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Knowledge Ascriptions This page intentionally left blank Knowledge Ascriptions EDITED BY Jessica Brown and Mikkel Gerken 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries #Theseveralcontributors2012 Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2012 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Dataavailable ISBN978–0–19–969370–2 PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby MPGBooksGroup,BodminandKing’sLynn LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. Acknowledgements Ancestorsofmanyofthecontributionswerepresentedataworkshoponknowledge ascriptions held at the Arche´ Research Centre at the University of St Andrews, on 16–17October2010.WearegratefultoLynnHyndandYuriCathfortheirhelpin running the workshop. We are very thankful to Andrea Onofri for providing the index. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge financial support for the work of the researchcentrefromtheArtsandHumanitiesResearchCouncil,UKandtheLever- hulmeTrust. The volume would, of course, not have been completed without the bright ideas and hard work of the contributors. We would like to thank each of them for their commitment,timelinessandfortheircollaborativespirit. Finally,wewouldliketothankPeterMomtchiloffofOxfordUniversityPressforall hishelpinseeingthisvolumethroughtocompletion;andtherestofthehelpfulstaffat OxfordUniversityPress. JessicaBrown MikkelGerken This page intentionally left blank Contents NotesonContributors viii 1. Introduction KnowledgeAscriptions:TheirSemantics,CognitiveBases, andSocialFunctions 1 JessicaBrownandMikkelGerken 2. Words,ConceptsandEpistemology 31 JessicaBrown 3. ArguingforShiftyEpistemology 55 JeremyFantlandMatthewMcGrath 4. Knowledge,Bets,andInterests 75 BrianWeatherson 5. PresuppositionalEpistemicContextualismandtheProblemof KnownPresuppositions 104 MichaelBlome-Tillmann 6. AbilitiesandKnow-HowAttributions 120 EphraimGlick 7. OntheCognitiveBasesofKnowledgeAscriptions 140 MikkelGerken 8. MindreadinginGettierCasesandSkepticalPressureCases 171 JenniferNagel 9. Knowledge,Experiments,andPracticalInterests 192 ÁngelPinillos 10. SocialFunctionsofKnowledgeAttributions 220 JamesR.Beebe 11. GroupKnowledgeAttributions 243 JenniferLackey 12. EpistemicScorekeeping 270 PatrickRysiew Index 295 Notes on Contributors JAMES R. BEEBE, State University of New York at Buffalo. Beebe has worked widely in epistemology.Inhisresearchhehasutilizedbothexperimentalandmoretraditionalmethods. MICHAEL BLOME-TILLMANN, McGill University. Blome-Tillmann’s research has mainly concernedepistemologyandthephilosophyoflanguagewithanemphasisontheintersection ofthoseareas. JESSICABROWN,UniversityofStAndrews,DirectorofArche´.Brownhasworkedontopicsin epistemology,philosophyofmindandphilosophyoflanguage.Shealsohasstronginterestsin philosophicalmethodology. JEREMYFANTL,UniversityofCalgary.Fantl’sresearchhasbeenconcernedwithawidevarietyof topicsinepistemologyandtheirconnectiontoaction. MIKKEL GERKEN, University of Copenhagen. Gerken works primarily in the intersection of epistemology and philosophy of mind. Moreover, he has interests in cognitive psychology, philosophyoflanguageandphilosophicalmethodology. EPHRAIMGLICK,UniversityofStAndrews.Glickworksonphilosophyoflanguageandmind, withafocusontheareasinwhichthesefieldsintersectwitheachotherandwithmetaphysicsand epistemology. JENNIFER LACKEY, Northwestern University. Lackey’s research is centred on various issues in epistemologyand,inparticular,issuesinsocialepistemology.Theseincludetestimony,disagree- ment,groupknowledgeandthenormsofassertion. MATTHEWMCGRATH,UniversityofMissouri.McGrathpursuesresearchonavarietyoftopicsin epistemologyaswellasonavarietyoftopicsinmetaphysics. JENNIFER NAGEL, University of Toronto. Nagel specializes in epistemology, but has also con- ductedempiricalresearchonintuitiveepistemicassessments,collaboratingwithsocial,develop- mentalandcognitivepsychologists. A´NGEL PINILLOS, Arizona State University. Pinillos works on epistemology and philosophy of language but he also has interests in metaphysics, logic, meta-ethics as well as experimental philosophyanditsmethodology. PATRICKRYSIEW,UniversityofVictoria.MostofRysiew’sworkfallswithinepistemologybuthe integratesmuchofthisresearchwithissuesinphilosophyoflanguage,suchaspragmatics. BRIAN WEATHERSON, University of Michigan/Arche´, University of St Andrews. Weatherson specializes in epistemology and philosophy of language but he has wide research interests in metaphysics,philosophyofmind,logicanddecisiontheory. 1 Introduction Knowledge Ascriptions: Their Semantics, Cognitive Bases, and Social Functions Jessica Brown and Mikkel Gerken 1.1 Introduction Knowledgeascriptionsoftheform“Sknowsthatp”havebeenastapleofepistemo- logicaltheorizingforalongtime.However,duringthelastdecadeorsotherehasbeen an increased focus on knowledge ascriptions in epistemology and in debates about philosophicalmethodology. Thepresentanthologybringstogetheranumberofdiversestrandsofcontemporary researchthathavefocusedonknowledgeascriptions.Onesuchstrandisthe“linguistic turn” according to which knowledge ascriptions in ordinary language, together with thebestlinguistictheoryofsuchascriptions,provideimportantevidenceforepistemo- logicaltheorizing.Anotheristhe“cognitiveturn”inwhichresearchincognitivescience including,forexample,thepsychologyofintuitivejudgment,isinvokedtoshedlight on the nature of knowledge ascriptions. Finally, recent years have witnessed a “social turn” within which the social functions of knowledge ascriptions are considered in relation to the growing field of social epistemology. These three “turns” have in common that they raise important methodological questions regarding the nature andaims ofepistemologicaltheorizing.Indeed, knowledgeascriptions have beenthe centerpieceofmanydiscussionsaboutphilosophicalmethodology. Thethreestrandsofinvestigationareoftendiscussedinisolation.However,impor- tantquestionsariseabouttheirinterrelation.Arethesedifferentapproachesinconflict, or are they ultimately compatible? For instance, within the debate concerning intel- lectualismaboutknowledge-how,somehavearguedthatthelinguisticandcognitive approachesareinconflict(e.g.Noe¨2005;Johnson2006;Devittforthcoming),whereas othershavearguedthattheyaddressdifferentquestions(e.g.Glickforthcoming). Onemainaimofthepresentvolumeistoexplorethethreeturnssimultaneouslyand so gain a better understanding of their interrelations. To this end, we begin with a broadintroductiontoeachofthesethreeturns,startingwiththelinguisticturn.
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