Knowledge Encyclopedia Human Body!

210 Pages·2017·73.926 MB·English

KNOWLEDGE ENCYCLOPEDIA
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KNOWLEDGE ENCYCLOPEDIA
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CONTENTS
Senior Art Editor Smiljka Surla
Senior Editor Rona Skene
BODY BASICS
Medical Consultant Dr Kristina Routh
Contributors Anna Claybourne, John Farndon,
John Friend, Nicola Temple What makes a body? 8
3D illustrators Arran Lewis, Rajeev Doshi
Inside a cell 10
Additional Illustrations Michael Parkin,
Stem support 12
Maltings Partnership
DNA – instructions for life 14
Editors Tim Harris, Andrea Mills
Stages of life 16
Designer Simon Murrell
DK Picture Library Romaine Werblow
Picture Researcher Deepak Negi
Managing Editor Lisa Gillespie
Managing Art Editor Owen Peyton Jones
Producer, Pre-Production Catherine Williams
Senior Producer Anna Vallarino
Jacket designers Suhita Dharamjit, Surabhi Wadhwa
Jackets design development manager Sophia MTT
Senior DTP designer Harish Aggarwal
Jackets editorial coordinator Priyanka Sharma BODY SYSTEMS
Jackets editor Claire Gell
Publisher Andrew Macintyre
All systems go 20
Art Director Karen Self
Associate Publishing Director Liz Wheeler Skin, hair, and nails 22
Design Director Phil Ormerod Body cover 24
Publishing Director Jonathan Metcalf Skeletal system 26
Muscular system 30
Nervous system 38
First published in Great Britain in 2017 by
Dorling Kindersley Limited Neuron network 40
80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL
Endocrine system 42
Copyright © 2017 Dorling Kindersley Limited Hormones for growing up 44
A Penguin Random House Company
Cardiovascular system 46
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Lymphatic system 48
001–299419–August/2017
Attack and defence 50
All rights reserved. Body defender 52
No part of this publication may be reproduced,
Respiratory system 54
stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, Digestive system 56
recording, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the copyright owner. Urinary system 58
Reproductive system 60
A CIP catalogue record for this book
is available from the British Library.
ISBN: 978-0-2412-8685-2
Printed and bound in China
A WORLD OF IDEAS:
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HEAD AND NECK ABDOMEN AND PELVIS
Skull 64 Inside the abdomen 136
Facial muscles 66 Stomach 138
Inside the head 68 Food and nutrition 140
Brain 70 Pancreas and gallbladder 142
Brain pathways 72 Liver 144
Control centre 74 Small intestine 146
Mouth and throat 76 Villi 148
Teeth and chewing 78 Large intestine 150
Tongue and nose 80 Pelvis 152
Rough tongue 82 Kidneys 154
Eye 84 Blood filters 156
Vision 86 Water for life 158
Iris 88 Female reproduction 160
Ear 90 Male reproduction 162
Balance and hearing 92 Sperm and egg 164
The growing foetus 166
CHEST AND BACK
LEGS AND FEET
Ribs and chest muscles 96
Back support 98
Hip and thigh 170
Backbone 100
Inside a bone 172
Spinal cord 102
Flexible cartilage 174
Heart 104
Knee and lower leg 176
Inside the heart 106
Ankle and foot 178
Blood vessels 108
Ligaments and tendons 180
Blood 110
Lungs 112
Lung lining 114
BODY SCIENCE
Breathing and speech 116
Medical milestones 184
ARMS AND HANDS The inside story 188
Healthy humans 190
Future bodies 192
Shoulder 120
Bodies in space 194
Arm and elbow 122
Space workout 196
Flexible joints 124
Record breakers 198
Mighty muscles 126
Skeletal muscle 128
Hand 130 Glossary 200
Hands in action 132 Index 204
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BODY BASICS
The smallest structure found in living things is the cell, and
trillions of them make up each human body. These building
blocks of life each have a specific job. They are constantly
dividing to produce new cells that allow the body to grow
and repair itself.
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8
MAKING A HUMAN Atoms and molecules Cell
The smallest parts in the body are atoms. Molecules build up to create body cells.
Everything in the body These tiny building blocks form the elements There are about 37 trillion cells in the
is made up of atoms, the in the body, such as carbon. Atoms can also average human, with different types
tiniest building blocks of join together in groups called molecules – for of cells carrying out a variety of body
example, water is a molecule, made from a functions, from transporting oxygen
matter. Atoms combine to
combination of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. to sensing light and colour in the eye.
form molecules. Millions
of molecules form every
cell in the body. There are
more than 200 types of cell,
with similar cells working
in teams called tissues. The
body’s many organs and
systems are made up
of different tissues.
ATOM CELL STOMACH TISSUE
WHAT MAKES
TYPES OF
TISSUE
Tissues are groups of
A BODY?
connected cells. Many
tissues are made
entirely from one type
of cell. The four main
types of tissue in the
The human body is made from the same components as every
human body are
other living thing. It is the way that they are put together that
connective, epithelial,
makes our bodies uniquely human. The basic materials are simple muscular, and nervous.
chemicals such as water, carbon, and oxygen, but they join to
create more complex compounds. Trillions of microscopic cells Nerve tissue
Large groups of nerve cells create
become the building blocks of life, grouping together to form THE HARDEST nervous tissue. This forms the brain,
spinal cord, and masses of nerves
skin, bone, blood, and organs, until the body becomes complete. TISSUE IN THE
that work together in the nervous
HUMAN BODY system, the body’s high-speed
IS TOOTH ENAMEL. communications network.
BODY BASICS Others 6.5% Other elements = less than 1.0%
Iron 0.006%
More than 93 per cent of the human body
consists of three chemical elements – oxygen Sodium 0.2%
(65%), carbon (18.5%), and hydrogen (10%). Potassium 0.4%
Nitrogen (3%), calcium (1.5%), and phosphorus Hydrogen 10% Phosphorus 0.4%
(1%) are also present in significant amounts. The most common
Calcium 1.5%
element in the universe,
At least 54 chemical elements feature in total,
hydrogen has the tiniest Nitrogen 3.2%
but most of these are tiny traces.
atoms, and is mostly
bonded with carbon ENLARGEMENT
or oxygen in the body.
A 10-YEAR-OLD’S Oxygen 65%
About two-thirds of the Carbon 18.5% Precious elements
BODY CONTAINS
body is oxygen. Most of Nearly one-fifth of The human body contains a
66 GRAMS OF POTASSIUM, the oxygen is bonded with the body is carbon, the tiny amount of gold – less
THE SAME AMOUNT AS IN hydrogen to form H2O – the same element that coal, than the weight of a grain
chemical formula for water. diamond, and the lead of of sand. Most of the body’s
156 BANANAS.
pencils are made from. gold is in the blood.
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