Korean War vol 1 : almanac and primary sources

288 Pages·2002·5.33 MB·English

by  Sonia Benson

KW-Alm.tpgs 9/29/03 10:57 AM Page 3
Korean War
Almanac and
Primary Sources
Sonia G. Benson
Gerda-Ann Raffaelle, Editor
KWAPSFM 9/18/2001 6:11 PM Page iv
Sonia G. Benson
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e
Staff
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Gerda-Ann Raffaelle, U•X•L Editor
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Carol DeKane Nagel, U•X•L Managing Editor
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Thomas L. Romig, U•X•L Publisher
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Robyn V. Young, Project Manager, Imaging and Multimedia Content
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Robert Duncan, Senior Imaging Specialist

y Kim Davis, Permissions Associate, Text
r Tracey Rowens, Senior Art Director, Cover Design
a Pamela A. E. Galbreath, Senior Art Director, Page Design
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LM Design, Typesetter
i Rita Wimberley, Senior Buyer
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P Evi Seoud, Assistant Manager, Composition Purchasing and Electronic Prepress
Front cover photograph of Republic of Korea troops in camouflage repro-
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duced by permission of AP/Wide World Photos, Inc. Back cover photograph
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of United Nations soldiers at the 38th parallel reproduced by permission of
a Archive Photos, Inc.

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a Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
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Benson, Sonia.
a
Korean War : almanac and primary sources / Sonia G. Benson ;
m
Gerda-Ann Raffaelle, editor.
l p. cm.
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Includes bibliographical references and index.

: Summary: A comprehensive overview of the Korean War, including
r biographies and full or excerpted memoirs, speeches, and other source
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documents.
W
ISBN 0-7876-5691-7 (hc. : alk. paper)
1. Korean War, 1950–1953—Juvenile literature. 2. Korea—History—
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20th century—Juvenile literature. 3. United States—Biography—Juve-
a nile literature. [1. Korean War, 1950–1953. 2. Korean War,
e 1950–1953—Sources.] I. Raffaelle, Gerda-Ann. II. Title.
r
o DS918 B386 2001
951.904’2–dc21 2001044242
K
This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright
laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other
applicable laws. The author and editors of this work have added value to the
underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following:
unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and
classification of the information. All rights to this publication will be vigor-
ously defended.
Copyright © 2002 U•X•L, an imprint of The Gale Group
All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in
any form.
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Contents
Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Korean War Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Words to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Almanac:
1: Background to the War:
The Japanese Occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2: The Cold War Comes to Korea:
1945–1948 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3: A Divided Korea Heads for War:
1948–1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4: The Invasion of South Korea:
June 25–30, 1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5: The United States Joins the War:
July 1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6: Turning the Tide: The Pusan Perimeter . . . . 73
7: From Inchon to the Chinese Border . . . . . 89
8: China Enters the War . . . . . . . . . . . 109
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9: The Second Retreat of the
United Nations Command . . . . . . . . . . 129
10: Negotiations at the 38th Parallel . . . . . . 145
11: War and Peace Talks . . . . . . . . . . . 159
12: Prisoners of War and the
Peace Negotiations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
13: An End to the Fighting . . . . . . . . . . 189
Primary Sources:
Otto F. Apel Jr., M.D.: MASH: An Army
Surgeon in Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Keyes Beech: “Fire and Ice” . . . . . . . . . . 215
Marguerite Higgins: “The Great Gamble
at Inchon” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Kim Il Sung: “What Should We Do
and How Should We Work This Year?” . . . . . 231
Douglas MacArthur:
“Address to Congress” . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Mao Zedong: “Nuclear Weapons
Are Paper Tigers” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Survivors of the No Gun Ri Incident:
“Bridge at No Gun Ri: Survivors’ Petition” . . . 253
Paik Sun Yup: From Pusan to Panmunjom:
Wartime Memoirs of the Republic of
Korea’s First Four-Star General . . . . . . . . . 261
Bill Shinn: The Forgotten War Remembered:
Korea, 1950–1953 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Harry S. Truman: “President’s Address:
Korean War Dismissal of General
Douglas MacArthur” . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Ted White: “The Killing Ground” . . . . . . . 283
Larry Zellers: In Enemy Hands:
A Prisoner in North Korea . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Where to Learn More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
vi Korean War: Almanac and Primary Sources
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Reader’s Guide
Along with being the “forgotten war” that no one wants to
think about and the “wrong war” that the world powers
probably should have avoided, the Korean War was a war that
lacked definition. It had no exact beginning or end. The tradi-
tional dates are 1950 to 1953, from the North Koreans’ inva-
sion of South Korea to the signing of the armistice. Many his-
torians, however, place the beginning of the war in 1945,
when the United States and the Soviet Union began their occu-
pations of the country, splitting it in two in a way that the
Koreans had never imagined. Though the fighting ended in
1953, the country is still divided: many Koreans have not seen
nor heard from family and loved ones—mother, father, sister,
husband, friend, cousin—nor have they been allowed to
return to their homeland for fifty years. For them, the war is
not over.
The Korean War was neither civil war nor foreign con-
quest. Although the initial armed conflict was between the
communist government of North Korea and the Westernized
dictatorship in South Korea, these two opposing factions
were created and supported by outsiders. In effect, Korea
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became a playing field for the cold war powers, so much so
that many histories of the war written in the United States
barely mention the Korean people and their struggles at all.
But an estimated two million Korean civilians died during the
war, leaving the survivors to rebuild a thoroughly decimated
country.
Korean War: Almanac and Primary Sources explores the
Korean War through thirteen chapters and twelve documents.
The Almanac chapters provide a solid overview of the war,
from its underlying causes to its major battles through its
drawn-out peace process. The twelve primary source docu-
ments include excerpted speeches, memoirs, oral histories, war
correspondents’ reports, and government documents pertain-
ing to the war. Each of the primary source documents is
divided into these sections:
• Introductory material places the document and its
author in an historical context
• Things to rememberoffers readers important background
information about the featured text
• Excerptpresents the document in its original format
• What happened next discusses the impact of the docu-
ment on both the speaker and his or her audience
• Did you know?provides interesting facts about each doc-
ument and its author
Additionally, each excerpt is accompanied by a glossary run-
ning alongside the document that defines terms, people, and
ideas discussed within the document.
Throughout the volume are numerous sidebar boxes
that highlight people and information of special interest, while
eighty-five black-and-white photographs help illustrate the
material covered in the text. Each chapter and primary source
entry offers a list of additional sources students can refer to for
more information, including sources used in writing the text.
Finally, the volume begins with a timeline of important events
in the Korean War and a “Words to Know” section that intro-
duces students to difficult or unfamiliar terms. It concludes
with a general bibliography and a subject index so students can
easily find the people, places, and events discussed throughout
Korean War: Almanac and Primary Sources.
viii Korean War: Almanac and Primary Sources
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Related Source
Korean War: Biographies presents the life stories of
twenty-five people who played pivotal roles in the Korean
War, from the leaders of the world powers who created the sit-
uation that led to war to the leaders of Korea who found them-
selves on either side of a demarcation line despite their want-
ing the same thing: a unified country. This volume contains
fifty photographs, numerous sidebar boxes, sources for further
study, a timeline of events, a glossary, and a subject index.
Comments and Suggestions
We welcome your comments on this work as well as
your suggestions for topics to be featured in future editions of
Korean War: Almanac and Primary Sources.Please write: Editors,
Korean War: Almanac and Primary Sources,U•X•L, 27500 Drake
Rd., Farmington Hills, MI 48331–3535; call toll-free:
1–800–877–4253; fax: [phone]; or send e-mail via
www.galegroup.com.
Reader’s Guide ix
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Acknowledgments
Following is a list of the copyright holders who have granted
us permission to reproduce excerpts from primary source
documents in Korean War: Almanac and Primary Sources. Every
effort has been made to trace copyright; if omissions have been
made, please contact us:
Apel, Otto F., Jr. From MASH: An Army Surgeon in Korea.
University Press of Kentucky, 1998. Copyright © 1998 by The
University Press of Kentucky. All rights reserved. Reproduced by
permission of The University Press of Kentucky.
Beech, Keyes. From Tokyo and Points East.Doubleday &
Company, Inc., 1954. Copyright, 1954, by Keyes Beech ©. All
Rights Reserved.
Higgins, Marguerite. From War in Korea: The Report of a
Woman Combat Correspondent. Doubleday & Company, Inc.,
1951. Copyright, 1951, by Marguerite Higgins. All Rights
Reserved. Reproduced by permission.
Kim Il Sung. “What Should We Do and How Should
We Work This Year?,” from On Juche in Our Revolution.Foreign
Languages Publishing House, 1980.
xi
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Mao Zedong. “Nuclear Weapons Are Paper Tigers,”
from “Talk with the American Correspondent Anna Louise
Strong, August 1946,” from Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung,
Volume IV. Foreign Language Press [Beijing], 1961. Repro-
duced by permission.
No Gun Ri Incident Survivors. “Bridge at No Gun Ri:
Survivors’ Petition,” from a letter to President Bill Clinton of
September 10, 1997. Associated Press, 2000. Copyright 2000
Associated Press. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.
Paik Sun Yup. From From Pusan to Panmunjom: Wartime
Memoirs of the Republic of Korea’s First Four-Star General.
Brassey’s, 1992. Copyright © 1992 by Gen. Paik Sun Yup. All
rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.
Shinn, Bill. From The Forgotten War Remembered: Korea,
1950–1953; A War Correspondent’s Notebook and Today’s Danger
in Korea. Hollym International Corporation, 1996. Copyright
© 1996 by Bill Shinn. All rights reserved. Reproduced by per-
mission.
White, Ted. “The Killing Ground,” from Rudy Tomedi’s
No Bugles, No Drums: An Oral History of the Korean War. John
Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1993. Copyright © 1993, 1994 by Rudy
Tomedi. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.
Zellers, Larry. From In Enemy Hands: A Prisoner in North
Korea. University Press of Kentucky, 1991. Copyright © 1991
by The University Press of Kentucky. All rights reserved. Repro-
duced by permission of The University Press of Kentucky.
xii Korean War: Almanac and Primary Sources
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Korean War Timeline
1905 Japan declares Korea its protectorate.
1907 Widespread rebellion against Japanese rule rages
through Korea. The Japanese brutally repress the
Korean rebels, killing thousands.
1910 Japan annexes Korea, beginning a thirty-five-year colo-
nial rule.
March 1, 1919 Protestors against Japanese rule read a Procla-
mation of Independence in Seoul, the capital of Korea,
initiating a massive nationwide protest, later known as
the March First Movement. The Japanese respond with
deadly force.
1919 The first Korean Communist Party is formed in Siberia,
a region in the Soviet Union.
1919 The Korean Provisional Government is formed in
Shanghai, China; Korean independence leader Syng-
man Rhee, residing in the United States, is named its
president.
1931 Japan invades Manchuria, China, extending its indus-
trial empire from Korea into Manchuria.
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