Kinanthropometry and Exercise Physiology Laboratory Manual

353 Pages·2009·5.39 MB·English

KINANTHROPOMETRY AND EXERCISE
PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL
Volume One: Anthropometry
Kinanthropometry is the study of human body size, shape and form and how those
characteristics relate to human movement and sporting performance. In this fully updated
and revised edition of the classic guide to kinanthropometric theory and practice, leading
international sport and exercise scientists offer a clear and comprehensive introduction to
essential principles and techniques.
Each chapter guides the reader through the planning and conduct of practical and
laboratory sessions and includes a survey of current theory and contemporary literature
relating to that topic. The book is fully illustrated and includes worked examples, exercises,
research data, chapter summaries and guides to further reading throughout.
Volume One – Anthropometry – covers key topics such as:
(cid:129) Body composition, proportion and growth
(cid:129) Evaluating posture, fl exibility and range of motion
(cid:129) Children’s physiology, maturation and sport performance
(cid:129) Field work
(cid:129) Statistical methods for kinesiology and sport
(cid:129) Accurate scaling of data for sport and exercise sciences.
The Kinanthropometry and Exercise Physiology Laboratory Manual is essential reading for
all serious students and researchers working in sport and exercise science, kinesiology and
human movement.
Roger Eston (ISAK Level 3 Anthropometrist) is a Professor of Human Physiology and Head
of School of Sport and Health Sciences at Exeter University.
Thomas Reilly is Professor of Sports Science and Director of the Research Institute for Sport
and Exercise Sciences at Liverpool John Moores University.

KINANTHROPOMETRY
AND EXERCISE
PHYSIOLOGY
LABORATORY MANUAL
Tests, procedures and data
Third Edition
Volume One: Anthropometry
Edited by
Roger Eston
and
Thomas Reilly
First edition published 1996
by E & FN Spon, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
Second edition published 2001
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Third edition published 2009
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009.
To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.
© 1996 E & FN Spon, 2001, 2009 Roger Eston and Thomas Reilly for selection and
editorial matter; individual contributors, their contribution
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in
any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kinanthropometry and exercise physiology laboratory manual : tests, procedures, and
data / edited by Roger Eston and Thomas Reilly.—3rd ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Anthropometry—Laboratory manuals. 2. Exercise—Physiological aspects—
Laboratory manuals. I. Eston, Roger G. II. Reilly, Thomas, 1941-
[DNLM: 1. Biomechanics—Laboratory Manuals. 2. Anthropometry—methods—
Laboratory Manuals. 3. Exercise—physiology—Laboratory Manuals. 4. Kinesiology,
Applied—methods—Laboratory Manuals. WE 25 K51 2009]
GV435.K56 2009
599.94—dc22 2008018782
ISBN 0-203-86874-9 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 13: 978-0-415-43720-2 pbk
ISBN 13: 978-0-415-43721-9 hbk
ISBN 10: 0-415-43721-0 hbk
ISBN 10: 0-415-43720-2 pbk
ISBN 978-0-415-46671-4 set
CONTENTS
List of illustrations x
List of contributors xvii
Preface xix
Introduction xxi
PART ONE
Body composition, proportion and growth: implications for health and
performance 1
1 Human body composition 3
ROGER ESTON, MICHAEL HAWES, ALAN MARTIN AND THOMAS REILLY
1.1 Aims 3
1.2 Introduction 3
1.3 Levels of approach 4
1.4 Validity 6
1.5 The chemical model 7
1.6 Simple indices of fatness, muscularity and fat distribution 18
1.7 The anatomical model 22
1.8 Other considerations 25
1.9 Practical 1: Densitometry 25
1.10 Practical 2: Measurement of skinfolds 29
1.11 Practical 3: Simple indices of body fat distribution 35
1.12 Practical 4: Bioelectrical impedance analysis 37
1.13 Practical 5: Estimation of muscle mass and regional muscularity using in vivo-
and in vitro-derived equations 39
1.14 Practical 6: Estimation of skeletal mass 42
1.15 Practical 7: Example of a multi-component model of body composition
assessment 44
1.16 Anthropometric landmarks and measurement defi nitions 44
Acknowledgements 47
Further reading and useful websites 47
References 48
2 Somatotyping 54
WILLIAM DUQUET AND J. E. LINDSAY CARTER
2.1 Aims 54
2.2 History 54
2.3 The Heath-Carter somatotype method 55
2.4 Relevance of somatotyping 58
2.5 Practical 1: Calculation of anthropometric somatotypes 59
2.6 Practical 2: Comparison of somatotypes of different groups 64
2.7 Practical 3: Analysis of longitudinal somatotype series 68
2.8 Practical 4: Visual inspection of somatotype photographs: an introduction to
photoscopic somatotyping 69
Further reading and useful websites 71
References 71
3 Physical growth, maturation and performance 73
GASTON BEUNEN
3.1 Aims 73
3.2 Introduction 73
3.3 Reference values for normal growth 76
3.4 Biological maturation: sexual, morphological, dental maturation and skeletal
age 83
3.5 Physical fi tness 90
3.6 Summary and conclusions 96
Appendix 96
Further reading 97
References 97
PART TWO
Goniometric aspects of movement 101
4 Assessment of posture 103
PETER H. DANGERFIELD
4.1 Aims 103
4.2 Introduction 103
4.3 Curvatures and movement of the vertebral column 105
4.4 Defi ning and quantifi cation of posture 106
4.5 Assessment of posture and body shape 108
4.6 Other clinical methods of posture assessment 112
4.7 Movement analysis: Measurements in a dynamic phase of posture 115
4.8 Spinal length and diurnal variation 119
4.9 Deviation from normal posture and injury 120
4.10 Errors and reproducibility 120
4.11 Conclusion 121
4.12 Practical 1: Measurement of posture and body shape 121
4.13 Practical 2: Assessment of sitting posture 122
4.14 Practical 3: Lateral deviations 123
4.15 Practical 4: Leg-length discrepancy 123
Further reading 124
References 125
5 Flexibility 129
PETER VAN ROY AND JAN BORMS
5.1 Aims 129
5.2 Introduction and historical overview 129
5.3 Theory and application of clinical goniometry 133
5.4 Laboratory sessions: Flexibility measurements with goniometry 136
5.5 Summary and conclusion 154
Further reading 156
References 156
PART THREE
Assessment of physical activity and performance 161
6 Field methods of assessing physical activity and energy balance 163
ANN V. ROWLANDS
6.1 Aims 163
6.2 Why estimate physical activity? The need for a valid measure 163
6.3 Energy expenditure and physical activity 163
6.4 Methods of estimating physical activity or energy expenditure 164
6.5 Considerations when using accelerometers to assess physical activity 173
6.6 Multiple measures of physical activity 175
6.7 Practical 1: Relationship between selected measures of physical activity and
oxygen uptake during treadmill walking and running 176
Further reading and useful websites 177
References 178
7 Assessment of performance in team games 184
THOMAS REILLY
7.1 Aims 184
7.2 Introduction 184
7.3 Method of analyzing team performance 185
7.4 Field Tests 188
7.5 Overview 192
7.6 Practical 1: The use of repeated sprint tests 193
7.7 Practical 2: Cooper’s 12-minute run test 193
Further reading 195
References 195
8 Special considerations for assessing performance in young people 197
ALAN BARKER, COLIN BOREHAM, EMMANUEL VAN PRAAGH AND ANN V. ROWLANDS
8.1 Aims 197
8.2 Introduction 197
8.3 Growth maturation and performance 198
8.4 Anthropometric tests (body composition) 201
8.5 General considerations when assessing performance in children 202
8.6 Assessment of aerobic performance in the laboratory 203
8.7 Assessment of anaerobic performance in the laboratory 209
8.8 Adjusting aerobic and anaerobic performance for body size 216
8.9 Field tests 217
Further reading 225
References 225
PART FOUR
Special considerations 231
9 Anthropometry and body image 233
TIM S. OLDS
9.1 Aims 233
9.2 Historical Perspective 233
9.3 Theory and applications 234
9.4 Practical 1: The anthropometric characteristics of beautiful female bodies 241
9.5 Practical 2: The anthropometry of the ‘ideal’ male body 242
9.6 Practical 3: The anthropometry of Ken and Barbie 243
9.7 Practical 4: The anthropometry of the ideal face 246
9.8 Summary and conclusion 247
Further reading and useful websites 247
References 248
10 Statistical methods in kinanthropometry and exercise physiology 250
ALAN M. NEVILL, GREG ATKINSON AND MARK A. SCOTT
10.1 Aims 250
10.2 Organizing and describing data in kinanthropometry and exercise
physiology 250
10.3 Investigating relationships in kinanthropometry and exercise physiology 261
10.4 Comparing experimental data in kinanthropometry 272
10.5 Summary 291
Appendix 292
Further reading and useful websites 298
References 298
11 Scaling: adjusting for differences in body size 300
EDWARD M. WINTER AND ALAN M. NEVILL
11.1 Aims 300
11.2 Introduction 300
11.3 Historical background 301
11.4 The ratio standard: the traditional method 301
11.5 Regression standards and ANCOVA 303
11.6 Allometry and power function standards 306
11.7 Practical 1: The identifi cation of allometric relationships 307
11.8 Practical 2: Power function ratio standards 311
11.9 Elasticity 312
11.10 Allometric cascade 313
11.11 Geometric similarity and non-isometric growth 313
11.12 Scaling longitudinal data 313
11.13 Summary 314
Appendix A 315
Appendix B 316
Acknowledgement 317
Further reading and useful websites 318
References 318
Index 321