Kotov, Alexander - Train Like a Grandmaster - Bellaire Chess Club

62 Pages·2005·5.58 MB·English

THEC LUBP LAYER'SL IBRARY
Trainl ikea Grandmaster
ALEXANDEKRO TOV
Translatedb y BernardC afferty
B.T . BatsfordL td, London
Firspt ubtishe1d9 81
Reprinte1d9 84,1 9861, 9 90 Contents
@ AlexandeKr otov1, 9 81
ISBN0 713 43 6093 (limp)
Typesebt y
W.T urne&r SonL imited, Symbolsa ndA cknowledgements 6
Halifax Preface 7
andP rintedin G reatB ritainb y 1 A littleh istory 9
Billin&g SonsL td,W orcester 2 Howt he Openingis S tudied 1'(cid:0)]
fort hep ublishers 3 Objectivitiyn the Ending 24
B.T .B atsfordL imited 4 Competitivoer CreativeE lement? za
4 FitzhardingSet reetL, ondonW 1H OAH 5 Studyingth e MiddleG ame 41
6 AnnotatingG ames 63
7 A Philosophoyf Chess 68
8 Schoolso f Chess 70
9 BotvinnikC'sh essS chool 84
10 Kart'sC hessS chool 102
11 KarseladzeC'sh essS chool 1 1 2
12 Withouta School 1 1 7
A BATSFORCDH ESSB OOK
Adviser:GMR .D.K eeneO BE
TechnicaEl ditor:l an Kingston
_=!l-F'-F_
Symbols
Preface
+ Check 'What a stranges tateo f aifairsy ou havei n chessn owadays;
Goodm ove remarkead f riendo f mine.H ed oesn otk nowt hef inerp ointso f the
tl Very strongm ove KingsI ndianD efenceb, ut he takesn ote of all the resultso f
; Doubtfulm ove tournamentasn dm atches.
'What
?? Blunder do you havei n mind?'
Whitet o move 'Almoste veryV eart herea re reportsa boutt he emergencoeT a
B Blackt o move newo utstandincgh essta lent.I n Moscow,B ritainY, ugoslavitah,e
USAl
'lt'st he naturapl rogressioonf the generationsl
'ProgressioYn!e t in the CandidateMs'a tchesfo r overa decade
Acknowledgements
thee ig6tc hallengefrosr thew orldt itleh avea lmosat lwaysb eenth e
'old
selfsame men"
'What
aboutK arpov?'
NOTE:S ome minor corrections were made to the text at editonat 'Karpovh asb eenc hampionfo r fivey earsa lreadyW. herea ret he
sf€ge - R.G.W. othery oungt alents?C omparedto the Candidatesse' rieso f 1965
thea verageagoef thec hallengerins the 1980s eriesh asg oneu p
by almosttw o yearsT. hereis n o challengeyro ungetrh ant hirty,y et
o; theo therh andT igranP etrosiainsa lreadfyi fty-onea,n ds omeo f
'
the othersa re gettingc loset o their halfc entury.. .
'lt
sometimehsa PPentsh atw ay
'sometimesTl hena gainY efimG ellera t the age of fifty-four
outplaysa llt he youngm ena ndt akest he goldm edailn the 1979
SovieCt hamoionsh-i p anotheer xampleto youthi
We discussetdh ist opic.a nd laterI refl ecteda greatd ealt ryingt o
answera questionw hicht roublesth ec hesso rganisationosf m any
countriesA. ecentlyin Moscowt herew asa gatheringo f experienced
grandmastersa nd young talentedp layers.T here were notes of
alarm soundedi n the speecheso f famousc hesse xpertss ucfi as
grandmasterSs myslov,P olugayevskTy,a imanova nd-othersE ven
5arliers,e rioucsl aimsw eree xpresseidn an articleb y PetrosiaWn e
shallg et to know his interestintgh oughtsla ter,b ut herew e can
givea resum6':l t ise asyt o playa gainstth e youngp layersl;o r me
theya rea n openb ooki
What are the reasonsfo r the slowingd own in the development
-.-....-tr-
I Preface
of youngg randmasterbso th in our countrya nd in others?T he
authorc amet o the conclusiotnh at an answerc ano nlvb e oiven
aftera carefual nalysiosf thep resenst tateo f chessth eory.H o-wd o
we play?W hati st he foundatioonf modernc hess?W hat plavsth e
leadingro lei n ourc reativee fforts?W hata ret hec hiefp rincipleosf
modernc hesst heory?
My latef rienda nd trainerg, randmasteSri maginu, sedt o stress 1 A littleh istory
the needt o discussth e philosophoyf presendt avc hessh, ow for
example\^ € regardt hea dvantagoef Whjtem ovingf irst,w hata re
the maing uidel inesfo r our researcwh ork.
Thea uthorh ast o overcomseo med iffidencien t acklinoth ism ost
difficultto pic,i n tryingt o filla gap left by theoreticianIs c: onsole
myselwf itht het houghtt hatt het ravellewr ho penetratetsh et hick Chessp layerws hod evoteth eirt imet o theg reata nda nciengt ame
forestm ayh avea sadf ate,b ut no worset hant hato f the irresolute can be dividedin tot wo basicc ategoriesT.h e firsts implyp layi n
who hesitataet thef irstc learing tournamentasp propnatteo theirs trengthT. hes econdtr y to find
Ine xaminintgh ec urrents tateo f chessth ea uthorh asn o choice somep hilosophicsael nsein chesst,o createc hessth eoryw, hichi n
butt o copew ith anothetra sk- to talka boutm odernm ethodso f our daysh asb ecomea genuines cienceT. hef irst becomew orld
chessc oachinga, nd naturallyo f the modernS ovietS choolo f championsa nd leadingg randmastertsh, e winnerso f top tour-
Chessl.t canh ardlyb ed eniedth atm odernc hessis t o a considerable namentsT.h es econdw riteb ookso n thet heoryo f thet hrees tages
extentS oviect hessB. y a carefuel xaminatioonf chessc oachinqin of theg ameS. ometimelse adirifg ig uresc ombineb otha ctivitieasn d
the USSRth eW esternp layecr anl earna lot,a nd usei t in hiso iwn thenw e geta n outstandinpge rsonin thew orldo f chess.
attemptst o improve.F or exampleh ow usefuli t is to become Thef irst guidingp rincipleosf chesst heoryw ered iscoverebdy
famlliawr ith the organisatioann dt eachingm ethodso f Botvinnik's the inventorso f openingsa nd gambitsA. mongstt hesep rinciples
famouss choolt,h eS ovieTt V schooal ndo thers. the best establisheids the simplesot ne: bring out your pieces
quicklys, eizefi e centrea nd go for the enemyk ingw ith all your
'blitzkrieg'
Thusw e gett he maina imo f thisb ook: forces.S uch aimsa re servedb y the EvansG ambit,t he
To describeth e featureso f the moderna ttitudet o chess,a s DanishG ambitt,h e KingsG ambita ndo thers.E venn owadaytsh e
largelyw orked out by the Soviet School,t o try and revealt ne seizureo f the centrea nd speedyp ieced evelopmenatr ea corner-
philosophoyf modernc hessa, ndt o indicatheo wc hessis s tudiedrn stoneo f moderns trategy.
thes trongesotf the Schoolso f Chess- theS ovieSt chool. And16P hilidodr rewa ttentiotno yeta notheirm portanpt ostulate
'The
ln the lighto f thist hea uthorh asd ividedth e booki ntot wo basrc pawni st hes oulo f chessh' es tateda, nde verybodcyo ncurred
par ts: in devotingc arefusl tudyt o pawnc hainst,h e isolatecde ntrep awn
1 How chess theory is studied. andt hew eaknesosf a groupo f pawns.
2 Chess schools in the Soviet Union. A significanet vent in the developmenot f theory was the
teachingo f WilhelmS teinitzw ith his stresso n avoidingw eak
squarest,h e accumulatioonf temporarys. lighta dvantageasn d
their transformatioinn to permanenot nes.W ith the arrivalo f
Steinittzh eoryb ecamea realf orce;h ew ast heo new ho originated
the scientrfaico oroachto chessw hichi s now sow elld eveloped.
The proponentso f Steinitz'st heory - Tarrascha nd his
supporters- triedt o expressS teinitz'tse achingin the form of
laconicru lesa, nda so ftenh appenisn suchc asest,h eyw entt oo far.
Thel aconicte ndedt o becomed ogmatica, nd chessb egant o lose
itsf reshnesso,r iginalitayn dc harm.
They oungo f thatt imer oseu p againstth is.I n the earlyp arto f
the 20th centuryN imzowitscahn d R6tii n theirp olemicb ooksa nd
-/
10 A little history
articlesa nd Alekhinein his practicapl lays tartedp ropagandising
morea nd moret he creativep rincipletso be founde vene arlierin
theg ameso f ChigorinT. heirm ainp ostulatewse re:G eta wayf rom
dogmap, layi nventiveleyv, eno riginallya,n da s Blackd o not go for
equalitya,s t heT arrascshc hootla ught,b ut fromt hef irstm ovestr y
to createy ouro wn plano f counterp layT. hesea ims,a n immediate
countear ttackb y pieceso n a seemingliym pregnabplea wnc entre, 2 How the Openingi s Studied
were servedb y the inventiono f their openings- the Alekhine
Defencet,h e Gr0nfeldD efencet,h e NimzowitscDh efencea nd so
on.
Moret han halfa centuryh asg oneb y sincet he appearancoef
R6ti'sM odern ldeasi n Chessa nd Nimzowitsch'sM y Systemi n
whicht he principleosf thesei nnovatorasr e laidd own( theyc alled How do presendt ay grandmasterpsl ayt he first stageo f the game?
themselvethse hypermodernsS)i.n ceth enc hessh asg rowni ntoa What principlesd o they follow?l f we can answert heseq uestlons
massively-popualrata r ndt hen umbeor f chessb ooksa ndm agazines we shalml aker ealp rogresisn understandinagll m odernth eory.
in the variousla nguageosf thew orldc annotb e countedY. ety ou Firsto f all the advantagoef the first move-C hesse xpertsw ho
will look in vaino n the bookshelvefso r a work devotedt o qeneral seemt o allegeth atW hiteh asn oa dvanbgein thei nitiapl ositioanr e
questionso f chessd evelopmentf.o r an accounto f thd main wrong.E veni n quick-movinsgp ortsth es tartings iden earlya lwavs
postulateso f modern chesst hought. The bookshelveas re piled hass 6mea dvantagee,v eni f verys light- for exampleth er ightt o
high insteadw ith bookso n the openingst,o urnamenbt ooksa nd servea t tennis,o r to bullyo ff in hockey.I n chessl t ls always
biographieosf the greatp layers. preferableto be White.T he questionth en arisesw hat sort.o f
In thisb ookw e try to dealw itha numbero f importanpt ointso f strategicp lanB lacks houldc hoosein an attemptt o neutrallsteh e
modern chesst heory. What is chessn owadays?H ow is theory ri"glht t to movef irst and to seizet he initiative.
studiedb y a leadingsc hool?H owa rem odernv iewso n thisa ncient standsto reasonth att he methodso f playf or Whitea ndB lack
gamef ormed?T he readerw ill alsol earnh ow a generatlh eoryo f in the initialo ositiona re different,s o we shallc onsidert hem
chessd evelopsa nd how the theoryo f the threes tageso f the game separately.
iss tudiedin the SovieUt nion.
White
Threem ainc urrentso f thoughtm ayb ed istinguisheind t hem lnd
of a moderng randmasteprl ayingW hitei n a tournament-.game:
1)T hem ethodo f quietm aintenancoef t hea dvantagoel lrrstm ove
2) The methodo f the swift strike.
'coiled
3) Them ethodo f the spring:
1) Inc asesw hena grandmastedro esn oth avet o wina t allc ostsh e
tendst o avoids harali nesin theo peninga nds ticksio clears ensible
linesT. hism ethodis alsoa doptedw hent he opponenits a definite
protagonisotf sharpp laya nd it is advantageoutos' keep him in
check:
Thec haracteristiocfs q uletp laya reo bvious- pawne xcnanges'
thef ormationo f rigidp awns tructuresW. hite'sa imi ss imple- the
maintenancoef th-osea dmittedlys llghtb enefitsc onferredb y the
natureo f chessin beingW hite.l am nota imingf or too much,b ut
what I haveI hold is White'sm otto as t were
Exampleosf suchp layw ith Whitea re manyf ormationos f the
Carlsbavda riatioonf ihe Oueen'Gs ambiDt ecline(dD iagram1) ,t he
./
12 How the Openingi s Studied White 13
SlavD efenceth, e Caro-Ka"na'n/n zds .ox ogn.,E herei s apparenst iuceju st otrei ncautioupsa wna dvanceb y Black
atrdW hite'sp iecews illu ncoilwithg reatf orcea ndi nflicdt amageo n
',.&
t2 thee rremy.
Examineth e gameso f receltty earsY. ouw illf inda pparenst low
2t"'../1,
'.:L2., play by White in a Kingsl rldiano penlrlg.
7i'/'Z&.
"&t
t "ilat& 3 %
^&a%i.,x
t
'"&t%
%" '.2' ut'//h2
It is peacefuinl thec entrec, omparatjveplye acefuoln the flanks. 7 %t%/6&rau
Thes moothnesosf the pawnc hainst,h e limiteda vailabiliowf open t'&ft'
linest.h ea bsencoef a directc lashis e vident:
Sucha methodo f playc omesf rom the previousc enturya, nd
onem ightm aket hem usicaclo mparisotnh ats uchp ositionasr en ot Yet this slownessis deceptives,i nceW hite'sb unchedp ieces
the shakea ndt he twist,b ut rathert he monotonouws altz,o r even oftenu nrolla nd developa rl activityth at can bringW hitea rre arly
the minueot f chess. win.O rrec ano ulya dviseth e readetro be particularclya refuwl hen
hiso pponendt evelophsi sf orcesa longth el irreso f a coileds pring.'
2) A sharpc omparisonis providedb y the methodo f the swift
strikeo, f brisk'cavalrrya idsTl hism ethodto o wasw idelva dopted Black
in the old days,a nd keepsi ts placen owadaysW. ho will express The advantageo f the first moveb y hiso pponentf orcesB lackt o
surprisen owadayast the sharpp awna dvanceg 2-94-g5a nde ven adoptr atherd ifferenta pproachetso the openingO. ned istrllguishes
on to 96?l t occursin theS icilianD efence1 e4 c5 2 lf3 d6 3 d4 in modernp raxist hreem ethodsf or Black.
cd 4 axd4lf6 5 lc3 e6 6 s4!? 1) Playf or equality.
2) Them ethodo f carryingo ut an irldeper]deprllta rr'
t7:., i"/& 3) Thec oileds pringm ethod.
'1,11
',:1t.u:aia,. '1) We have alreadyn oted that ill the olden days White often
2 2 proceededq uietlys trivirrgt o maitrtainth e advantageo f the move
2 7t Blacki n thosed aysu sedt o matroeuvrjeu st as calmlyt ryingt o keep
?) /J/lalz it levelT. hisa ncienmt ethodis a ppliedto dayt ooa t theh igheslte vel.
,2)."<)( Thisi se asilyu nderstandabslien ceB lackd oesn ot havet o go for a
A A win in everyg ame,o ften beirrgs atisfiedw ith a draw. lrl suchc ases
one hast he OGOw itn Capablallcas'sim plifyinmg anoeuwe( . '
Havew e nots eens uche arlys trikesIn g amesb y Botvinniikn the d5Xc4 and Af6-d5)o r Lasker'Ds efencein thes ameo penrtrg
Carlsbavda riationo f the OGDa ndi n theC aro-KannO?t hert vpical The same purposet ends to be servedb y the Oueensh .ldian
attemptsto breachth ed efensivrea mpartas t an earlys tagea ret he
bishops acrificAe flXb5 in the Siciliaann dv ariousin tuitivek niqht ' Translators Nate ;
sacrificeisn the sameo penings ucha s Ac3-d5 or {d4J5 (witha PetrosEnP achman,B led 1961 is a partcularly
blackp awna t e6). slnKrnae lar|ple I ff 3 c5 2 93 - c6 3 Jg2 96 a
Ogr Oa- g6q 7to 5d )3beo6z 6{e94c Al'q1er7r7b E3elrd I 4G?O1 82e5-dU61 9&edbq
3) Sometimegsr andmastewrsil ld ecideto avoidt hed eeplv-studied tg , e5 lo3 la lc4l gb5 15d ba 5 6 Ad6
bookl inesb y usinga methodt hat remindso neo f a coileds prrng. 5ft17 t!43 &a7 lseed taaam/ 18 He4 t18
Theym akej ust one pawna dvanceto the centref ianchettoth e s;a1t'c6)+ 1 r8' gxt:6ld-rg9 '9a eg5t -' {6€)+gr5 g '2f60 A2g0/ Aloersc+es
bishopsa nd allowt he opponentto occupyt he centre.T hec alm gss 21A s7 1o .
I
14 How the Openingi s Studied Black 15
'w
I "'/l:z";'/ /./"l,tiy.
^ & '/l:,,t
&t i
% %i t 7t i , 6 ../7./tZ
"..&,ft&
%t % % 7 *
%t&,4 7 ta.f/r:" '////7
,t<. % :,/.1,,q l t /../,i,
ru "/l
+/,&, /.N+.&
t-I
Defenceto o. shouldn otet hat this methodi s mostt requerrtlayd optedb y the
Sucho peningli nesa rea lsou sedf or psychologicraela sonsl.f our playerso f the olderg erreratioTrrh. eya ree xperienceadr rdc areful
opponenits a confirmeds upporteor f combinationaatlt acksa rtdi s and do not go beyondt he line bety/eenv oluntarya nd forced
easilyin ducedto go irrf or dubiouss acrificeist p ayst o giveh imt he passivityA.l sot hism ethodis o ftenc ausedb yt heirl acko f familiarity
'the
opportunittyo attackf ormationsso soundt hat he wills tubh ist oe with very latestw ord in theoryl
againstth em.S ucha methodh asa lwaysb eena dvisablaen d will Openingosf thiss orta ret hev ariousfo rmso f the PircD efence,
continueto bes o. arrdt he KingsI ndianD eferrcien volvingth e wing play . . a6,
c6,... EabSand.. b5.
2) Thism ethodw as firsta doptedb y Chigorind, evelopebdy the Then extt wo diagramssh owt ypicasl ituationwsh icht hena rise.
hypermodernasn d hasl osti ts air of noveltys o widelyi s it practiced
nowadays.B lack simply pays no attentiollt o the advantage
conferredb y the movea nd doesn ot strivet o equalise. t7#.
Hiso bjectiveis to carryo ut hiso wn plano f activep layb y his zt %iry q.x7i.4t
piecesa nd force his opponentt o adopt measuresto repulset he t 7 t % %,
threatss o generatedT.h isi n itselfs houldta kec areo f the problem %^ru,
7 2 /lz
of equalisinTg.h ep opularitoyf them ethoda mor'rgscto ntemporary
grandmasteriss explainebdy psychologiccaol nsiderationBs:la ck tt<. fr%
vzt
gets out of beirrgu nderc onstrainta, cts independentalyn d can ffifr &
partlyi grrorew hat his opponentis doing.S uch independencise
highlyv aluedin modernc hess.
Moderrrt heory notest wo typeso f independenpt lan.T he first is Letu sm oveo n to openingq uestionfsro ma nothepr ointo f view
to counter-attacWk hite'sp awnc entrea s in the GrunfeldD eferrce, andi n particulahro wo peningasr es tudiedin the SovieUt nion.
theA lekhineD eferrceth. eN imzo-lrrdiaann ds oo r'rT. hes econdis t o Thisw ork involveesx periencepdla yersa,n dt hroughth en etwork
work indeoerrdentolvrr the flanka nd is bests eeni rrt he Siciliarr of magazinebsr ingsin theo rdinaryp layetro o int hes earchfo r new
Defencee,s pecialwlyh enB lackg oes. . . a6 arrd. . . b5,a ndi nt he moves,n ew systemsn, ew ideas.
ModernB enorrDi efencew heret he samem ovesi rrvolvea pawn The searchf or rrewm ovesh asa lwaysb eeng oingo n, when
sacrificeb y Blacki rr the BenkoG ambita rrdt he Benoni.S uch preparingfo r games,a t the board,i n mutuala r.lalyswisi th the
featureas res eeni n Diagram5s and6 . opponenat ftert he gamea rrdi rrs ubsequerarnt alysiast home.l t is
oftent he caset hat a movel ongh eldt o be strongesits laterr elected
3) lf the coileds pringm ethodb ringsb enefitt o Whitet hen this in favouro f anotherT. hisi sa procestsh ath asn o errda, n irrevitable
rathere quivocaml ethodc an buildu p poterrtiaeln ergyf or Black processir rt heo ngoingd evelopmenotf chessth eory.
too. lt can be successfubl,u t the risksi nvolvedh avet o be clearly Theory.h oweverc, ontair'lms anyv ariationisn whicht he initial
bonrei n mind. movesh aveb eenc heckedth roughs o frequentltyh at it hasb een
By goingi n for volunbryp assiVtiyn the hopeo f a subsequent shown that deviationsa t the earliers tagesa re definitelyn ot
counter-strokBel ackm ay exceedth e boundso f the feasiblea nd advar.rtageoAuss a. resultth eyw illb ep layedo ut withm achinegun
firrishu p irra crampedp ositionw ith no remedyfo r thec ramp.O ne -likes peedin grandmastegra mesF. ore xampleso mev ariationosf
-
16 How the Opning is Studied Black | 7
the Chigorins ystemfo r Blacki n the RuyL opeza, nd of the ooen onlva fterm arryh ourso f study Strikingp layn owf ollows:
systemo f defence(5 AXe4) haveb eerrw orkedo ut almost 18 . . . ab! 19 Axbs+ A-cG2 0 9f3
twentv movesd eeo.
Therea res imilalro ngl inesin the 8 . . . gXb2 PoisonePd awn 'rlztlft
lineo f the Najdordf efenceir rt he Sicilian(s eed iagram1 4),a nd in
t %
the Panov-BotvinnAitkb ck againstth eC aro-Kann. 'r&
7
Letu st akea u exampleo f thed evelopmenotf a longf oicingl ine
in theS iciliarDr efence. 7:r..
After1e4c52lf3d63d4cxd44lxd4 lf6 5 Nc3 a66 7)87../lz'
AS5 e6 7 f4, Polugayevsksyu ggestetdh e move7 ... b5. The 2t
ramificationosf the lineh aveb eenw orkedo ut irrd eptha nd have
Iedt o thea doptiono f then amet he PolugayevsVkya riationI.n fact
therei s an immensea mounto f literatureo n the subjecct overitrg 20 ... ab3+l! A phetromenbalol w.2 1 cb Axbs withc heck
variousb ooksa ndm anym agazirraer ticles leavesB lac[ap ieceu p so Gr0rrfelpdr eferretdo moveh isk ingw ith
Them ainl ine,o f coursea, risesfr omt hee nerqeticco rrtinuatlogn theseque2l1 &b1 6a5 22 Ed4 trc823 [ed1 9524$xc5+
e5 de 9 fe arrdr rowt hef lextbleco urrte9r . 8c7 gxc6 25 gd3 Ae7 26 Qel O-Oa ndB lack'es xtrap ieces oonl ed
Variousa ttemptsh aveb eenm adea t the hiqhestl evelt o refute to a win.
Black'sr isky-lookinpgl ay. 10 lf3 was triedlw hen Btacko ets The grandeuor f Polugayevskyc'ost lceptb ecomesa ppaTerrl1t 1
sat,sfactoryp lay by 10 . . . b4. After that most attentioni vas the line;hich he pointedo ut straighat waya ftert he game:2 1 ab
devotedto Simagin'ms ove1 O$ e2 andf or a lor.lgti mei t wash eto Ha1+ 22 €d2 g'd7+ 23 Se3 ScS+ 2a @14g 5+ 25 €g3
thatt hisw asW hite'ss trongescto lttinuatiot.r. I xat tl tne ontyhove,e very'thinegll e(cid:0)losinga. st h-e! e1*)r.can
lr'rv ariouse ventsW hitet endedto scoreq uickw irrsw rtht hisa nd 8'n""it or"h imsel2i 6 Axco Ex;1 27 AxdT+ €i8 28 gf6
otherl itlesin volving1 0 ef, but fromt imet o timet hes upporterosf He3+2 9 &12 E xe5t3o €743 [e3+ 3 1€f 2 trea+ 32€ g3
the variationa s Blacks howedt hat the suggestedim provements Ad6+ 33 €h3 Er.ha T9]9-
were not too formidablefo r White.T he processo f r*assessment
carried.owr'tit h it remaininugr .tcleawrh atw asW hite,sb est. /o 7/:A i 7/,;
_r n e taresdr evetopmenctas mei n 1979.I n the USSRS partakiad
of that yeart he questiono f first placew as decidedin the match 7,2,,51A ',,:&
betweenth e Ukrainea nd the RSFSRp. olugayevskayd optedh is ...;&/L;
lrnee xpectingh is opponentB elyavsktyo adopt 10 $e2, but 7//.::,"'/..t.tt//,1
insteadth eg randmastefrro m Lvovc ontirrue1dO e f *eS 1I A e2 '*./.7Nr,/:,' '',.1t
5t'XTghSis 1 2 O-OE e5 andr row1 3 Af3. t7/t n
., movea nd the subsequenptl anw as speciallpyr eparedfo r
lhe gamew ith Polugayevskwyr'i tesB elyavskTy.h eq- AafmsSew ento n
13.. . .. i"9.1 14 €h1 E,xf6 1s )e4 E/e7 t6 O-O1 7 You mustc oncedeth at this is a finee xampleo f the methodo f
?_)xtl! and Whtter eafisedh is positiorraald vantagew ithoutt oo studyinga n openingb y mearrso f everd eeperp etletratioinr-r to
mucht rouble. forcino"linesih. is examples howst he greatp racticabl eneiito f
leter_thayt earP olugayevskoyt] cea gaina doptedh isv ariation prepa;ngb eforea tournamerrot,r justb eforea gameT herea rea
againsGt rL.infeilndt heR igaln terzonaHl.e w ase xpectin€ g newl ine nrmb"t 6f casesit rc hessh istoryo f a gameb eitrgw otrw ithouta ny
lrom nrso pponer'tbt,u tg ot inf irstw ithh iso wni nuovatioinn volvino realp lay.T he researchearm azedh iso ppoller]wt lth a new move
a remarkabltea cticasl trokef oundb y the lvloscowg randmasteiir ai',a* oi with it.T hisi se asilyu rrderstoopds ychologicaslliyrr ceth e
the quieto f hiss tudy. effecto f arru rrexpecteird] r'lovatioinr rth eo peningis w ellk nown'
The gamew ent 10 8e2 6fd7 11 O-GO4 \c6 12 4t xc6 io*"u"r sucha tra pproachto the openingh asi ts negativsei de
ts_x":91E9{ g h61 4A h4 Ab7 151 f,e2s 'c7 16 trhef)cs too. The frequertut se of forcingl ir'lesb ecomesk rlowrrt o vour
17 €rh3 b4 18 Ab5!7 oDDoner]ts.T hev remember yoLl' favourite lilles alld rll tnelT ttlrr'l
This movem eetsw ith a refutationo f the sort that can be found prepare convincing rejortrders.A s a result the hunter ot today may
18 How the Openingi s Studied Black t9
wellb ecometh e preyo f tomorrowa. rrdV oum avf allv ictimt o such gc2 d5 variationir rt he Nimzo-lndiaDne ferrc/e/6 /.
a lightningst rokea sy ou haveb eena ccustometdo w ] bv. E,AAg. ....fr
So the playerw ho goesi n for forcingv arrationhsa st o be botd 15 t*h7zt/,L '&,t':e7,:.2;.; to
and confidenitn himselfa, nd mosto f all mustc onstantlwy ork at
tthhee oRryuT.y h Leorpeae rze,s t huec hSp llaavy Derewsf ehnoc hea.t vheec oTnatrrriabsucthe Dmd eafneynl cinee,t nsto e 'a7/t t777'l/t,fz7u,,t., ' afi7',/tt t 7t7" ',.27&.t ,,ftit't ....',/:,tt1^/t& .,2,.';,l
Oueen'sG ambitA cceptedt,h e King'sI ndianD efer]cea nd other 7z::t- 7.' a'tl.V&
open[]gs. '/zl 71.2826''//,.. "//,,, ' 't;l: 7
As eacht ourrramengto esb y thesel inesb ecomem orec ompli- t',&.t'l& ,&ft'/t ^t&W2zt
cated,a nd likea n oil drill borirrge verd eeperi nto the geological "'/t:;l l!
stratac hesst houghtp enetrateesv erd eeperi nto the unknowr]. ib\7../.2,? H
Suchs tudy,w e r]ote,i s |rot rrew.O ncea gainw e havet akeni t over Ofteng randmastegra mesw ill reachs uchp ositionasf tero trlya
from greatf igureso f the past,o 'tlyt heira nalysedse altw ith other few mirrulesp laya ndt hent he playersw ill settled ownf or a long
openingssu cha st he GiuocoP iarroa ndt he Kinq'sG ambit. think.S ometimetsh erei s a jokem adet o thej udget hat he should
Bya nalogyw itht hel inesju std escribetdh ere-arme anvs tandard set up the positiorort r the boardw ithoutf urthera doa st he actual
positionksn ownw hichd o rrota risefr omf orcingv ariationbsu t into startingp ointo f the game.
which the modernp layerw ill regularlye ntei without any real lf we concedeth at the threem ethodso f playi n the opelllllgw ere
thought.E xampleasr e the next two diagramsa risingf rom the employeda s earlya s the 19th centuryt he methodo f looking
Nimzelndiaann d King'sln dianD efences. forwardf romt heo peningto plansc onnectewd ith middleg ameo r
evene ndgames tagesm ust be considereadn irrventiono f the
1 1&.^/z /2i t A ',.& presentti me.
"'.& Them oderrgr rar.tdmasdteore sn otc onfineh imseltfo tryingf or a
%ix 2 %t good build-upin the openingh, isf ar-seeinggl ancelo oksf orward
7,, ,.2 ftl&t7 fntot he middleg amea trde vent hee ndingI.n plantrintgh el ayouot f
.rr&
%. %t7t pieceas ndp awrish ea nticipatehsis a ctionsin thel aters tageso {t he
2 a2 /z o- ame.
ft#. /&. 7,4&fr To lookr ightt o thee ndingfr omt heo perrirrmg ustb ec ollsidered
a rare phenomenonT.h ere is Tarrasch'ws ell klrowna phorlsm
waltHrg, 'between
openinga rrde ndingt he gods havem adet he middle
gameY: ett hee nvisaginogf thee ndirrga t sucha rle arlys tagem ust
_ Thesep ositionas ret akerra s the startingp ointb y theoreticians surelyb ea methodo f thef uturew herlt echrriquaes cendtso a new
for their furtherr esearchesT.h erea re qiriiea numbero f such leveol f achievemeanrtr dt he mindo f a grandmastebre comems ore
position(st abiyat o uset heA rabw ordt o describteh emj r.at t.lcient developeadn df ar reachingW. e cana lreadyq uotes omee xamples
chess- _'battle array').F or exampleo. ne may quote various of thisf oresighlto okingto wardsth ee lrding.
positionfsr om the ChrgorinS ystemin the RuyL opez( 13),o t the ln Karpov-BrownSea, nA ntonio,1 972a nda ftert hem oves1 c4
l-OlSOlledP awr] Variatior] in the Sicrlian/ /4/. c5 2 b3 Af6 3 Ab2 g6?
IJ -' ''/'.. .g-J,!-/ .././/'/. //. &.ztE' Lt, 14 17
''''LL,, "'...:,: 77t,&,, .'tx7tz
t;....,:,., . AA %
'1 ./t
i.* /& a,l,
""/:/, '/./,12 %2,
..&ft/r
"." +/,/lt 72,
,& z\7r.tfr
..ft 7.:/ 7L::7:,,
ft .fu.A.,:.,:f t /:..2: '/.ft.ft
or the star]dardm ain line position r the Caro-Kar'l(')1 5). or the 4
20 How the Opening is Studied Black
White unexpectedlpyl ayed4 AXf6 ef. How can one explaint he
excnangeo t what is normallya strong bishop for a kniqht?T he ./t glt t../.t&&, i
calculationi s simpte:W hite gets totai control *"; Jb %;i; ."" .,fr t &a7 ffii'./t
:l]l?:ylt_1 T".:l u9soeT€ 'ngS-s. rwdoer tpda wchna smuppeiorino rmityain n tahgee edn tdoi negx.B pyio aict cthuerastee &xa&, tl 2 7/2 ?
c','t"l'?:i[:3]'8?;l:%i3E::?;,o,'f.*K,g??ALz)ji3 't2 t I\A 2 ,:/,,
,/ A, t'"'/t:'.'. '/l/z N + +
l^9F d2 sas 14f ,fdl EabsG aas sxuzTe n'x-d(cid:0)z-ano +J.4&i .,./;rL.Zt +JI d& ,/t&lL
vvnrTew oft the endgamew jthout too much trouble. Hr;.:
.A srgntftcar]gta me is petrosian-Botvinnfikro m the 1963 world .4t
titlem atchA. fter1 c4 96 2 d4 -_Af36 lc3 aS a-afg Hgi7'!"e3 Sincet hat time the key positrorlm, ost often arisil'lgfr om the
9^o9 ;.".2 dc 7 [x {4 c5 8 d5 e6,W hitew enEt a;gl jr + EnglishO perringh,a s beens tudiedi niensivelbyy Sovietp layers,
1O€) Ydl Axe6 t 1 A xe6 fe. followingB otvinnik'asd vicew, ho alsos oughtt he bestm ethodo f
playa gainstth e pawn'cliff'in the cerltreT. he bestm ethodi s to
18 t A r underminteh em ostf ormidabloef the pawns- theo nea t e4 (eb).
"/./z
/lr:.t,8t KotovF urmanU, SSRC h 1948w ent1 c4 6)t6 2 Nc.3c 5 3 93
d5 4 cd AxdS 5 Ag2 4lba 6 Af3 6c6 7 O-Oe 5 8 d3 Se7 9
'//tttt" Ad2 hd4 10 Ac4 f6
7tfu"..rt7/
a r a ,
21 i 2 t't
t f . t t "t'./r.t,r.&.",.//,/,r.
7 .,.i
"'t/'/t'
,tl,n: le1Pl"y9e. "ta:r-*so,"sRs ,,iea :snlr,:s ce"e,l1oadthrt ,eele yrs tu dhlr i*adaItLg fir nrr, a .pI mJ"rrepb epop.aas^rrTiri.tvnsli logg trhrd h nart t "sss d pp'aoo;tss m"litt6rtooos,rr.wtr.w*t ; o lj;tinh;hi ,rh ninlsro outrit"a"i oiXjinn ni"e'le r ,:.Afu,\A A'"x'/^7:.:,2'."t,'',/,.,:a,&..7, r/,,,'
practrcWe hiree xptctedth es ptittrrorits E r"cii;;;;;;;i;"il;"" n
rslands. '/,/r.'TtI
- , On" T.r.l. note that if playingf or a. wirrg pawn superiority arrdr rowl 1 f4! underminirtrhge c entreA. fter1 1 . . ef 12 gf 0-0
occurredin the past- rno artjcutirE m.L askei;;; i" J;;;,g" 13 a3 Aec6 14 e3 Adfs 15 Ads+ Whiteh adf ullc ontrool f the
Iol^nlcT6. :i'r]r_t hde]iB qu - yL yoept epztIan yo irndgfeo rtr o r gneet oa pnp" o*tni"e rp.t.ro*t n h ia,'vlier,. jrs"Et ainlsdiasrse, ceOr'rntreec .anf ind matrys uche xampleosf the openirrg/middglea me
creaflya producot f our davs. linki n Botvinnik'gsa mesa, ndt he samea ppliesto KarpovT husi n
_- Playintgh e,openinwg itht he middleg amei n mindi s a powerful the RuvL ooezh e haso ftens coredc omparativeelya syv ictoriesb y
weapon in the handso f modern giandmastersT.n e ieading thes amep lano f suffocatintgh eo ppolrenot rrb othf lanksa ndi nt he
repres€ntativeosf the scientifipc lanniigs tyle, .r" i "rr, Loi)ii,.rr cer'rtre.
and Karpov,h ave demonstratedim pr:essivue" urpf". ?".ran lam often askedo rr my travelst o differentc our'ltrlehso w
strategy.
operringasr es tudiedin the SovieUt triona trdw hetherit ist ruet hat
,^-?_o^Y|1I l"l "lu oJten,b otha s Whitea nd Btacku. sedt he oawrr compuiersa re usedi n systematisinregs earcho r.lo penir.lgTsh en
Tormatrosre'te rirr rh isg amew ithL isitsiinn t heV osco* l,ltenia[i,,raf againl am oftenp osedth e questionh,o w matryc ard-indefxil eso n
tounramero'rIt 1935.-/( 9 )
operrirrgthse rea rei n the USSR.
- ,Withm anouevrecsl earlyp lanneol. t advanceh e exploitedth is lcan say straighta wayt hat the irrformatioonn whicht hese
:9y.:ill1g";Jh9thf es trateswya sr epeateindt nu. are JuJniJirr .l" questior'rasr e based is exaggeratedW. e do not yet have,
null y"gf rhlst imea sW hriea gairsit tl;ent"ar bo) un fortur] atelya,n yo penit'tcgo mputersT.h erei sa cardi rrdexir 'lt he
IluUo-rll t!hhe-e ?b_oo aarrdd rr oouurnrddaa ,rrdd tt h6ee opaawwnn lt oor.mrya.ttraatr,r,ios ,r r.dr er,:rcaHte. re CentraCl hessC lubi n Moscowb, ut itss copet,o my mind,i sc learly
too Botv I tr kw on elegar]ly.
inadequate.