 volumes, New Delhi, 1938. Gilgame~ and Agga S.N. Kramer,"Gilgames and Agga" (AlA 53 [1949], ] ff.). cr.). GLL S.N. Kramer,"Gilgames and the Land of the Living" (JCS 1 [1947],3 Gregoire, Archives J .-P. Gregoire, Archives administratives sum6riennes, Paris, 1970. HAV I-1i1precht Anniversary Volume, Studies in Assyriology and Archaeology Dedicated to Herman V. Hilprecht, Chicago, 1909. Hal'. M.S. Vals, Excavations at Harappa, 2 volumes, New Delhi, 1938. HED Hymnal-Epic Dialect (see Soden, ZA 40 [1931],163 ff.; 41 [1933],90 cr.). Hcimpcl, Ticl'bildcl' W. I-Ieimpel, Tierbilder in del' sumerischen Literatur (Studia Pohl 2), Rome, 1968. IA Indian Archaeology: A Review, Archaeological Survey of India. IIJ Indo-Iranian Journal. Inanna's Dcscent S.N. Kramer,"lnanna's Dcsccnt to the Netherworld" (JCS 5 [1951],1 ff.). Inst. Etno.An SSR Institute of Ethnology, Academy of Sciences, USSR. IRSA E. Sollberger and J. -R. Kupper, Inscriptions royales sumeriennes et akkadiennes (Lit teratures ancienncs du Proche-Orient 3), Paris, 1971. XII Abbreviations ISET M. gIg and H. Klzllyay, Sumerian Literary Tablets and Fragments in the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul, Ankara, 1969. JANES Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia University. JTS Journal of Tamil Studies. Klein, ~ulgi D 1. Klein, ~ulgi D: A Neo-Sumerian Royal Hymn (unpublished dissertation, University of Pennsylvania), 1968. LAK A. Deimel, Liste der archaischen Keilschriftzeichen, Inschriften von Fara I (WVDOG 40), Leipzig, 1922. Samuel Noah Kramer: An Appreciation LSUr Lamentation over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur (unpublished manuscript in the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania). MD Sir 1. Marshall, Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, 3 volumes, London, 1931. RMSV L. Heuzey and F. Thureau-Dangin, Restitution mat~rielle de la StMe des Vautours, Sumerian and Samuel Noah Kramer go together - so well, in fact, that one finds oneself again and Paris, 1909. again unconsciously starting out from his contributions as were they not contributions but simply data: a clear S.E. Seleucid Em, Babylonian style. readable copy of a badly worn tablet, a lacuna restored from a small fragment recognized to be a duplicate, SH Shemtob Collection, British Museum. and other more such precious aids to understanding, so that very substantial parts of his endeavors are already Shaffer, Gilgam~ A. Shaffer, Sumerian Sources of Tablet XII of the Epic of Gilgam~~ (unpublished dis close to receiving that final accolade that comes only to the very best of scholarly work, that of anonymity, of sertation, University of Pennsylvania), 1963. becoming the common property of scholarship. Sulgi A A. Falkenstein "Sumerische religiose Texte," (ZA 50 [1952], 64 ff., cf. revised edition by J. Klein in Three ~ulgi Hymns, Chapter 5). In this volume, however, written to honour him, some thought may well be given to what the field Sulgi Band C G.R. Castellino, Two ~ulgi Hymns (BC) (Studi Semitici 42), Rome, 1972. owes to him of insights and indefatigable labours; and to do that and gain perspective one will first of all cast the mind back, will seek to recall what the field of Sumerian Literature was actually like in the early Thirties ~ulgi X TLB 2,2 and duplicates (edited by J. Klein in his forthcoming Three ~ulgi Hymns, when Kramer entered it, how little there was for a scholar to work with, how fragmentary it was, and how Chapter 3). . little the language itself was known. Three Sulgi Hymns J. Klein, Three ~ulgi Hymns, Paris, forthcoming. SIAS Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies. Old Babylonian copies of Sumerian literary texts came to the attention of scholars around the turn of the SLTN S.N. Kramer, Sumerian Literary Texts from Nippur (AASOR 23), New Haven, 1944. century and publications'" began to appear. A listing of available text publications does not however, give a true im SOIPIT Soobshchenie ob issledovanii, proto-indijskix tekstov (Report on the investigation of pression of what things were like then. The years since, and not least Kramer's own work, have set these publications the Pl'Oto-lndian script). in a new context and given them a depth they did not then have. As we now leaf through them or think of them we SY G. Dossin, "Deux listes nominatives du r~gne de Sllmu-Iamam," (RA 65 [1971], 37-66). say to ourselves: "Aha! a large fragment of this or that myth or epic, or from this or that hymn or lament - quite TEM M. Birot, "Textes ~conomiques de Mari (III)," (RA 49 [1955], 15-31); M. Birot, "Textes a bit of these compositions were known already then!" - only, of course, they were not known then; the framework economiques de Mari (IV)," (RA 50 [1956], 52-72). in which the present day reader fits them did not exist; what we had was a jumble of isolated, unconnected, blocks TIT T. Jacobsen, Toward the Image of Tammuz and other Essays on Mesopotamian History of text without background of situation, and so, over and over again meaningless, making no sense. Kramer ex pres and Culture, cdited by W. Moran (HSS 21), Cambridge, Mass., 1970. ed it very well at the time when, speaking of one composition, he said "The history of its decipherment is illu UPM University of Pennsylvania Museum Excavations at Moenjo-Dal'O, 1964-65. minating and not uninteresting. In 1934, when I first tried to decipher the contents, I found that eight pieces belonging to the poem - seven excavated in Nippur and one in Ur - had already been published thus: Hugo Ra Waetzoldt, Textilindustrie \-I. Waetzoldt, Untersuchungen zur neusumerischen Textilindustrie, Rome, 1972. dau, once of the University Museum, published two from Philadelphia in 1910; Stephen Langdon published two ZAS Zeitschrift fUr iigyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde. from Istanbul in 1914; Edward Chiera published one from Istanbul in 1924 and two more from Philadelphia in 1934; C.J. Gadd, of the British Museum, published an excellently preserved tablet from Ur in 1930. But an in telligent reconstruction and translation of the myth were still impossible, largely because the tablets and frag ments, some of which seemd to duplicate each other without rhyme or reason and with but little variation in their wording, could not be properly arranged." * Bought collections were copied by King (CT 15, 1902), Zimmern (SK 1-2, 1912/13), Gadd (CT 36.1921), Lang don (OECT 1, 1923) and de Genouillac (TRS 1-2, 1930). In addition selections from the freat finds by the University of Pennsylvania at Nippur began to appear from 1911 onwards: some separately, Radau (HA V, 1911), Barton (MBI, 1918) and Chiera (SRT, 1924); most of them in BE (Radau Vol. 29/1, 1911, Vol. 30/1, 1913, Langdon, Vol. 31, 1914) and in PBS (Myhrmlln, Vol. 1/1, 1911, Lutz, Vol. 1/2, 1919, Poebel, Vol. 5, 1914, Langdon, Vol. 10/1,2 & 4,1915-19, Vol. 12/1,1917 and Legrain, Vol. 13,1922). A number of much broken f1'8gments found at Kish were published by de Genouillac (PRAK 1-2, 1924-25). XIV Thorkild Jacobsen Samuel Noah Kramer: An Appreciation XV What was needed, and needed desperately if Sumerian studies were to progress was therefore publication IS, and CT 42 have greatly enhanced the value of those important volumes. Secondary in importance only to of as much supplementary materials as possible - even seemingly insignificant looking fragments lying about in his own copying, is the encouragement and help he has given others to undertake that demanding task. Drs. g~ museums, not to speak of recovering further treasures still waiting underground in the ancient mounds of Iraq. and Klzdyay in Istanbul were encouraged to produce ISET, Dr. Bernhardt in Jena to prepare TMHNF 3 and 4, ~he clear, organizing mind of Edward Chiera had already seen this, and he had begun systematically to copy not to mention numerous colleagues and students who were guided by him in Philadelphia. As he has been un lIterary texts and fragments in Philadelphia and to note duplicates - the copies now in SEM and STVC _ but stinting with help and supervision of copying, so he has provided identifications and outlines of content for the his untimely death in 1934 prevented him from seeing the volumes through press. materials involved. Sometimes that contribution has been a decisive factor as in the collaboration of Kramer and Gadd on UET 6/1-2, for it is doubtful whether Gadd, heavily burdened as he was with other tasks, would have Other difficulties besetting Sumerology in the early Thirties were, of course, those that stemmed from found time and strength to publish those volumes by himself. the near chaotic conditions of Sumerian grammar. Firm foundations had been laid but recently with Poebel's Gr~ndZiige of 1927, and his conclusions were almost unanimously rejected by his own generation of scholars; Mentioning Kramer's work in identifying and outlining the content of texts and fragments leads up to so m those who were beginners a conscious personal choice had to be made. Of reliable solid translations last what may rightly be said to stand in the center of his interest: editing of texts. To be mentioned first is his Iy,. ve? littl~ was aV,ailable: Thureau-Dangin's splendid translations of the Gudea Cylinders and other roy~ in extremely valuable edition of the "Lament for Ur" (AS 12) with its innumerable textual notes tcstifying to sCrIptIons, Zlmmern s treatment of one brief text, the Lipit-Eshtar Hymn, and Poebel's own masterly studies. immense patience and thoroughness. The text - perhaps the most beautiful of all Sumerian poems - is ac companied by a pioneering translation of the greatest merit and by informative notes. Next should probably , This, then, a thorny road, or worse, a road leading through quagmire with hardly any firm ground under rank the impressive epic tale of "Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta," the myth of the "Descent of Inanna', to one s feet anywhere - how well we remember the goings astray and the frustrations - was the situation in which which Kramer came back over and over again as he found new texts continuing the story, and the many Gilga Kramer found himself and to the relief of which he soon rcsolutely addressed himself. We have gone into this at mesh tales: "Gilgamesh and Agga", "Gilgamesh and the Land of the Living", "Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the Nether ~o~e ~e~gth because it is essential to a clear view of Kramer's position in the history of Sumerology and because World" (edited in its first part as Gilgamesh and the Huluppu-Tree, AS 10) and "The Death of Gilgamesh". It IS dIffIcult for a younger generation to realize that situation to the full depth of its frustrations. Here we also owe to his pen a most valuable, finely done, study of the Sumerian sources for the Akkadian Gilgamesh Epic. Many other editions of Kramers' could be mentioned, "Schooldays" which for the first time W~en Kramer was appointed to the Assyrian Dictionary in Chicago in 1932 it gave him the opportunity focused attention on Sumerian education, "Man and his God" with its foreshadowing of the problem of the to study wIth Poebel and to observe at first hand the infinite care, precision and thoroughness of his method. righteous sufferer, and many, many more. A great many of these translations, together with new ones such as The experience w.as a decisive one and Kramer became a devoted pupil. Soon he showed his own mastery in his those of the important "Fall of Agade" and "Lament for Ur and Sumer" he contributed to ANET and the ANET study of the prefIx forms be- and bi- which is a model of its kind, closely reasoned, full of valuable observations Supplement. Characteristic of all of these editions is Kramer's unsurpassed knowledge of published and unpublish and still as fresh and rewarding as when it was written. ' ed materials and his unusual gifts for sensing exactly what a tale, or composition, or single passage, is about and . The firm ~ounding in method and critical acumen gained in working with Poebel proved of the utmost so to provide pioneer translation of the highest quality. He is probably unrivaled in this respect. His translations Importance when cIrcumstances catapulted him into what was to become his life's work. are down to earth and forthright, they never cover up lack of understanding by the use of general 01" vague terms. If anything they may on occasion fail in the opposite direction with a "literal" rendering that openly makes no . . At Chiera's death in 1934, Kramer was asked to prepare his copies of Sumerian Ii terary texts for pu more sense than the cryptic Sumerian passage did; but that way nobody is lulled into thinking that a passage is bhcatlOn and sec them through press. As he worked with these materials he became as convinced as Chiera had understood when it is not. But such cases are rare exccptions. Over and over again as one reads Kramer·s treat been that systematic copying and publication of all such materials was essential, and he committed himself with ment of new and difficult texts one feels that he is right, or ncar right, or on the right track. I-lis work is open out reserve to that task: "As the significance of the contents dawned upon me, I realized that all efforts to trans. ended, leads forward, and personally I can recall no single case in which I have fclt that his translation of a text late an~ interpret ~he ~ate~ial would remain scientifically inadequate unless and until more of the uncopied and ever lured me into a blind alley or badly astray as has been thc case with not a few other translators. In coming unpubhshed materIal Iymg m Istanbul and Philadelphia should be made available. From that day to this I have ycars, as thc texts he has worked on arc taken up for further study by younger scholars these special excellencies concentrated all my effOl"ts on the reconstruction and translation of the Sumerian literary compositions." of his translations will, we believe, be more and more appreciated. . "From that day to this" is still true, and the manifold ways in which Kramer has been living up to that As was the case with the copying of tablets so also with the editing of compositions: next to his own promIse are truly remarkable. work in importance stands his help and encouragement of others. Few scholars have ever been more generous than he in handing over unpublished materials, preliminary reconstruction of texts, and suggestions as to mean Hc enthusiastically supported the plans for a joint excavation at Nippur to be undertaken by the U ._ ing, to other scholars who wished to prepare editions. One may mention here Steele and his edition of the Li versity. Museu~ at Philadelphia and the Oriental Institute of Chicago, and when _ especially during the Thir~1 pit-Ishtar Code, Father Bergmann and Ake Sjoberg and their edition of the Temple Hymns, Bergmann's and van ~ampalgn - Iite~ary ta~l~ts were recovered en masse he was indefatigable in reading, identifying, and translating Dijk's work on Lugal·e; Castellino, Klein and the Shulgi hymns, Gordon and the Proverbs, Wilcke and the Lugal every smallest bIt. In SImIlar ways he has read, identified and catalogued tablets in Istanbul, J ena and elsewhere, banda Epic. Also, still to come, Shaffer's Gilgamesh stories and Civil's Disputations and not a few more. Kramer's ~Iways ready to give freely of his incomparable knowledge and experience. Of actual copies we owe him the inspiring influence here and its importance for the field can hardly be overvalued, nor can - and this is probably ~mportant v.olume SLTN ~ith copies. of 167 tablets and fragments while 232 further such were copied by him the point at which to mention it - the effect of his personality. His friendliness, openness, kindness and genero In Istanbul m 1952. To thIS add COplCS accompanying artieles, and editions _ e.g. the magnificent tablet with sity has contributed greatly toward creating a sense of community and a climate of cooperation among the pre almost all of the story of Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, 630 lines - and copies given as illustrations in his sent generation of Sumerologists, a very decisive improvement upon the ways of the Twenties and earlier. popular books. They arc so numerous that they defy mention. With his activities as copyist should be mention ed his work as collator. His systematic and careful collation of major text publications such as BE 31, SRT, CT XVI Thorkild Jacobsen It remains to consider Kramer's endeavors to bring the importance of Sumerian literature home to wider cricles than that of professional Sumerologists. His widely read popular books, Sumerian Mythology, From the Tablets of Sumer, The Sumerians and The Sacred Marriage Rite, dcal with a broad range of Sumerian literary works presented simply and concisely and with a wealth of direct quotations in translation to give the reader an impression of the style of the ancient texts. As Kramer states in the preface to From the Tablets of Sumer: "The purpose of the essays is to present a cross section of the spiritual and cultural achievements of one of man's earliest and most creative civilizations" and in that - within the limits he has set himself - he has succeeded. His books are undoubtedly the source of most of what the average man knows about Sumer and Sumerians and the main reason why the average man is now apt to know something when he used to know nothing at all. Also for the scholar these books are of signal value. They often contain texts and copies published for the first time and Kramer is meticulius in citing the texts on which he bases his reconstructions of the various compositions he deals with. Mainly, though, they furnish a quick and reliable means of orientation in the field of Sumerian literature or Lexical Text from Dhiba'i' in aspects of it which it would take years to obtain at first hand. To a reader of less convinced positivistic turn of mind than Kramer - and it is well known that we are Abdul-Hadi Al-Fouadi, Baghdad such a reader - the Sumerians in these books may seem perhaps a little too much like ourselves and their ways of thinking too much the ways in which we reason, but that will not prevent one from admiring the zest, the sweep, and the vast learning with which they are presented. This unpublished text was uncovered in 1965 by an Iraqi Expedition during the third season of exca vation at Dhiba'(2 . It is a large eight-column tablee, four on each side, but only three columns on the reverse One could easily go on, but I believe I have mentioned enough to makc my point. Almost never is a are inscribed. Originally, there were at least a total of 275 entries, of which about one third is either complete scholar's contribution to his field so basic that the field may be said to have been completely transformcd, al ly missing or partly broken. The rest is in good condition. Besides, it is a unilingual text, and the script is that most created by him. In the case of Kramer and his achievement in vastly broadening and securing the very foun of the Isin-Larsa period4• dation of the field, the basic data on which our knowledge rests, it holds brilliantly true. In certain entries we encounter a number of inaccuracies (cf. 1:34,37 and 39). These grammatical errata clearly show a miscomprehension of Sumerian by the Babylonian scribes who copied down or wrote in Thorkild Jacobsen Sumerian. In addition, it is a further evidence that Sumerian at this time was no longer a spoken language. Furthermore, lexical and grammatical texts are extremely rare in comparison with the number of other varied texts found at Dhiba'i, A fact which gives a certain importance to this texts. Finally, the writer would take the occasion of Prof. Dr. Samuel Noah Kramer's 77th birthday to de dicate, respectfully, this article to him. I In the suburban township of New Baghdad, where the "Army Canal" meets Baghdad-Ba'qiiba Highway, a small site whose modern name is Tell edh-Dhiba'i, is located. The ancient name of this site is O-za-ar-za-lu lu. (For further discu88ion on this name and its variants see A.K. Abdullah, "The Paramount God and the Old Name of Al-Dhiba'i, Sumer 23 [19671, 189ff. Also, cf. the unconvincing discussion on the same topic II by Fawzi Raschid, ibid., Arabic section, pp. 177f£'). For an informative article on the Dhiba'i excavations, see Larriia al-Ghailani, "Tell edh-Dhibii'i," Sumer 21 (1965), 33f. 2 The field number of this text is Dh.3-634, and its Iraq Museum's registration number is 1M. 70209. (Note that it was found in level V. about 10 ems. above its base). 3 Its approximate measurements are 20.00 X 17.05 X 4.00 cms. 4 It is to be noted that edh-Dhibii'i was part of the kingdom of E~nunna which flourished in the Isin-Larsa period. Moreover, a good number of texts found in this site were dated to the reign of Ibal-pi-el II (1790- 1761) of E~nunna to which our text might very well belong. S By and large, there are some unusual signs newly attested in the text under discussion (cf. IV: 31, 39 and VII: 23). In addition, many entries can be considered new variants of other already attested Sumerian verbs and terms (see commentary below). 2 Abdul-Hadi Al-Fouadi Lexical Text from Dhibii'i 3 16. slg-ga 6. [si]~ -gfd '-da 33. ]-? Transliteration 17. '.' 7. [mu]r -gu-Ia 34. ]-gul 7 18. kj-[ 8. si~ -di4 -di4 35. ]-zi Obverse 19. P~-[ 9. [si~ ]-an~e 36. ]-egir Column I. 22. h 24. Um-bi 20. [ 10. [g]i-u~-s(g 37. h. ore n. 23. ] 25. ~am-til-Ia-~j -e~ 21. [ [x -g]i-durus [ .........] 24. ~~-[ ]-l;' 26. in-~i-sam 22. si 12. [ ]-nin Column VII. 25. [b]a-an-[x] 25. kun(!)-gfri-[ 27. [x]-~-u~ 23. arbu~ 13. [x]-dub-ba 1. 1M-mar-tu 26. [b]a-an-na-sum 26. RI-ba-~[n] 28. [nf]g-akkil 24. u-dV-a· 14. [ ]-u~ 2. 1M-kur-ra 27. [b ]a-an-d~ 27. ri-ri-g[ a] 29. n(g-silax-gll 25. u~ 15. [ ] '.'-AB 3. 1M-4-am 28. [b]a-an-zal 28. ri-g[a] 30. n(g-ka 26. tar 9 4. im-Iagab 29. [b]a-an-ku4 29. in-gar 31. ? -SAL 27. du Column VI. 5. IM-de-a 30. [b]a-ni-na 30. in-du8 32. KA-Ku-dus-dus 28. asila 1. IO-AN-l.'-ta-a 6. im-sag 31. [b]a-ab-ak 31. in-dus-a 33. girix-zal 29. na 2. lU-sag-A~ 7. IM-~or 32. [b]a-ab-ra 32. in-ba-al 34. inim-glf-glf-dam 30. dun 33. [b]a-ab-du 33. in-(I 35. du~-ga 31. bad 3. lU-dim4 -rna 8. im. -n-(d!-da 11 4. lu-gj-na 9 . mgmI -na 34. [b]a-ki-Ifg 34. in-~-me~ 36. inim-inim-ne-ne ba-an-sum 32. ku 5. lo.-nu-gj-na 10. mu-TUM 35. [b]a-an-du 35. in-str mu-u~ 33. nag 36. [b]a-i'l-Ia-.g1 1 36. in-SAR-ru 37. sag-ba 34. ~udx-dc 6. lo.-tl.!-ra 11. mu-TUM-dili-dili 37. [b ]a-Ia-Ifg 37. in-du-a 38. sag-arad 35. KAx?-KAx?-ga 7. lo.-'.'-ra 12. a-~~ 38. \>a-d(m 38. in-[ ]-l.' 39. sag-sal 36. dli 8. 1U-[x]-ninnu 13. dub-ba 39. ba-u4 -zal-ak 39. a~-g[i4 -gi4] 40. sag an-ni-il 37. gig 9. lu-du-Iub-ba 14. Kub-ba 40. nig(n 41. U4 -kur-ra-a-ni 38. Ih 10. adaman-aka 15. ~u-du-a 11. lo-subur-Ia 16. lu-dili dam-a-ni geme-ni 41. ba-an-~e-gar Column III. 39. ? 12. hi-KA-kar-kar 17. kun 40. egir Column II. 1. i~·[ ]-'.' [(?)] Bottom Edgc 41. kif 13. lo.-KA-kar-~[a1r 18. 2. in-[ ] 14. ~~f!1-!a-'.' 19. dflim 1. [Ku]. dff!! 3. in-g!l~ 42. U4 -tu-ta-a-ni 15. ] '.' 20. i~-dflim 2. [~u b]a-an-ti 4. in-g~z-me~ 43. zalag-ga Bottom Edge 16. x] 21. ~u-i~-dflim 3. [~u ba]-an-ti-me~ 5. in-kin-gi4 -a 17-22. arc completely missing. 22. ki-mab 4. [~u baHi-a 6. n(g-g~I-U4 -na Column IV. 42. kif-gal 23. [ ]-M 23. ki-? 5. [ ]-\16 -de 7. n(g-~u 24. [ ]-pa 24. ki-in-dar 43. udul 6 6. [x x]-ra 8. gal'-ra 1. [u4 ]-tu 25. [x]-ba 25. ki-sun 7. [tuk]um-bi 9. n(g-to.ku 2. [u4 -tu]-de 26. [x]-sar 26. ki-bi Column V. 8. [x-x]-a 10 . mI g-nu-tu'k u 3. [ H~l): 27. [x]-Illl 27. ki-gal 9. [ ]-u~ur n. mIg -ga 4. 1}4 -[ ] '.' 1. AMA~ 28. [x]-Ial 28. kislab 10. [~u]-bal 12. nfg-ga-Iugala 5. u4 -,:,[ ] 2. AMA~ 29. [x]-Ia 29. ki-g61 11. [~u]-sum 13. NfG-ge~tin-na 6. u4 -~u-[x] 3. AMA~ 30. [x]-b\lJ 30. ki-ba-gar-ra 12. [~u ba-a]n-sum 14. n(g-ga-t~~ 7. u4 ur-k6[~-x] ki-[,:, 4. si~ 31. [x]-Iul 31. ki-diri 13. [x-x]-dam 15 . mIg-.gl -na-ta a-na-am 1~ b -ta-saI 8. U4 Ul'-ki-g61 [ ] '.' 5. si~ -al-ur-ra 32. [x]-~~-za 32. numbcr 10 (colophon) 14. [ ]-dam 16. nam-til-Ia u-tu 9. ur-sag-mar-t[ u] (b-ta-sa 15. [ ]-dab 17. n(g-~udul U4 10. u 16. [ ] 18. n(g-~\l~\ll-!Q 4 Commentary 17. [ ] 19. m, g-enI m n. itu' 12. mu 18. [ ] 20. n(g-erfm-me-e~ Col. I. 19. [ h 21. m( g-nam 13. ba-Ia I . 14. bol 25. In view of the following line, thc missing verb here could possibly be restored with -sum. 20. [ ]-x 22. mI g-nam a -Zl-ra 21. [ h 23. nfg-~u-k(d-a 15. gukkal 34. The ordcr of the verbal complex: b a -k i-If g, is certainly incorrect. We would expect k i b a -If g m stead. This inaccuracy shows misusc of Sumerian. 4 Abdul-Hadi Al-Fouadi Lexical Text from Dhihi.'i 5 37. The position of -I a - here is inexplicable. If it represented the negation particle n u -, we would, then, 38. Due to the limited space, it seems that the scribe forced this line and squeezed it between i n -d ~ -a expect it to be placcd before the thematic particle -b a -. and the last line in this column. The remnant of the last sign points to -g i4 . 39. Again, this form is grammatically incorrect. For u4 -z a I -a II a/I e = namiiru, see ~L 381 :275, 277 and 39. For Ii l( -g i4(-g i4) "to answer with a curse," see van Dijk, La Sagesse, p. 109 and Gordon, Sumerian 278. Also, see Sjoberg, Mondgott, p. 128, and AHw, p. 768 f, s.v.nawaru(m}lnamiiru. Proverbs, commentary to proverb 1.82. Col. II. Col. III. 1. The reatoration of this line is based on similarity with some of the following lines. d ( m, here, could be 5. Again we are faced with another grammatical violation. Hence, kin -g i4 -a = fapliru when in a sentence a phonetic orthography for d i'm4. For ir u -d i m4- m a = saniiqu (fa qiiti), see AHw, p. 1021 s.v. would appear as: kin in -g i4 -a and not: i n -kin -g i4 -a! saniiqu(m} I. d ( m, however, is attested with the Akkadian bana (see CAD B, p. 83 q.v.; AHw, p. 103 6. n ( g -g Ii I (-I a) = bilfu "valuables," "goods," "movable property," (see CAD B, p. 353 q.v.). This term q.v. IV). is also incorporated in Akkadian as a loan word cf. niggaUO,I € (MSL 13, 116:58 and AHw,p. 787). On the ~ 5. To judge from the break, there is only one sign which is completely gone. Following that, is most pro- other hand, both the reading and the meaning of UD- n a, here, is obscure. Nevertheless, could the alter bably U6' whose beginning is damaged. Therefore, the preserved part of the line reads: [x IGn.~-d ~. In native reading: a dan -n a, though difficult to translate, for UD- n a be suggested? filling the miBBing sign with I( u -, on analogy of the preceding as well as the following lines, I( u -u6 - 7. For n (g -ir u = bil1u see CAD B, p. 353 q.v. d ~, would then be difficult to render. 9-10. We understood TUG to be a phonetic writing for t uk u. n (g -t u k u = fara "rich," d. ~L 597:106. 6. [I( u -r a] -r a, could very well be restored here, which is equated in Akkadian with maba,u. (See ~L 354: n (g -n u -t u k u = la (arO "not rich". Also cf. MSL 13, 116: 291; AHw, p. 580 q.v. and van Dijk, La Sagesse, p. 83:106. 77: n ( g -t u k u = 1a-ru-a-um 7. t u k u m -b i; [~U.GAR.TUR].J;,AL- b i. 78: n ( g -n u -t u k u = la-ap-nu.r um 1 8. [Il' u -d u ]-a can be suggested here. For further discussion on this expreBBion see: Sjoberg, Mondgott, 11-12. For n ( g -g a = makkilru "goods," "property," see AHw, p. 589 s.v. makkiiru(m) I; CAD B, p. 353 S.v. s pp. 51 and 54. ba1u and MSL 13, 115:1. For n ( g -g a -lug a I a = makkilr farri "king's property," see Lambert, BWL, p. 275 and MSL 13, 115: 9. For the reading of LAL+SAR as u iru r, see MSL 2, 40:77. Also, see Gordon, Sumerian Proverbs, 1.170 2. n. 7 with references. In restoring the broken sign here with ~ u -, [I( u] -u ~ u r could be considered as a phone tic variant for ~L 354:294: l( u -I( ii r (CT 18, 46, 59b, Akkadian equivalent is, unfortunately damaged)? 13. All the variants of gel( tin -n a which attested with karanu "wine" do not have n { g -, in their ortho 10. Il' u -, is well suggested here for restoration, since /( u . b a I a = ¥upl€u "to change," "to alter," "to violate," graphy. Therefore, n i n d age Kt i n -n a "bread and wine" is suggested. a, is quite common. 14. tel( = i1teni1; mitbaru "all together," "jointly," (see CAD I/J, p. 279 S.v. i1teni¥). n ( g -g a -t would therefore mean "jointly owned property". 11-12. The restoration of these lines were based on the fa'ct that I(u· u m= nadlinu is well attested. 15-16. From the context, these two lines must form one quotation which, apparently, represents a proverb 13-14. [h -g ( d] ~, is a possible restoration. It is equated with 1a qiitu alpu (see MSL 1, 115f.) which means incorporated in our lexical texts. (For more examples on such incorporations, see Lambert, BWL, p.275). "to stretch forth arm, hand ... etc," (see CAD E, p. 86 s.v. elepu). It could also be equated with sanaqu As to the meaning of this proverb, the following is suggested: "What will you attain from justice? It 1a ameli (see AHw, p. 1021 s.v. sanaqu). generates life!" For s' = kaladu "to attain, to find ... , " see CAD K, p. 271 q.v. For n a m -til - 25. Although the first sign is not well written, perhaps it is k u n - followed by . g ( r i. A restoration of u- I a t u "to generate life," cf. Gordon, Sumerian Proverbs, commentary to proverb 1.4 where he quotes -[t a b] at the end of this line might be useful since g ( r i -tab = zuqaqipu "scorpion" (see CAD Z, p. u - TCL 1 25: 17 (Hymn to Ningiirzida): n a m -t i t u z a -d a I( a -m u -u n -g ~ I "to generate life is 163 q.v.) and also = aqrabu (CAD A/2, p. 207) is attested. But unfortunately, the traces of the final sign in your power (lit. 'has been placed with you) ". seem to point to BAD, which makes k un· g ( r i -BAD difficult to understand. a Note, that in the expression: a -n a -a m "what," we would rather expect - m, instead of -a m. 26. In all references quoted by CAD, -n a, in the expreBBion d a I (=RI) . b a -(a n -) n a is preserved, whereas 21-22. n ( g -n a m (- m elm a) = mimma "everything". The meaning of z i (r), according to Oppenheim, in our entry it is dropped. For further discussion and references see CAD B pp. 252 ff. s.v. biritu "alley," (Eames Coli. 132f.,) should correspond to that of the Akkadian beptl "to break, to crush ". Therefore, "terrain," "balk". the meaning of n { g -n a m a I -z i -r a will be: everything is broken ". 27. The beginning of . g a here is noticable. For r i -r i . g a = laqiitu "to collect," "to gather," see AHw, p. a 23. Our NfG-h -k (d -a and ~L 354b:107: NtG-h -k (d - m are variants of n i n d a -Xu -g (d -d a = 537 q.v. and CAD L, p. 100 q.v. This term is also used in the economic texts to mean "losses generated kamlinu "sweetened cake," see CAD K, p. 110 S.v. kam~nu. Also d. ~L 597:292. by death of cattle and livestock," see Eames Coli, p. 62; Goetze, JCS 2 (1948), 82ff.; Gordon, Sumerian 25. This term is very common in the economic texts which means: ana 1i-i-im (var. :rrmi1u) gam-ru-ti "as its Proverbs, commentary to proverb 1.33. full price" (see MSL 5, 31:303 and CAD G, p. 37 s.v. gamru). 28. For r i· g a, see the commentary to the preceding line. Also, cf. MSL 4, 69:30: /( e -r i -r i -g a "glean The usual form of this expression in Sumerian is: l( Ii m -til -I a -b i -I(~, but adding -e 1(: between ed barley," and ~L, 86:92. '- b i-and -I( ~ - as in our entry is uncommon orthography. For further discussion on -e ir -/(~, sec: 32. b a -a I is a phonetic writing for b a I. Sjoberg, Mondgott, p. 32. 6 Abdul-Hadi Al-Fouadi Lexical Text from Dhiha'i 7 27. This line could most probably be restored as: [n i n d a -g) u -U s. According to Jacobsen (JNES 12 11. it u is here written erroneously with five inside winkelhaken instead of three as usual. [l953], 181), g u can be translated with "flax" from which linseed oil as well as linen thread can be 13. For b a -I a = zittu "share," see: CAD Z, p. 139 q.v. produced. But, nevertheless, its flour can hardly be fit for making bread for human consumption. Dei 15. For g u k k a I (= UDU.ijUL) = gukkallu "breed of sheep," see CAD G, p. 126 q.' . mel (SL 536:298) however, translates z 1-g u -0 s with a "quality of g u -flour". Oppenheim, (Eames Coli. 54, E-29) suggests "pea" as a translation for "g u", and therefore translates z 1- g u -U s with 17. Certainly there is no sign at the beginning of this line. The traces at the end is definitely that of [t 6] m (= DU). "pea-flour of second quality". The flour and the bread made of it which is listed in the entries quoted by Deimel (cf. ~L 559:8), as well as the bread mentioned in our entry is made of g u -flo u r. Flour, 18. In view of the preceding line, it becomes safe to restore this line as: k ~ -[t urn], which is equated with however, from either flax or pea is not fit for making bread for human consumption. qeberu "to bury," see: AHw, p. 912 q.v. n 28. Most probably: [n g -a k k i I. For further discussion on a k k i I = ikkillu "rumor," "clamor," "up 23. For arb u ~ (= ExSAL) = r~mu "sich erbarmen," "Mitleid haben," see AHw, p. 970 q.v. roar," see: CAD I/J, pp. 57 f. S.v. ikkillu, and Sjoberg, TCS 3, p. 97:228. 24. Is it possible to consider 6 -d u- a, as a variant of g i -d u- a = kikkiXu "reed-fence/wall/hut (plaited in 29. For this expression cf. MSL 13, 116:45: [NfG-s i) I ax (= ~IO)-g a = l[i-i]-¥um. Also, see: AHw, p. 556 a specific way)"? For the latter see CAD K, p. 352 q.v. s.v. liSu(m} "dough". 31. Since the shape of this sign is unusual i.e. gunt1+BAD, its reading as well as its meaning remain obscure. 30. For n (g -k a9(=810)= nikkassu "settlement (of account)", see AHw, p. 789 q.v. 34. ~ u dx (= KAx~U) = kariibu "to pronounce formulas of blessing, praise, adoration ... etc," see: CAD K, 31. The first sign here is, indeed, very puzzling. Its structure looks like MAXZA. It cannot be considered an p. 192 q.v. u erroneous r, since the latter is well written in the same text (cf. col. v 5). 35. The sign insidc KA is either LAM, or TU. We believe it more likely to be TU, and the line will therefore 32. KA-~ u -d Us -d us' is another variant of (l6)k a -I( u -d u -d u/ a = munaggiru = iikil kar,i "denouncer". read: KAxTU-KAxTU- g 6. According to Sjoberg, TCS 3, p. 73 in his commentary to line 96, KAxTU is Cf. AHw,p. 672 s.v. munaggiru. Also cf. MSL 12,201:19 and 207: 143: I u KA-h -d u -d u / a = mu to be read as ~ i gs' In reading ~ i gs -~ i gs -g 6, we are faced with the problem that in Sjoberg'sline na{-an}-gi -ru-um, and Sjoberg, JCS 24 (1971-72), Ill. ~ i gs is followed by -g a and not -g 6. 4 33. For g i r ix (= KA) -z a I = tamtu "delight", see the detailed discussion on the term by Sjoberg TCS 3, 39. This sign (BxKAR, is newly attested. No reading or meaning is available to the writer at present. p. 137:475 with note 89. 34-36. These terms are business phrases. Bottom Edge: 37. For sag -b a = miimitu "oath," "jurisdiction" see: AHw, p. 599 q.v. 43. Although this sign is the same as the following three signs, (i.e. AMA~), at the beginning of next column, 38. For sag -a r a d = ardu "slave," "servant" see: MSL 5, 18:129. Also, see CAD A/2, p. 243 q.v. wc read it: u d uI , in Ol"der to keep the rest undifferentiated. 39. For sag -gem e = amtum "female slave," "servant girl," see: MSL 5, 18:129,131. Also CAD A/2, p. 80 q.v. Col. V. 40. The Akkadian diniinu, anduniinu, arduniinu, have been attested with different orthographies of sag -{I. 1. At the beginning of this line there are traces of slight imprcssion of a sign which looks like (JI! followed Ours ego sag -an- n i - i I, might very well be a new equation of diniinu "substitute," "wl"8ith". FOl" by AMA~. We actually think that it is an erasure. Therefore, we ignored it in the transliteration. further discussion on dinanu, see CAD 0, p. 148 q.v. 4. s i ~ = libittu "unbaked mud-brick," see CAD L, 176 q.v. 41-42. u -k u r -r a -a -n i, on analogy of the line that follows should mean in Akkadian um m8ti¥u "the 4 u 5. s i ~ -a I- r -r a = agurru "kiln-fired brick," see: CAD A/I, pp.160 ff. q.v. day of his death". For k u r = mbtu "sterben," see: ~L 366:15 and AHw, p. 634 q.v. Therefore, u - 4 6. -g ( d! - here is written over an erasure, possibly the beginning of -g u - which the scribe wrotc again in t u -t a -a -n i (line 42) should mean "the day of his birth". the line that follows. g ( d -d a = arku "to be long," see CAD A/2, p. 283 q.v. Therefore, this type of brick is "long kiln-fired brick ". Col. IV. 7. m u r7 (= SIG ) -g u -I a, is attested with the Akkadian amaru "pile of bricks (often of standard dimen 4 6. By taking -~ u - here as a phonetic writing for -8 U -, the suggested restoration of this line, therefore, sions)," see CAD A/2, p. 4 q.v. This in view of line 9, which will follow, must be kiln-fired bricks. will be U4 -8 u -[u 8] "daily". It is to be noted, however, that the break here can provide a space for 8. s i ~ -d i4 -d i , is "small kiln-fired brick ". For the reading of TUR-TUR as d i4 -d i4 "klein," see: Sjoberg, 4 one or two signs. Mondgott, p. 19. Also, cf. Smith, Misc. Assyr. Texts, 24:24f. (reference quoted by CAD ~, p. 180 S.V. e - 7. Because of the damaged text the restoration as well as the meaning of this line is difficult to ascertain. ~ibru): TUR-TUR-16k i -e -n e -d i -tan am- rna- r a -a b - de- e n = ~i-ib-ru-tu a-sar mi-lul-ti la a, Nevertheless, it may mean "the day when Y and Z-dog [existed?]". Cf. the following line. tu-¥e-e~-,a-a "do not drive out the young people from the place of rejoicing". TUR-TUR-I in this quota ?, 8. The preserved part of this line would mean "the day when the u r -k i -dog existed". For u r -k i = tion, must therefore be read as d i4 -d i4 -Iii. (For more variants, see CAD s.v. ~i!Jbiriitu). kalab ur#, see, CAD K, pp. 68 ff. S.V. kalbu. Note that the indented part of this line possibly starts with 9. s i ~ -, can be restored herc with certainty. Although s i ~ -a n ~ e and m u r7-g u(var.-g u) -I a are g [i4]· both attested with the Akkadian amaru (see line 7 above), they are not identical tcrms. While m u r,- g u -I a is used to denote "pile of kiln-fired bricks (often of standard dimensions)," s i ~ -a n ~ e, on the 9. In accOl"d with the context of this line, no other meaning could be sought for -s a, here, except that of = = sa = ka'tiidu "to defeat," "to conquer," see CAD K, pp. 271 ff. q.v. (Hence, s a here is written phonetic othcr hand, denotes "pile of libin," cf. Antagal 8 18f.: m u r 7 mur-ur_ g 0 a-rna-rum, SIG4 -a n 8 c MIN )'6 li-bit-ti (ref. is quoted by CAD A/2, p. 4 s.v. amiiru A). ally for s 6). The meaning of this line, therefore, will be "the day when the warlike Amorite(s) were de feated ".

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Kramer anniversary volume: cuneiform studies in honor of Samuel Noah Kramer PDF

257 Pages·1976·26.48 MB·English
by  Samuel Noah Kramer
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Preview Kramer anniversary volume: cuneiform studies in honor of Samuel Noah Kramer

Alter Orient und Altes Testament r: Kramer Anniversary Volume 11 !\. ;I I j Veroffendichungen zur Kultur und Geschichte des Alten Orients I l und des Alten Testaments I Cuneiform Studies I I in Honor of I I. Samuel Noah Kramer I , Edited by Barry L. Eichler Herausgeber with the assistance of Kurt Bergerhof . Manfried Dietrich . Oswald Loretz Jane W. Heimerdinger Ake W Sjoberg 1976 1976 Verlag Butzon & Bercker Kevelaer Verlag Butzon & Bercker Kevelaer Neukirchener Verlag Neukirchen-Vluyn Neukirchener Verlag Neukirchen-Vluyn Septemher 28, 1974 marks the seventy-seventh hirthday of Professor Samuel Noah Kramer. At this milestone, one pauses to reflect upon Sam's many years of selfless devotion to cuneiform studies and to its students - his productive scholarship, helpful cooperation, patient tutelage, wise counsel, and above all, his warm friend ship. Thus his colleagues and former students, wishing to honor him and to share in the joy of Lhis occasion, tender him this volume with deep affection. photos hy David I. Owen TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations XI Samuel Noah Kramer: An Appreciation XIII Al-Fouadi, A.H., Lcxical Tcxt from Dhibii'i . 1 Alster, B., Early Patterns in Mcsopotamian Literature 13 Aro, J., Anzu and Simurgh ........ . 25 Bernhardt, I., HS 156: Vertcilung von barbu GrundstUcksbau 29 Biggs, R., Enannatum I of Lagash and Ur-Lumma of Umma: A Ncw Tcxt 33 Brinkman, J .A., Cuneiform Texts in the St. Louis Public Library 41 Buccellati, G., Towards a Formal Typology of Akkadian Similes 59 Castcllino, G., The ~amas Hymn: A Note on its Structure 71 ~I~, M., New Date Formulas from the Tablet Collection of the Istanbul Archaeological Museums 75 Civil, M., The Song of the Plowing Oxen 83 Cohcn, S., Studies in Sumerian Lexicography I 97 Dalcs, G.F., New Inscriptions from Moenjo-Daro 111 Dijk, J. van, Existe-t-il un "Po~me de la Cr6'ation" sUlllerien? 125 Dossin, G., AN.KA.OI, Ie dicu sup~mc de DcI' 135 Edzard, D.O. and Wilcke, Cl., Die Uendursanga Hymne 139 Farber-FlUgge, G., Zur sogenannten Samsuilunahymne PBS 10/2 Nr. 11 177 Finet, A., Note sur la migration des Sum6rirns 183 Finkelstein, J.J., lilip remim and Helated Matlers 187 Gelb, I.J., Quantitative Evaluation of Slavery and Serfdom 195 Hallo, W., The Hoyal Correspondence of Larsa: A Sumerian Prototype for the Prayer of Hezekiah? ......... 209 Heimerdinger, ]., An Early Babylonian Offering List from Nippur 225 Held, M., Two Philological Notes on Enuma Elilt 231 Hoffner, H., Enki's Command to Atrabasis 241 Jacobsen, T., The Stele of the Vultures Col. I-X. 247 ]eslin, R.R., Quelques notes complementail'es sur les sysllillle pnHixal sumerien ........... 261 Kilmer, A.D., Speculations on Umul, the First Baby 265 Klein, ]., ~ulgi and Gilgamr~: Two Brother-Peers (~ulgi 0) 271 x Table of Contents Kraus, F.R., Del' akkadische Vokativ . . . . . . . . 293 Kupper, J.R., L'inscription du "disque" de Yahdun-Lim 299 Kutscher, R., Utu Prepares for Judgment 305 Lacheman, E.R., Nuzi Miscellanea 311 ABBREVIATIONS Lambert, W.G., A Late Assyrian Catalogue of Literary and Scholarly Texts 313 The abbreviations employed in this volume are those used in the following standard reference works: A.L. Leichty, E., The Fourth Tablet of El'imbu~ 319 Oppenheim, et ai, The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (CAD); W. Limet, H., Essai de poetique sumerienne 327 von Soden, Akkadisches Handworterbuch (AHw), and G.A. Buttrick, The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible. Moran, W.L., The Kes Temple Hymn and the Canonical Temple List 335 Abbreviations not appearing in these works are listed below. Nougayrol, J., Les "silhouettes de reference" de I 'haruspicine 343 AAS Annales archeologiques de Syrie (title now changed to Annales archeologiques Arabes Owen, 0.1., Excerpts from an Unknown Hymn to Rim-Sin of Larsa 351 syriennes). Reisman, D., A "Royal" Hymn of l~i-EI'l'8 to the Goddess Nisaba 357 Ac.Sc.-USSR Academy of Sciences, USSR. Renger, J., The Daughters of Urbaba: Some Thoughts on the Succession to AI Ancient India. Archaeological Survey of India. the Throne during the 2. Dynasty of Lagash . . . . . . .. 367 A1ster, DO B. Alster, Dumuzi's Dream: Aspects of Oral Poetry in a Sumerian Myth (Mesopotamia 1), Copenhagen, 1972. Romer, W.II.Ph., Kleine Beitrage zur Grammatik des Sumerischen: 1. Das modale grammatisehe Element nu-u~ 371 ANET J .B. Pritchard, ed., Ancicnt Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 3rd edition, Princeton, 1969. Sachs, A., The Latest Datable Cuneiform Tablets 379 APN H. Huffmon, Amorite Personal Names in the Mari Texts, Baltimore, 1965. Salonen, A., Die Fallgruben der sumerischen Jager 399 Ch E.J.H. Mackay, Chanhu-Daro Excavations 1935-36 (American Oriental Series 20), New Sasson, J .M., The ENGAR/ikkarum at Mari 401 I-laven, 1943. Sjoberg, 'A.W., Hymns to Ninurta with PI'ayers for ~iis1n of U,' and Biirstn of Cohen, ELA S. Cohen, Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta (unpublished dissertation, University of Isin ........... 411 Pennsylvania), 1973. Soden, W. von, Bemerkungen zum Adapa-Mythus 427 Death of Urnammu S.N. Kramer, "The Death of Urnammu and his Descent to the Netherworld" (JCS 21 [1967],104 ff.). Sollberger, E., Some Legal Documents of the Third Dynasty of Ur 435 Enmerkar and the Lord of AraHa S.N. Kramer, Enmerkar and the Lord of Aralta (Museum Monograph), Wilcke, Cl., Sce Edzard ce., Philadelphia, 1952. also, Cohen,ELA. EWO S.N. Kramer - I. Bernhardt, "Enki und die Weltordnung" (WZJ 9 [1959/60], 231 f£'; Bibliography of the Writings of Samuel Noah Kramer 451 cr. A. Falkenstein, ZA [1964], 44 and C. Benito, "Enki and Ninmah and Enki and the Index 463 World Order [unpublished dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1969], pp. 82 f£.). Plates P'_XX'x, FEMD E.J.I-1. Mackay, Further Excavations at Mohenjo-daro 1927-31,2 volumes, New Delhi, 1938. Gilgame~ and Agga S.N. Kramer,"Gilgames and Agga" (AlA 53 [1949], ] ff.). cr.). GLL S.N. Kramer,"Gilgames and the Land of the Living" (JCS 1 [1947],3 Gregoire, Archives J .-P. Gregoire, Archives administratives sum6riennes, Paris, 1970. HAV I-1i1precht Anniversary Volume, Studies in Assyriology and Archaeology Dedicated to Herman V. Hilprecht, Chicago, 1909. Hal'. M.S. Vals, Excavations at Harappa, 2 volumes, New Delhi, 1938. HED Hymnal-Epic Dialect (see Soden, ZA 40 [1931],163 ff.; 41 [1933],90 cr.). Hcimpcl, Ticl'bildcl' W. I-Ieimpel, Tierbilder in del' sumerischen Literatur (Studia Pohl 2), Rome, 1968. IA Indian Archaeology: A Review, Archaeological Survey of India. IIJ Indo-Iranian Journal. Inanna's Dcscent S.N. Kramer,"lnanna's Dcsccnt to the Netherworld" (JCS 5 [1951],1 ff.). Inst. Etno.An SSR Institute of Ethnology, Academy of Sciences, USSR. IRSA E. Sollberger and J. -R. Kupper, Inscriptions royales sumeriennes et akkadiennes (Lit teratures ancienncs du Proche-Orient 3), Paris, 1971. XII Abbreviations ISET M. gIg and H. Klzllyay, Sumerian Literary Tablets and Fragments in the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul, Ankara, 1969. JANES Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia University. JTS Journal of Tamil Studies. Klein, ~ulgi D 1. Klein, ~ulgi D: A Neo-Sumerian Royal Hymn (unpublished dissertation, University of Pennsylvania), 1968. LAK A. Deimel, Liste der archaischen Keilschriftzeichen, Inschriften von Fara I (WVDOG 40), Leipzig, 1922. Samuel Noah Kramer: An Appreciation LSUr Lamentation over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur (unpublished manuscript in the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania). MD Sir 1. Marshall, Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, 3 volumes, London, 1931. RMSV L. Heuzey and F. Thureau-Dangin, Restitution mat~rielle de la StMe des Vautours, Sumerian and Samuel Noah Kramer go together - so well, in fact, that one finds oneself again and Paris, 1909. again unconsciously starting out from his contributions as were they not contributions but simply data: a clear S.E. Seleucid Em, Babylonian style. readable copy of a badly worn tablet, a lacuna restored from a small fragment recognized to be a duplicate, SH Shemtob Collection, British Museum. and other more such precious aids to understanding, so that very substantial parts of his endeavors are already Shaffer, Gilgam~ A. Shaffer, Sumerian Sources of Tablet XII of the Epic of Gilgam~~ (unpublished dis close to receiving that final accolade that comes only to the very best of scholarly work, that of anonymity, of sertation, University of Pennsylvania), 1963. becoming the common property of scholarship. Sulgi A A. Falkenstein "Sumerische religiose Texte," (ZA 50 [1952], 64 ff., cf. revised edition by J. Klein in Three ~ulgi Hymns, Chapter 5). In this volume, however, written to honour him, some thought may well be given to what the field Sulgi Band C G.R. Castellino, Two ~ulgi Hymns (BC) (Studi Semitici 42), Rome, 1972. owes to him of insights and indefatigable labours; and to do that and gain perspective one will first of all cast the mind back, will seek to recall what the field of Sumerian Literature was actually like in the early Thirties ~ulgi X TLB 2,2 and duplicates (edited by J. Klein in his forthcoming Three ~ulgi Hymns, when Kramer entered it, how little there was for a scholar to work with, how fragmentary it was, and how Chapter 3). . little the language itself was known. Three Sulgi Hymns J. Klein, Three ~ulgi Hymns, Paris, forthcoming. SIAS Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies. Old Babylonian copies of Sumerian literary texts came to the attention of scholars around the turn of the SLTN S.N. Kramer, Sumerian Literary Texts from Nippur (AASOR 23), New Haven, 1944. century and publications'" began to appear. A listing of available text publications does not however, give a true im SOIPIT Soobshchenie ob issledovanii, proto-indijskix tekstov (Report on the investigation of pression of what things were like then. The years since, and not least Kramer's own work, have set these publications the Pl'Oto-lndian script). in a new context and given them a depth they did not then have. As we now leaf through them or think of them we SY G. Dossin, "Deux listes nominatives du r~gne de Sllmu-Iamam," (RA 65 [1971], 37-66). say to ourselves: "Aha! a large fragment of this or that myth or epic, or from this or that hymn or lament - quite TEM M. Birot, "Textes ~conomiques de Mari (III)," (RA 49 [1955], 15-31); M. Birot, "Textes a bit of these compositions were known already then!" - only, of course, they were not known then; the framework economiques de Mari (IV)," (RA 50 [1956], 52-72). in which the present day reader fits them did not exist; what we had was a jumble of isolated, unconnected, blocks TIT T. Jacobsen, Toward the Image of Tammuz and other Essays on Mesopotamian History of text without background of situation, and so, over and over again meaningless, making no sense. Kramer ex pres and Culture, cdited by W. Moran (HSS 21), Cambridge, Mass., 1970. ed it very well at the time when, speaking of one composition, he said "The history of its decipherment is illu UPM University of Pennsylvania Museum Excavations at Moenjo-Dal'O, 1964-65. minating and not uninteresting. In 1934, when I first tried to decipher the contents, I found that eight pieces belonging to the poem - seven excavated in Nippur and one in Ur - had already been published thus: Hugo Ra Waetzoldt, Textilindustrie \-I. Waetzoldt, Untersuchungen zur neusumerischen Textilindustrie, Rome, 1972. dau, once of the University Museum, published two from Philadelphia in 1910; Stephen Langdon published two ZAS Zeitschrift fUr iigyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde. from Istanbul in 1914; Edward Chiera published one from Istanbul in 1924 and two more from Philadelphia in 1934; C.J. Gadd, of the British Museum, published an excellently preserved tablet from Ur in 1930. But an in telligent reconstruction and translation of the myth were still impossible, largely because the tablets and frag ments, some of which seemd to duplicate each other without rhyme or reason and with but little variation in their wording, could not be properly arranged." * Bought collections were copied by King (CT 15, 1902), Zimmern (SK 1-2, 1912/13), Gadd (CT 36.1921), Lang don (OECT 1, 1923) and de Genouillac (TRS 1-2, 1930). In addition selections from the freat finds by the University of Pennsylvania at Nippur began to appear from 1911 onwards: some separately, Radau (HA V, 1911), Barton (MBI, 1918) and Chiera (SRT, 1924); most of them in BE (Radau Vol. 29/1, 1911, Vol. 30/1, 1913, Langdon, Vol. 31, 1914) and in PBS (Myhrmlln, Vol. 1/1, 1911, Lutz, Vol. 1/2, 1919, Poebel, Vol. 5, 1914, Langdon, Vol. 10/1,2 & 4,1915-19, Vol. 12/1,1917 and Legrain, Vol. 13,1922). A number of much broken f1'8gments found at Kish were published by de Genouillac (PRAK 1-2, 1924-25). XIV Thorkild Jacobsen Samuel Noah Kramer: An Appreciation XV What was needed, and needed desperately if Sumerian studies were to progress was therefore publication IS, and CT 42 have greatly enhanced the value of those important volumes. Secondary in importance only to of as much supplementary materials as possible - even seemingly insignificant looking fragments lying about in his own copying, is the encouragement and help he has given others to undertake that demanding task. Drs. g~ museums, not to speak of recovering further treasures still waiting underground in the ancient mounds of Iraq. and Klzdyay in Istanbul were encouraged to produce ISET, Dr. Bernhardt in Jena to prepare TMHNF 3 and 4, ~he clear, organizing mind of Edward Chiera had already seen this, and he had begun systematically to copy not to mention numerous colleagues and students who were guided by him in Philadelphia. As he has been un lIterary texts and fragments in Philadelphia and to note duplicates - the copies now in SEM and STVC _ but stinting with help and supervision of copying, so he has provided identifications and outlines of content for the his untimely death in 1934 prevented him from seeing the volumes through press. materials involved. Sometimes that contribution has been a decisive factor as in the collaboration of Kramer and Gadd on UET 6/1-2, for it is doubtful whether Gadd, heavily burdened as he was with other tasks, would have Other difficulties besetting Sumerology in the early Thirties were, of course, those that stemmed from found time and strength to publish those volumes by himself. the near chaotic conditions of Sumerian grammar. Firm foundations had been laid but recently with Poebel's Gr~ndZiige of 1927, and his conclusions were almost unanimously rejected by his own generation of scholars; Mentioning Kramer's work in identifying and outlining the content of texts and fragments leads up to so m those who were beginners a conscious personal choice had to be made. Of reliable solid translations last what may rightly be said to stand in the center of his interest: editing of texts. To be mentioned first is his Iy,. ve? littl~ was aV,ailable: Thureau-Dangin's splendid translations of the Gudea Cylinders and other roy~ in extremely valuable edition of the "Lament for Ur" (AS 12) with its innumerable textual notes tcstifying to sCrIptIons, Zlmmern s treatment of one brief text, the Lipit-Eshtar Hymn, and Poebel's own masterly studies. immense patience and thoroughness. The text - perhaps the most beautiful of all Sumerian poems - is ac companied by a pioneering translation of the greatest merit and by informative notes. Next should probably , This, then, a thorny road, or worse, a road leading through quagmire with hardly any firm ground under rank the impressive epic tale of "Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta," the myth of the "Descent of Inanna', to one s feet anywhere - how well we remember the goings astray and the frustrations - was the situation in which which Kramer came back over and over again as he found new texts continuing the story, and the many Gilga Kramer found himself and to the relief of which he soon rcsolutely addressed himself. We have gone into this at mesh tales: "Gilgamesh and Agga", "Gilgamesh and the Land of the Living", "Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the Nether ~o~e ~e~gth because it is essential to a clear view of Kramer's position in the history of Sumerology and because World" (edited in its first part as Gilgamesh and the Huluppu-Tree, AS 10) and "The Death of Gilgamesh". It IS dIffIcult for a younger generation to realize that situation to the full depth of its frustrations. Here we also owe to his pen a most valuable, finely done, study of the Sumerian sources for the Akkadian Gilgamesh Epic. Many other editions of Kramers' could be mentioned, "Schooldays" which for the first time W~en Kramer was appointed to the Assyrian Dictionary in Chicago in 1932 it gave him the opportunity focused attention on Sumerian education, "Man and his God" with its foreshadowing of the problem of the to study wIth Poebel and to observe at first hand the infinite care, precision and thoroughness of his method. righteous sufferer, and many, many more. A great many of these translations, together with new ones such as The experience w.as a decisive one and Kramer became a devoted pupil. Soon he showed his own mastery in his those of the important "Fall of Agade" and "Lament for Ur and Sumer" he contributed to ANET and the ANET study of the prefIx forms be- and bi- which is a model of its kind, closely reasoned, full of valuable observations Supplement. Characteristic of all of these editions is Kramer's unsurpassed knowledge of published and unpublish and still as fresh and rewarding as when it was written. ' ed materials and his unusual gifts for sensing exactly what a tale, or composition, or single passage, is about and . The firm ~ounding in method and critical acumen gained in working with Poebel proved of the utmost so to provide pioneer translation of the highest quality. He is probably unrivaled in this respect. His translations Importance when cIrcumstances catapulted him into what was to become his life's work. are down to earth and forthright, they never cover up lack of understanding by the use of general 01" vague terms. If anything they may on occasion fail in the opposite direction with a "literal" rendering that openly makes no . . At Chiera's death in 1934, Kramer was asked to prepare his copies of Sumerian Ii terary texts for pu more sense than the cryptic Sumerian passage did; but that way nobody is lulled into thinking that a passage is bhcatlOn and sec them through press. As he worked with these materials he became as convinced as Chiera had understood when it is not. But such cases are rare exccptions. Over and over again as one reads Kramer·s treat been that systematic copying and publication of all such materials was essential, and he committed himself with ment of new and difficult texts one feels that he is right, or ncar right, or on the right track. I-lis work is open out reserve to that task: "As the significance of the contents dawned upon me, I realized that all efforts to trans. ended, leads forward, and personally I can recall no single case in which I have fclt that his translation of a text late an~ interpret ~he ~ate~ial would remain scientifically inadequate unless and until more of the uncopied and ever lured me into a blind alley or badly astray as has been thc case with not a few other translators. In coming unpubhshed materIal Iymg m Istanbul and Philadelphia should be made available. From that day to this I have ycars, as thc texts he has worked on arc taken up for further study by younger scholars these special excellencies concentrated all my effOl"ts on the reconstruction and translation of the Sumerian literary compositions." of his translations will, we believe, be more and more appreciated. . "From that day to this" is still true, and the manifold ways in which Kramer has been living up to that As was the case with the copying of tablets so also with the editing of compositions: next to his own promIse are truly remarkable. work in importance stands his help and encouragement of others. Few scholars have ever been more generous than he in handing over unpublished materials, preliminary reconstruction of texts, and suggestions as to mean Hc enthusiastically supported the plans for a joint excavation at Nippur to be undertaken by the U ._ ing, to other scholars who wished to prepare editions. One may mention here Steele and his edition of the Li versity. Museu~ at Philadelphia and the Oriental Institute of Chicago, and when _ especially during the Thir~1 pit-Ishtar Code, Father Bergmann and Ake Sjoberg and their edition of the Temple Hymns, Bergmann's and van ~ampalgn - Iite~ary ta~l~ts were recovered en masse he was indefatigable in reading, identifying, and translating Dijk's work on Lugal·e; Castellino, Klein and the Shulgi hymns, Gordon and the Proverbs, Wilcke and the Lugal every smallest bIt. In SImIlar ways he has read, identified and catalogued tablets in Istanbul, J ena and elsewhere, banda Epic. Also, still to come, Shaffer's Gilgamesh stories and Civil's Disputations and not a few more. Kramer's ~Iways ready to give freely of his incomparable knowledge and experience. Of actual copies we owe him the inspiring influence here and its importance for the field can hardly be overvalued, nor can - and this is probably ~mportant v.olume SLTN ~ith copies. of 167 tablets and fragments while 232 further such were copied by him the point at which to mention it - the effect of his personality. His friendliness, openness, kindness and genero In Istanbul m 1952. To thIS add COplCS accompanying artieles, and editions _ e.g. the magnificent tablet with sity has contributed greatly toward creating a sense of community and a climate of cooperation among the pre almost all of the story of Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, 630 lines - and copies given as illustrations in his sent generation of Sumerologists, a very decisive improvement upon the ways of the Twenties and earlier. popular books. They arc so numerous that they defy mention. With his activities as copyist should be mention ed his work as collator. His systematic and careful collation of major text publications such as BE 31, SRT, CT XVI Thorkild Jacobsen It remains to consider Kramer's endeavors to bring the importance of Sumerian literature home to wider cricles than that of professional Sumerologists. His widely read popular books, Sumerian Mythology, From the Tablets of Sumer, The Sumerians and The Sacred Marriage Rite, dcal with a broad range of Sumerian literary works presented simply and concisely and with a wealth of direct quotations in translation to give the reader an impression of the style of the ancient texts. As Kramer states in the preface to From the Tablets of Sumer: "The purpose of the essays is to present a cross section of the spiritual and cultural achievements of one of man's earliest and most creative civilizations" and in that - within the limits he has set himself - he has succeeded. His books are undoubtedly the source of most of what the average man knows about Sumer and Sumerians and the main reason why the average man is now apt to know something when he used to know nothing at all. Also for the scholar these books are of signal value. They often contain texts and copies published for the first time and Kramer is meticulius in citing the texts on which he bases his reconstructions of the various compositions he deals with. Mainly, though, they furnish a quick and reliable means of orientation in the field of Sumerian literature or Lexical Text from Dhiba'i' in aspects of it which it would take years to obtain at first hand. To a reader of less convinced positivistic turn of mind than Kramer - and it is well known that we are Abdul-Hadi Al-Fouadi, Baghdad such a reader - the Sumerians in these books may seem perhaps a little too much like ourselves and their ways of thinking too much the ways in which we reason, but that will not prevent one from admiring the zest, the sweep, and the vast learning with which they are presented. This unpublished text was uncovered in 1965 by an Iraqi Expedition during the third season of exca vation at Dhiba'(2 . It is a large eight-column tablee, four on each side, but only three columns on the reverse One could easily go on, but I believe I have mentioned enough to makc my point. Almost never is a are inscribed. Originally, there were at least a total of 275 entries, of which about one third is either complete scholar's contribution to his field so basic that the field may be said to have been completely transformcd, al ly missing or partly broken. The rest is in good condition. Besides, it is a unilingual text, and the script is that most created by him. In the case of Kramer and his achievement in vastly broadening and securing the very foun of the Isin-Larsa period4• dation of the field, the basic data on which our knowledge rests, it holds brilliantly true. In certain entries we encounter a number of inaccuracies (cf. 1:34,37 and 39). These grammatical errata clearly show a miscomprehension of Sumerian by the Babylonian scribes who copied down or wrote in Thorkild Jacobsen Sumerian. In addition, it is a further evidence that Sumerian at this time was no longer a spoken language. Furthermore, lexical and grammatical texts are extremely rare in comparison with the number of other varied texts found at Dhiba'i, A fact which gives a certain importance to this texts. Finally, the writer would take the occasion of Prof. Dr. Samuel Noah Kramer's 77th birthday to de dicate, respectfully, this article to him. I In the suburban township of New Baghdad, where the "Army Canal" meets Baghdad-Ba'qiiba Highway, a small site whose modern name is Tell edh-Dhiba'i, is located. The ancient name of this site is O-za-ar-za-lu lu. (For further discu88ion on this name and its variants see A.K. Abdullah, "The Paramount God and the Old Name of Al-Dhiba'i, Sumer 23 [19671, 189ff. Also, cf. the unconvincing discussion on the same topic II by Fawzi Raschid, ibid., Arabic section, pp. 177f£'). For an informative article on the Dhiba'i excavations, see Larriia al-Ghailani, "Tell edh-Dhibii'i," Sumer 21 (1965), 33f. 2 The field number of this text is Dh.3-634, and its Iraq Museum's registration number is 1M. 70209. (Note that it was found in level V. about 10 ems. above its base). 3 Its approximate measurements are 20.00 X 17.05 X 4.00 cms. 4 It is to be noted that edh-Dhibii'i was part of the kingdom of E~nunna which flourished in the Isin-Larsa period. Moreover, a good number of texts found in this site were dated to the reign of Ibal-pi-el II (1790- 1761) of E~nunna to which our text might very well belong. S By and large, there are some unusual signs newly attested in the text under discussion (cf. IV: 31, 39 and VII: 23). In addition, many entries can be considered new variants of other already attested Sumerian verbs and terms (see commentary below). 2 Abdul-Hadi Al-Fouadi Lexical Text from Dhibii'i 3 16. slg-ga 6. [si]~ -gfd '-da 33. ]-? Transliteration 17. '.' 7. [mu]r -gu-Ia 34. ]-gul 7 18. kj-[ 8. si~ -di4 -di4 35. ]-zi Obverse 19. P~-[ 9. [si~ ]-an~e 36. ]-egir Column I. 22. h 24. Um-bi 20. [ 10. [g]i-u~-s(g 37. h. ore n. 23. ] 25. ~am-til-Ia-~j -e~ 21. [ [x -g]i-durus [ .........] 24. ~~-[ ]-l;' 26. in-~i-sam 22. si 12. [ ]-nin Column VII. 25. [b]a-an-[x] 25. kun(!)-gfri-[ 27. [x]-~-u~ 23. arbu~ 13. [x]-dub-ba 1. 1M-mar-tu 26. [b]a-an-na-sum 26. RI-ba-~[n] 28. [nf]g-akkil 24. u-dV-a· 14. [ ]-u~ 2. 1M-kur-ra 27. [b ]a-an-d~ 27. ri-ri-g[ a] 29. n(g-silax-gll 25. u~ 15. [ ] '.'-AB 3. 1M-4-am 28. [b]a-an-zal 28. ri-g[a] 30. n(g-ka 26. tar 9 4. im-Iagab 29. [b]a-an-ku4 29. in-gar 31. ? -SAL 27. du Column VI. 5. IM-de-a 30. [b]a-ni-na 30. in-du8 32. KA-Ku-dus-dus 28. asila 1. IO-AN-l.'-ta-a 6. im-sag 31. [b]a-ab-ak 31. in-dus-a 33. girix-zal 29. na 2. lU-sag-A~ 7. IM-~or 32. [b]a-ab-ra 32. in-ba-al 34. inim-glf-glf-dam 30. dun 33. [b]a-ab-du 33. in-(I 35. du~-ga 31. bad 3. lU-dim4 -rna 8. im. -n-(d!-da 11 4. lu-gj-na 9 . mgmI -na 34. [b]a-ki-Ifg 34. in-~-me~ 36. inim-inim-ne-ne ba-an-sum 32. ku 5. lo.-nu-gj-na 10. mu-TUM 35. [b]a-an-du 35. in-str mu-u~ 33. nag 36. [b]a-i'l-Ia-.g1 1 36. in-SAR-ru 37. sag-ba 34. ~udx-dc 6. lo.-tl.!-ra 11. mu-TUM-dili-dili 37. [b ]a-Ia-Ifg 37. in-du-a 38. sag-arad 35. KAx?-KAx?-ga 7. lo.-'.'-ra 12. a-~~ 38. \>a-d(m 38. in-[ ]-l.' 39. sag-sal 36. dli 8. 1U-[x]-ninnu 13. dub-ba 39. ba-u4 -zal-ak 39. a~-g[i4 -gi4] 40. sag an-ni-il 37. gig 9. lu-du-Iub-ba 14. Kub-ba 40. nig(n 41. U4 -kur-ra-a-ni 38. Ih 10. adaman-aka 15. ~u-du-a 11. lo-subur-Ia 16. lu-dili dam-a-ni geme-ni 41. ba-an-~e-gar Column III. 39. ? 12. hi-KA-kar-kar 17. kun 40. egir Column II. 1. i~·[ ]-'.' [(?)] Bottom Edgc 41. kif 13. lo.-KA-kar-~[a1r 18. 2. in-[ ] 14. ~~f!1-!a-'.' 19. dflim 1. [Ku]. dff!! 3. in-g!l~ 42. U4 -tu-ta-a-ni 15. ] '.' 20. i~-dflim 2. [~u b]a-an-ti 4. in-g~z-me~ 43. zalag-ga Bottom Edge 16. x] 21. ~u-i~-dflim 3. [~u ba]-an-ti-me~ 5. in-kin-gi4 -a 17-22. arc completely missing. 22. ki-mab 4. [~u baHi-a 6. n(g-g~I-U4 -na Column IV. 42. kif-gal 23. [ ]-M 23. ki-? 5. [ ]-\16 -de 7. n(g-~u 24. [ ]-pa 24. ki-in-dar 43. udul 6 6. [x x]-ra 8. gal'-ra 1. [u4 ]-tu 25. [x]-ba 25. ki-sun 7. [tuk]um-bi 9. n(g-to.ku 2. [u4 -tu]-de 26. [x]-sar 26. ki-bi Column V. 8. [x-x]-a 10 . mI g-nu-tu'k u 3. [ H~l): 27. [x]-Illl 27. ki-gal 9. [ ]-u~ur n. mIg -ga 4. 1}4 -[ ] '.' 1. AMA~ 28. [x]-Ial 28. kislab 10. [~u]-bal 12. nfg-ga-Iugala 5. u4 -,:,[ ] 2. AMA~ 29. [x]-Ia 29. ki-g61 11. [~u]-sum 13. NfG-ge~tin-na 6. u4 -~u-[x] 3. AMA~ 30. [x]-b\lJ 30. ki-ba-gar-ra 12. [~u ba-a]n-sum 14. n(g-ga-t~~ 7. u4 ur-k6[~-x] ki-[,:, 4. si~ 31. [x]-Iul 31. ki-diri 13. [x-x]-dam 15 . mIg-.gl -na-ta a-na-am 1~ b -ta-saI 8. U4 Ul'-ki-g61 [ ] '.' 5. si~ -al-ur-ra 32. [x]-~~-za 32. numbcr 10 (colophon) 14. [ ]-dam 16. nam-til-Ia u-tu 9. ur-sag-mar-t[ u] (b-ta-sa 15. [ ]-dab 17. n(g-~udul U4 10. u 16. [ ] 18. n(g-~\l~\ll-!Q 4 Commentary 17. [ ] 19. m, g-enI m n. itu' 12. mu 18. [ ] 20. n(g-erfm-me-e~ Col. I. 19. [ h 21. m( g-nam 13. ba-Ia I . 14. bol 25. In view of the following line, thc missing verb here could possibly be restored with -sum. 20. [ ]-x 22. mI g-nam a -Zl-ra 21. [ h 23. nfg-~u-k(d-a 15. gukkal 34. The ordcr of the verbal complex: b a -k i-If g, is certainly incorrect. We would expect k i b a -If g m stead. This inaccuracy shows misusc of Sumerian. 4 Abdul-Hadi Al-Fouadi Lexical Text from Dhihi.'i 5 37. The position of -I a - here is inexplicable. If it represented the negation particle n u -, we would, then, 38. Due to the limited space, it seems that the scribe forced this line and squeezed it between i n -d ~ -a expect it to be placcd before the thematic particle -b a -. and the last line in this column. The remnant of the last sign points to -g i4 . 39. Again, this form is grammatically incorrect. For u4 -z a I -a II a/I e = namiiru, see ~L 381 :275, 277 and 39. For Ii l( -g i4(-g i4) "to answer with a curse," see van Dijk, La Sagesse, p. 109 and Gordon, Sumerian 278. Also, see Sjoberg, Mondgott, p. 128, and AHw, p. 768 f, s.v.nawaru(m}lnamiiru. Proverbs, commentary to proverb 1.82. Col. II. Col. III. 1. The reatoration of this line is based on similarity with some of the following lines. d ( m, here, could be 5. Again we are faced with another grammatical violation. Hence, kin -g i4 -a = fapliru when in a sentence a phonetic orthography for d i'm4. For ir u -d i m4- m a = saniiqu (fa qiiti), see AHw, p. 1021 s.v. would appear as: kin in -g i4 -a and not: i n -kin -g i4 -a! saniiqu(m} I. d ( m, however, is attested with the Akkadian bana (see CAD B, p. 83 q.v.; AHw, p. 103 6. n ( g -g Ii I (-I a) = bilfu "valuables," "goods," "movable property," (see CAD B, p. 353 q.v.). This term q.v. IV). is also incorporated in Akkadian as a loan word cf. niggaUO,I € (MSL 13, 116:58 and AHw,p. 787). On the ~ 5. To judge from the break, there is only one sign which is completely gone. Following that, is most pro- other hand, both the reading and the meaning of UD- n a, here, is obscure. Nevertheless, could the alter bably U6' whose beginning is damaged. Therefore, the preserved part of the line reads: [x IGn.~-d ~. In native reading: a dan -n a, though difficult to translate, for UD- n a be suggested? filling the miBBing sign with I( u -, on analogy of the preceding as well as the following lines, I( u -u6 - 7. For n (g -ir u = bil1u see CAD B, p. 353 q.v. d ~, would then be difficult to render. 9-10. We understood TUG to be a phonetic writing for t uk u. n (g -t u k u = fara "rich," d. ~L 597:106. 6. [I( u -r a] -r a, could very well be restored here, which is equated in Akkadian with maba,u. (See ~L 354: n (g -n u -t u k u = la (arO "not rich". Also cf. MSL 13, 116: 291; AHw, p. 580 q.v. and van Dijk, La Sagesse, p. 83:106. 77: n ( g -t u k u = 1a-ru-a-um 7. t u k u m -b i; [~U.GAR.TUR].J;,AL- b i. 78: n ( g -n u -t u k u = la-ap-nu.r um 1 8. [Il' u -d u ]-a can be suggested here. For further discussion on this expreBBion see: Sjoberg, Mondgott, 11-12. For n ( g -g a = makkilru "goods," "property," see AHw, p. 589 s.v. makkiiru(m) I; CAD B, p. 353 S.v. s pp. 51 and 54. ba1u and MSL 13, 115:1. For n ( g -g a -lug a I a = makkilr farri "king's property," see Lambert, BWL, p. 275 and MSL 13, 115: 9. For the reading of LAL+SAR as u iru r, see MSL 2, 40:77. Also, see Gordon, Sumerian Proverbs, 1.170 2. n. 7 with references. In restoring the broken sign here with ~ u -, [I( u] -u ~ u r could be considered as a phone tic variant for ~L 354:294: l( u -I( ii r (CT 18, 46, 59b, Akkadian equivalent is, unfortunately damaged)? 13. All the variants of gel( tin -n a which attested with karanu "wine" do not have n { g -, in their ortho 10. Il' u -, is well suggested here for restoration, since /( u . b a I a = ¥upl€u "to change," "to alter," "to violate," graphy. Therefore, n i n d age Kt i n -n a "bread and wine" is suggested. a, is quite common. 14. tel( = i1teni1; mitbaru "all together," "jointly," (see CAD I/J, p. 279 S.v. i1teni¥). n ( g -g a -t would therefore mean "jointly owned property". 11-12. The restoration of these lines were based on the fa'ct that I(u· u m= nadlinu is well attested. 15-16. From the context, these two lines must form one quotation which, apparently, represents a proverb 13-14. [h -g ( d] ~, is a possible restoration. It is equated with 1a qiitu alpu (see MSL 1, 115f.) which means incorporated in our lexical texts. (For more examples on such incorporations, see Lambert, BWL, p.275). "to stretch forth arm, hand ... etc," (see CAD E, p. 86 s.v. elepu). It could also be equated with sanaqu As to the meaning of this proverb, the following is suggested: "What will you attain from justice? It 1a ameli (see AHw, p. 1021 s.v. sanaqu). generates life!" For s' = kaladu "to attain, to find ... , " see CAD K, p. 271 q.v. For n a m -til - 25. Although the first sign is not well written, perhaps it is k u n - followed by . g ( r i. A restoration of u- I a t u "to generate life," cf. Gordon, Sumerian Proverbs, commentary to proverb 1.4 where he quotes -[t a b] at the end of this line might be useful since g ( r i -tab = zuqaqipu "scorpion" (see CAD Z, p. u - TCL 1 25: 17 (Hymn to Ningiirzida): n a m -t i t u z a -d a I( a -m u -u n -g ~ I "to generate life is 163 q.v.) and also = aqrabu (CAD A/2, p. 207) is attested. But unfortunately, the traces of the final sign in your power (lit. 'has been placed with you) ". seem to point to BAD, which makes k un· g ( r i -BAD difficult to understand. a Note, that in the expression: a -n a -a m "what," we would rather expect - m, instead of -a m. 26. In all references quoted by CAD, -n a, in the expreBBion d a I (=RI) . b a -(a n -) n a is preserved, whereas 21-22. n ( g -n a m (- m elm a) = mimma "everything". The meaning of z i (r), according to Oppenheim, in our entry it is dropped. For further discussion and references see CAD B pp. 252 ff. s.v. biritu "alley," (Eames Coli. 132f.,) should correspond to that of the Akkadian beptl "to break, to crush ". Therefore, "terrain," "balk". the meaning of n { g -n a m a I -z i -r a will be: everything is broken ". 27. The beginning of . g a here is noticable. For r i -r i . g a = laqiitu "to collect," "to gather," see AHw, p. a 23. Our NfG-h -k (d -a and ~L 354b:107: NtG-h -k (d - m are variants of n i n d a -Xu -g (d -d a = 537 q.v. and CAD L, p. 100 q.v. This term is also used in the economic texts to mean "losses generated kamlinu "sweetened cake," see CAD K, p. 110 S.v. kam~nu. Also d. ~L 597:292. by death of cattle and livestock," see Eames Coli, p. 62; Goetze, JCS 2 (1948), 82ff.; Gordon, Sumerian 25. This term is very common in the economic texts which means: ana 1i-i-im (var. :rrmi1u) gam-ru-ti "as its Proverbs, commentary to proverb 1.33. full price" (see MSL 5, 31:303 and CAD G, p. 37 s.v. gamru). 28. For r i· g a, see the commentary to the preceding line. Also, cf. MSL 4, 69:30: /( e -r i -r i -g a "glean The usual form of this expression in Sumerian is: l( Ii m -til -I a -b i -I(~, but adding -e 1(: between ed barley," and ~L, 86:92. '- b i-and -I( ~ - as in our entry is uncommon orthography. For further discussion on -e ir -/(~, sec: 32. b a -a I is a phonetic writing for b a I. Sjoberg, Mondgott, p. 32. 6 Abdul-Hadi Al-Fouadi Lexical Text from Dhiha'i 7 27. This line could most probably be restored as: [n i n d a -g) u -U s. According to Jacobsen (JNES 12 11. it u is here written erroneously with five inside winkelhaken instead of three as usual. [l953], 181), g u can be translated with "flax" from which linseed oil as well as linen thread can be 13. For b a -I a = zittu "share," see: CAD Z, p. 139 q.v. produced. But, nevertheless, its flour can hardly be fit for making bread for human consumption. Dei 15. For g u k k a I (= UDU.ijUL) = gukkallu "breed of sheep," see CAD G, p. 126 q.' . mel (SL 536:298) however, translates z 1-g u -0 s with a "quality of g u -flour". Oppenheim, (Eames Coli. 54, E-29) suggests "pea" as a translation for "g u", and therefore translates z 1- g u -U s with 17. Certainly there is no sign at the beginning of this line. The traces at the end is definitely that of [t 6] m (= DU). "pea-flour of second quality". The flour and the bread made of it which is listed in the entries quoted by Deimel (cf. ~L 559:8), as well as the bread mentioned in our entry is made of g u -flo u r. Flour, 18. In view of the preceding line, it becomes safe to restore this line as: k ~ -[t urn], which is equated with however, from either flax or pea is not fit for making bread for human consumption. qeberu "to bury," see: AHw, p. 912 q.v. n 28. Most probably: [n g -a k k i I. For further discussion on a k k i I = ikkillu "rumor," "clamor," "up 23. For arb u ~ (= ExSAL) = r~mu "sich erbarmen," "Mitleid haben," see AHw, p. 970 q.v. roar," see: CAD I/J, pp. 57 f. S.v. ikkillu, and Sjoberg, TCS 3, p. 97:228. 24. Is it possible to consider 6 -d u- a, as a variant of g i -d u- a = kikkiXu "reed-fence/wall/hut (plaited in 29. For this expression cf. MSL 13, 116:45: [NfG-s i) I ax (= ~IO)-g a = l[i-i]-¥um. Also, see: AHw, p. 556 a specific way)"? For the latter see CAD K, p. 352 q.v. s.v. liSu(m} "dough". 31. Since the shape of this sign is unusual i.e. gunt1+BAD, its reading as well as its meaning remain obscure. 30. For n (g -k a9(=810)= nikkassu "settlement (of account)", see AHw, p. 789 q.v. 34. ~ u dx (= KAx~U) = kariibu "to pronounce formulas of blessing, praise, adoration ... etc," see: CAD K, 31. The first sign here is, indeed, very puzzling. Its structure looks like MAXZA. It cannot be considered an p. 192 q.v. u erroneous r, since the latter is well written in the same text (cf. col. v 5). 35. The sign insidc KA is either LAM, or TU. We believe it more likely to be TU, and the line will therefore 32. KA-~ u -d Us -d us' is another variant of (l6)k a -I( u -d u -d u/ a = munaggiru = iikil kar,i "denouncer". read: KAxTU-KAxTU- g 6. According to Sjoberg, TCS 3, p. 73 in his commentary to line 96, KAxTU is Cf. AHw,p. 672 s.v. munaggiru. Also cf. MSL 12,201:19 and 207: 143: I u KA-h -d u -d u / a = mu to be read as ~ i gs' In reading ~ i gs -~ i gs -g 6, we are faced with the problem that in Sjoberg'sline na{-an}-gi -ru-um, and Sjoberg, JCS 24 (1971-72), Ill. ~ i gs is followed by -g a and not -g 6. 4 33. For g i r ix (= KA) -z a I = tamtu "delight", see the detailed discussion on the term by Sjoberg TCS 3, 39. This sign (BxKAR, is newly attested. No reading or meaning is available to the writer at present. p. 137:475 with note 89. 34-36. These terms are business phrases. Bottom Edge: 37. For sag -b a = miimitu "oath," "jurisdiction" see: AHw, p. 599 q.v. 43. Although this sign is the same as the following three signs, (i.e. AMA~), at the beginning of next column, 38. For sag -a r a d = ardu "slave," "servant" see: MSL 5, 18:129. Also, see CAD A/2, p. 243 q.v. wc read it: u d uI , in Ol"der to keep the rest undifferentiated. 39. For sag -gem e = amtum "female slave," "servant girl," see: MSL 5, 18:129,131. Also CAD A/2, p. 80 q.v. Col. V. 40. The Akkadian diniinu, anduniinu, arduniinu, have been attested with different orthographies of sag -{I. 1. At the beginning of this line there are traces of slight imprcssion of a sign which looks like (JI! followed Ours ego sag -an- n i - i I, might very well be a new equation of diniinu "substitute," "wl"8ith". FOl" by AMA~. We actually think that it is an erasure. Therefore, we ignored it in the transliteration. further discussion on dinanu, see CAD 0, p. 148 q.v. 4. s i ~ = libittu "unbaked mud-brick," see CAD L, 176 q.v. 41-42. u -k u r -r a -a -n i, on analogy of the line that follows should mean in Akkadian um m8ti¥u "the 4 u 5. s i ~ -a I- r -r a = agurru "kiln-fired brick," see: CAD A/I, pp.160 ff. q.v. day of his death". For k u r = mbtu "sterben," see: ~L 366:15 and AHw, p. 634 q.v. Therefore, u - 4 6. -g ( d! - here is written over an erasure, possibly the beginning of -g u - which the scribe wrotc again in t u -t a -a -n i (line 42) should mean "the day of his birth". the line that follows. g ( d -d a = arku "to be long," see CAD A/2, p. 283 q.v. Therefore, this type of brick is "long kiln-fired brick ". Col. IV. 7. m u r7 (= SIG ) -g u -I a, is attested with the Akkadian amaru "pile of bricks (often of standard dimen 4 6. By taking -~ u - here as a phonetic writing for -8 U -, the suggested restoration of this line, therefore, sions)," see CAD A/2, p. 4 q.v. This in view of line 9, which will follow, must be kiln-fired bricks. will be U4 -8 u -[u 8] "daily". It is to be noted, however, that the break here can provide a space for 8. s i ~ -d i4 -d i , is "small kiln-fired brick ". For the reading of TUR-TUR as d i4 -d i4 "klein," see: Sjoberg, 4 one or two signs. Mondgott, p. 19. Also, cf. Smith, Misc. Assyr. Texts, 24:24f. (reference quoted by CAD ~, p. 180 S.V. e - 7. Because of the damaged text the restoration as well as the meaning of this line is difficult to ascertain. ~ibru): TUR-TUR-16k i -e -n e -d i -tan am- rna- r a -a b - de- e n = ~i-ib-ru-tu a-sar mi-lul-ti la a, Nevertheless, it may mean "the day when Y and Z-dog [existed?]". Cf. the following line. tu-¥e-e~-,a-a "do not drive out the young people from the place of rejoicing". TUR-TUR-I in this quota ?, 8. The preserved part of this line would mean "the day when the u r -k i -dog existed". For u r -k i = tion, must therefore be read as d i4 -d i4 -Iii. (For more variants, see CAD s.v. ~i!Jbiriitu). kalab ur#, see, CAD K, pp. 68 ff. S.V. kalbu. Note that the indented part of this line possibly starts with 9. s i ~ -, can be restored herc with certainty. Although s i ~ -a n ~ e and m u r7-g u(var.-g u) -I a are g [i4]· both attested with the Akkadian amaru (see line 7 above), they are not identical tcrms. While m u r,- g u -I a is used to denote "pile of kiln-fired bricks (often of standard dimensions)," s i ~ -a n ~ e, on the 9. In accOl"d with the context of this line, no other meaning could be sought for -s a, here, except that of = = sa = ka'tiidu "to defeat," "to conquer," see CAD K, pp. 271 ff. q.v. (Hence, s a here is written phonetic othcr hand, denotes "pile of libin," cf. Antagal 8 18f.: m u r 7 mur-ur_ g 0 a-rna-rum, SIG4 -a n 8 c MIN )'6 li-bit-ti (ref. is quoted by CAD A/2, p. 4 s.v. amiiru A). ally for s 6). The meaning of this line, therefore, will be "the day when the warlike Amorite(s) were de feated ".

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