Knowledge-Intensive Entrepreneurship: An Analysis of the European Textile and Apparel Industries

186 Pages·2018·2.38 MB·English

by  Nancy J. Hodges

International Studies in Entrepreneurship
Nancy J. Hodges
Albert N. Link
Knowledge-
Intensive
Entrepreneurship
An Analysis of the European Textile and
Apparel Industries
International Studies in Entrepreneurship
Series editors:
Zoltan J. Acs
George Mason University
Fairfax, VA, USA
David B. Audretsch
Indiana University
Bloomington, IN, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6149
Nancy J. Hodges • Albert N. Link
Knowledge-Intensive
Entrepreneurship
An Analysis of the European Textile
and Apparel Industries
Nancy J. Hodges Albert N. Link
Department of Consumer, Apparel, Department of Economics
and Retail Studies University of North Carolina at Greensboro
University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro, NC, USA
Greensboro, NC, USA
ISSN 1572-1922 ISSN 2197-5884 (electronic)
International Studies in Entrepreneurship
ISBN 978-3-319-68776-6 ISBN 978-3-319-68777-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68777-3
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017954914
© Springer International Publishing AG 2018
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Contents
1 Setting the Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 The European Textile and Apparel Industries: An Institutional
and Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3 Trends in the European Textile and Apparel Industries . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4 The AEGIS Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5 Characteristics of KIE Textile and Apparel Firms and Founders . . . 53
6 Sources of Knowledge Used by KIE Textile and Apparel Firms . . . . 81
7 T he Strategic Behavior of KIE Textile and Apparel Firms . . . . . . . . . 105
8 T he Entrepreneurial Performance of KIE Textile
and Apparel Firms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
9 T he Antecedents of Entrepreneurial Performance in KIE Textile
and Apparel Firms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
10 P rescriptions for Growth for US Textile and Apparel Firms . . . . . . . 145
11 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
v
List of Figures
Fig. 1.1 Representation of direct and indirect paths from sources
of knowledge to entrepreneurial performance .................................... 14
Fig. 3.1 Annual growth rate in industrial production
in the EU textile and apparel industries, 2002–2013 .......................... 32
Fig. 3.2 Annual growth rate in employment in the EU textile
and apparel industries, 2002–2013 ..................................................... 32
Fig. 3.3 Annual growth rate in hours worked in the EU textile
and apparel industries, 2002–2013 ..................................................... 33
Fig. 3.4 Annual growth rate in labor productivity per person
employed in the EU textile and apparel industries, 2002–2013 ......... 33
Fig. 6.1 Illustration of mean firm responses about the importance
of factors for the formation of the company, by industry ................... 84
Fig. 6.2 Illustration of mean firm responses about the importance
of alternative sources of knowledge for exploring
new business opportunities, by industry ............................................. 86
Fig. 6.3 Representation of direct and indirect paths from sources
of knowledge to entrepreneurial performance .................................. 103
Fig. 7.1 Representation of direct and indirect paths from sources
of knowledge to entrepreneurial performance .................................. 105
Fig. 7.2 Illustration of mean firm contribution of factors
in creating and sustaining the competitive advantage
of the company, by industry .............................................................. 109
Fig. 7.3 Illustration of mean firm agreement to statements about
the sensing and seizing of opportunities within the firm,
by industry ........................................................................................ 117
Fig. 8.1 Illustration of descriptive data on measures
of entrepreneurial performance, by industry ..................................... 137
Fig. 9.1 Representation of the indirect paths from sources
of knowledge to entrepreneurial performance .................................. 144
Fig. 10.1 Annual growth rate in US employment in the textile
mills industry, 2006–2015 ................................................................. 148
vii
viii List of Figures
Fig. 10.2 Annual growth rate in US employment in the textile
product mills industry, 2006–2015 ................................................... 149
Fig. 10.3 Annual growth rate in US employment in the apparel
industry, 2006–2015 .......................................................................... 149
Fig. 10.4 Textile fibers (HS codes 50–53, 55, and 63) import
and export, 2006–2015 ...................................................................... 152
Fig. 10.5 Textile (NAICS 313) domestic shipment (Production),
1997–2012......................................................................................... 152
Fig. 10.6 Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up articles, NES, and retail
products (HS codes 50–60, 63, and 65) import and export,
2006–2015......................................................................................... 153
Fig. 10.7 Apparel (NAICS 315) domestic shipment (production),
1997–2012......................................................................................... 153
Fig. 10.8 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories
(HS codes 61, 62, and 65) import and export, 2006–2015 ............... 154
List of Tables
Table 1.1 Characterization of the static versus dynamic roles
of an entrepreneur ............................................................................. 5
Table 1.2 Definitions of knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship (KIE) ............ 8
Table 3.1 Taxonomy of the European textile industry ..................................... 30
Table 3.2 Taxonomy of the European apparel industry .................................... 31
Table 3.3 Number of EU textile industry enterprises,
by country, 2005–2014 ..................................................................... 35
Table 3.4 Number of EU textile industry employees,
by country, 2005–2014 ..................................................................... 37
Table 3.5 Number of EU apparel industry enterprises,
by country, 2005–2014 ..................................................................... 39
Table 3.6 Number of EU apparel industry employees,
by country, 2005–2014 ..................................................................... 41
Table 4.1 AEGIS sampling population and survey sample,
by country ......................................................................................... 48
Table 4.2 Distribution of AEGIS firms, by country and by sector ................... 49
Table 4.3 Distribution of AEGIS firms in the European textile
and apparel industries, by country .................................................... 50
Table 4.4 Segmentation of EU industries, by sector ........................................ 52
Table 5.1 Distribution of AEGIS firms in the European textile
and apparel industries, by country .................................................... 55
Table 5.2 Characteristics of textile and apparel firms ...................................... 56
Table 5.3 Correlation matrix among firm age, number
of full-time employees, number of part- time employees,
and percent of workers that are part-time employees,
by industry ........................................................................................ 58
Table 5.4 Characteristics of textile and apparel firm founders ......................... 59
Table 5.5 Human capital and financial capital characteristics
of textile and apparel firms ............................................................... 60
Table 5.6 Percent of textile founders by most recent
occupational experience, by country (n = 91) .................................. 63
ix
x List of Tables
Table 5.7 Percent of apparel founders by most recent occupational
experience, by country (n = 84) ........................................................ 64
Table 5.8 Correlation matrix among founder age, education,
and experience, by industry .............................................................. 65
Table 5.9 Firm founder characteristics in the textile
and apparel industries, by gender ..................................................... 66
Table 5.10 Characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs
and established entrepreneurs in firms in the textile
and apparel industries ....................................................................... 68
Table 5.11 Annotated literature review related to financial capital .................... 70
Table 5.12 Annotated literature review related
to nascent entrepreneurs ................................................................... 78
Table 6.1 Mean firm responses about the importance
of factors for the formation of the company, by industry ................. 84
Table 6.2 Mean firm responses about the importance
of alternative sources of knowledge for exploring
new business opportunities, by industry ........................................... 86
Table 6.3 Mean textile firm responses about the importance
of factors for the formation of the company,
by country (n = 91) ........................................................................... 88
Table 6.4 Mean apparel firm responses about the importance
of factors for the formation of the company,
by country (n = 84) ........................................................................... 89
Table 6.5 Mean textile firm responses about the importance
of alternative sources of knowledge for exploring
new business opportunities, by country (n = 91) .............................. 90
Table 6.6 Mean apparel firm responses about the importance
of alternative sources of knowledge for exploring
new business opportunities, by country (n = 84) .............................. 91
Table 6.7 Correlation matrix between the importance
of factors for the formation of the company
from the perspective of textile firms (n = 91) ................................... 94
Table 6.8 Correlation matrix between the importance of factors
for the formation of the company from the perspective
of apparel firms (n = 84) ................................................................... 95
Table 6.9 Correlation matrix between the importance of alternative
sources of knowledge for exploring new business
opportunities from the perspective of textile firms (n = 91) ............. 97
Table 6.10 Correlation matrix between the importance
of alternative sources of knowledge for exploring
new business opportunities from the perspective
of apparel firms (n = 84) ................................................................... 99
Table 7.1 Mean firm responses about the contribution
of factors in creating and sustaining the competitive
advantage of the company, by industry .......................................... 108