Kimberlites: Proceedings of the Third International Kimberlite Conference

456 Pages·1984·59.791 MB·English

by  J. Kornprobst (ed.)

Series
Developments in Petrology
1. K.R. Mehnert
MIGMATITES AND THE ORIGIN OF GRANITIC ROCKS
2. V. Marmo
GRANITE PETROLOGY AND THE GRANITE PROBLEM
3. J. Didier
GRANITES AND THEIR ENCLAVES
The Bearing of Enclaves on the Origin of Granites
4. J.A. O'Keefe
TEKTITES AND THEIR ORIGIN
5. C.J. Allegre and S.R. Hart (Editors)
TRACE ELEMENTS IN IGNEOUS PETROLOGY
6. F. Barker (Editor)
TRONDHJEMITES, DACITES, AND RELATED ROCKS
7. Ch.J. Hughes
IGNEOUS PETROLOGY
8. R.W. Le Maitre
NUMERICAL PETROLOGY
Statistical Information of Geochemical Data
9. M. Suk
PETROLOGY OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS
10. C.E. Weaver and Associates
SHALE-SLATE METAMORPHISM IN SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS
11B. J. Kornprobst (Editor)
KIMBERLITES. II: THE MANTLE AND CRUST-MANTLE RELATIONSHIPS
Developments in Petrology 11A
KIMBERLITES
I: KIMBERLITES AND
RELATED ROCKS
Edited by
J. KORNPROBST
Departement de Geologie et Mineralogie, Universite de Clermont II,
5 rue Kessler, 6300 Clermont-Ferrand, France
Proceedings of the "Third International Kimberlite Conference" volume I
ELSEVIER, Amsterdam — Oxford — New York — Tokyo 1984
ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.V.
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ISBN 0-444-42273-0 (Vol. 11A)
ISBN 0-444-41562-9 (Series)
© Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1984
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
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Printed in The Netherlands
ν
THIRD INTERNATIONAL KIMBERLITE CONFERENCE
Clermont Ferrand, September 1982
Sponsors
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
International Association of Volcanology
and Chemistry of the Earth1 Interior
European Union of Geosciences
Societe Geologique de France
Universite de Clermont II
Municipalite de Clermont Ferrand
Banque Nationale de Paris
Conveners: A. Nicolas and J. Kornprobst
Organizing Committee: F. Boudier, J.C. Mercier and C. Allegre
Excursion Leaders
Moho Trip : F. Boudier, A. Nicolas
R. Compagnoni, J.C. Hunziker, G. Lensch, A. Steck
Volcano Trip : E. Berger
F. Conquere, P.M. Vincent
Proceedings of the Conference :
Volume I : Kimberlites and related rocks - Contribution to a better
knowledge of the evolution of the mantle. J. Kornprobst, ed., Elsevier,
Development in Petrology Series (this volume).
Volume II : The mantle and crust/mantle relationships - Mineralogical,
Petrological and Geodynamic Processes. J. Kornprobst, ed., Elsevier,
Development in Petrology Series.
Volume III : Kimberlite III : Documents. J. Kornprobst, ed., Ann. Univ.
Clermont Fd.
Edition Secretary: M.C Kornprobst
VII
PREFACE
To convene the 1st. International Kimberlite Conference in Cape Town is
fully justified by the fact that South Africa and Bostwana together provide
more than 38% of the present world production of diamond. With considerably
smaller resources, the United States of America could (in 1977) present new
observations on diamond-bearing kimberlites recently discovered in the
Colorado-Wyoming area, and so Santa Fe situated near these kimberlite
localities, and even closer to the classical lamproites fields of New Mexico,
Arizona and Utah was a reasonable choice for the 2nd. meeting. Certainly the
next meeting scheduled for 1986 in Perth (Australia) will also demonstrate new
localities, as well as give the opportunity to visit the first diamond-bearing
lamproites ever discovered.
In 1982, the 3rd International Kimberlite Conference met in
Clermont-Ferrand, France. From historical records, no diamonds were ever found,
in the field, in France, nor were any kimberlite-1ike diatremes ever reported.
This absence of diamonds is in keeping with the existence, in this country, of
a relatively young basement (mostly dated from the time of the hercynian
orogeny: 300-500 m.y.); only a few acres of the french soil are made of older
granitic and gneissic rocks (Icartian: 1800-2000 m.y.), the surface of which is
insufficient to be ever considered as a precambrian shield. Kimberlites could
not consequently be shown to the participants of the 3rd conference. An
important miocene-quaternary basaltic volcanism nevertheless occurs, mainly in
the Massif Central: a few of the strongly undersaturated basic rocks (mostly
nephelinites with rare melilitites) could have some affinities with lavas found
in some of the kimberlite fields; a number of the volcanoes exhibit cross
sections at different levels of the maar-diatreme structures and a large number
of them contain xenoliths scavenged from shallow mantle or deep crust levels
below the volcanic areas. On the other hand, mantle derived ultramafic bodies
occur in french northern Pyrenees, closely associated with wedges of granulite
facies metamorphic rocks. Granulites and associated peridotites (the type
locality for Iherzolite is situated in this part of France) are interpreted as
uplifted blocks and can be construed as giving a picture of the crust-mantle
relationships at depth, as does the Ivrea-Verbano zone of northern Italy. These
are the reasons why it was thought that the volcanic province of the Massif
Central, the outcrops of the northern Pyrenees and the Ivrea-Verbano zone of
VIII
northern Italy could provide kimberlite-geologists with a new look at problems
generally considered within the frame of an old and stable craton on which
kimberlites are found.
The orientation and content of the papers presented in Clermont-Ferrand
were not however very different from those delivered in Cape Town or Santa Fe:
topics such as "Kimberlites, diatremes and diamonds" as well as "The mantle
sample" were largely debated in a number of sessions that represented more than
160 communications whose abstracts are to be found in Terra Cognita. The new
discoveries of Kimberlites, and diamonds in lamproites in Western Australia
gave rise to specific discussions as did new data reported on inclusions in
diamonds and their thermodynamic significance. Participants alone can judge
whether or not the Clermont Ferrand meeting was a success.
Seventy five papers were submitted for publication in the Proceedings,
coming up to nearly 1600 standart pages. The publisher had initially offered
550 pages so that mighty arguments had to be used first to convince authors to
reduce the lengths of their papers, second to convince the publisher of the
excellence of the articles. Reviewers were most helpful to achieve the first of
these goals. Given the interest that arose from the australian diamond
discoveries, a large section of the proceedings are devoted to australian
lamproites and kimberlites. A relatively large amount of the available space is
also devoted to Alpine type ultramafic bodies.
The last stage was to prepare a multiple authors camera-ready publication.
The present editor would rather forget about this episode as quickly as
possible, and will let a poet summarize some of the difficulties encountered:
'He thought he saw a Coach-and-Four
that stood beside his bed
He looked again, and found it was
a Bear without a Head
"Poor thing", he said, "Poor Silly thing !
It's waiting to be fed"1 (Lewis Carroll)
Surrealism certainly will not permeate further the scientific content of
this volume and it is my hope and belief that the following papers will serve
to improve our knowledge of the processes operative at depths in the mantle.
Jacques Kornprobst
editor
XI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The 75 manuscripts submitted to the Proceedings have been carefully read
and most generally improved by a number of Reviewers. The following Referees
are greatly acknowledged:
F. Albarede, C.J. Allegre, D.K. Bailey, R. Basu, J. Bernard-Griffiths,
Y. Bottinga, F. Boudier, F.R. Boyd, D.A. Carswell, CR. Clement, F. Conquere,
R.V. Danchin, L.R.M. Daniels, J.B. Dawson, P. Deines, J. Dickey, C. Dupuy,
P. Duvigneaud, D.H. Eggler, A.J. Erlank, G. Ernst, J. Fabries, J. Ferguson,
P.W. Francis, F. Freund, O.G. Garvie, M. Girod, W.L. Griffin, J.J. Gurney,
S.E. Haggerty, B. Harte, C.J. Hawkesworth, J.B. Hawthorne, CB. Hearn,
H. Helmstaedt, J.C Hunziker, B.B. Jahn, A.J.A. Janse, A.L. Jaques, A.P. Jones,
J. Keller, P.D. Kempton, M.B. Kirkley, B.L. Lago, B. Lasnier, M.J. Le Bas,
R.W. Le Maitre, V. Lorenz, M. Loubet, M.E. McCallum, E.S. McGee, R.M. Mclntyre,
L.G. Medaris, M. Menzies, J. Mercier, J.C. Mercier, H.O.A. Meyer,
R.M. Mitchell, A.E. Moore, J.P. Mosnier, A. Nicolas, P.H. Nixon, A. Perseil,
M. Piboule, G.P. Pooley, M. Prinz, A.M. Reid, S.H. Richardson, J.V.A. Robey,
M.G. Scharbert, B.H. Scott Smith, E.M.V. Skinner, D.C Smith, Douglas Smith,
P. Suddaby, F.L. Sutherland, E. Takahashi, A.B. Thompson, L.A. Tompkins,
J. Touret, B.J. Upton, D.Velde, P. Vidal, D. Vielzeuf, P.M. Vincent, S.Y. Wass,
K.H. Wedepohl, R.F. Wendlandt, E. Woermann, B.J. Wood, B.A. Wyatt.
Valuable suggestions have been provided by F. Boudier, A. Nicolas,
B. Velde and D. Velde. Considerable help was furnished by D. Vielzeuf all along
the realization of the books. The whole staff of the Department of Geology,
Clermont Ferrand experienced the cohabitation together with an excited editor
during one full year.
Thank you very much to all of them.
J. Kornprobst M.C Kornprobst
editor Edition Secretary
XII
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
ALEXANDER P.O. - Department of Applied Geology, University of Sagar, Sagar,
470.003, India : (1.3).
ANDERSON D.L. - Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, California 91125, U.S.A. : (IV.8).
APTER D.B. - Anglo American Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 106, Crown Mines
2025, South Africa : (II.l).
ARTYUSHKOV E.V. - Institute of Physics of the Earth, B.Gruzinskaya 10, Moscow
D.242, U.S.S.R. : (IV.2).
ATKINSON W.J. - CRA Exploration Pty. Ltd., 21 Wynyard Street, Belmont, Western
Australia 6104 : (III.2).
BAILEY D.K. - Department of Geology, University of Reading, Whiteknights,
Reading RG6 2AB, UK : (IV.3).
BERGER E.T. - Ecole Nationale des Mines de Paris, Laboratoire de Petrologie et
Thermochimie, 33 rue Saint Honore, 77305 Fontainebleau, France : (II.8).
BOCTOR N.Z. - Carnegie Institution of Washington, Geophysical Laboratory, 2801
Upton Street NW, Washington DC 20008, U.S.A. : (II.3).
BOYD F.R. - Carnegie Institution of Washington, Geophysical Laboratory, 2801
Upton Street NW, Washington DC 20008, U.S.A. : (II.3).
BUCKLEY F. - Department of Earth Sciences, The University, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK :
(II.3), (III.5).
CAMPBELL D.L. - Department of Earth Resources, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80523, U.S.A. : (1.2).
CARLSON J.A. - The Superior Oil Company, Minerals Division, 2020 Airway Avenue,
Suite 1, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, U.S.A. : (1.2).
CHAPPELL B.W. - Department of Geology, Australian National University, Canberra,
ACT 2600, Australia : (III.3).
DANCHIN R.V. - Stockdale Prospecting Ltd., 60 Wilson Street, South Yarra,
Australia : (II.6).
DAVIES C.J. - Department of Earth Sciences, The University, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK :
(III.5).
DAWSON J.B. - Department of Geology, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street,
Sheffield SI 3JD, UK.
DEMAIFFE D. - Laboratoires Associes de Geologie-Petrologie, Universite Libre de
Bruxelles, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium : (II.5).
EGGLER D.H. - Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, U.S.A. : (IV.7).
XIII
FERGUSON J. - Bureau of Mineral Resources. GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601,
Australia : (II1.3).
FIEREMANS C. - Laboratorium voor Structurele Geologie, Universiteit Leuven,
Redingenstraat 16, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium : (11.5).
FREUND F. - Mineralogische Institute, Zulpicher Strasse 49, D-5000 Koln-1,
R.F.A. : (IV.9).
GARVIE O.G. - Anglo American Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 106, Crown Mines
2025, South Africa : (IV.6).
GREGORY G.P. - Seltrust Mining Corp. Pty. Ltd., 200 Adelaide Terrace, Perth,
Western Australia 6000 : (II1.3).
GURNEY J.J. - Department of Geochemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch
7700, South Africa : (IV.11).
HAGGERTY S.E. - Department of Geology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst,
Massachusetts 01003, U.S.A. : (II.4), (IV.4).
HARPER F.J. - Anglo American Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 106, Crown Mines
2025, South Africa : (II.l).
HARRIS J.W. - Department of Applied Geology, University of Strathclyde, James
Weir Bldg, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow Gl 1XJ, UK : (11.6).
HEARN B.C. Jr. - U.S. Geological Survey, 951 National Center, Reston, Virginia
22092, U.S.A. : (II.7).
HE GUAN-ZHI - Institute of Geology, State Seismological Bureau, Beijing, China :
(III.l).
HELMSTAEDT H. - Department of Geological Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston,
Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6 : (IV.11).
HERTOGEN J. - Afdeling Fysico-chemische Geologie, Universiteit Leuven,
Celestijnenlaan 200C, B-3030 Leuven, Belgium : (II.5).
HUGHES F.E. - CRA Exploration Pty. Ltd., 21 Wynyard Street, Belmont, Western
Australia 6104 : (III.2).
JAQUES A.L. - Bureau of Mineral Resources, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601,
Australia : (111-3).
JOHNSON R.B. - Department of Earth Resources, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80524, U.S.A. : (1.2).
LE BAS M.J. - Department of Geology, The University, Leicester LEI 7RH, UK :
(II.9).
LEWIS J.D. - Geological Survey of Western Australia, Mineral House, Perth,
Western Australia 6000 : (III.3).
LORENZ V. - Department of Geology, Universitat Mainz, Saarstrasse 21, D-6500
Mainz, R.F.A. : (IV.1).
McCALLUM M.E. - Department of Earth Resources, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80523, U.S.A. : (1.1), (1.2).
XIV
McCULLOCH Μ.Τ. - Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National
University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia : (III.3).
McGEE E.S. - U.S. Geological Survey, 951 National Center, Reston, Virginia
22092, U.S.A. : (II.7).
NIXON P.H. - Department of Earth Sciences, The University, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK :
(II.3), (III.5).
PADGETT J.P. - Department of Earth Resources, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80523, U.S.A. : (1.2).
ROBINSON D.N. - Anglo American Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 106, Crown Mines
2025, South Africa : (IV.6).
SCHNEIDER M.E. - Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, U.S.A. : (IV.7).
SCOTT SMITH B.H. - Anglo American Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 106, Crown
Mines 2025, South Africa : (II.6), (III.4).
SHEE S.R. - Department of Geochemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch
7700, South Africa : (II.2).
SHRIVASTAVA V.K. - Department of Applied Geology, University of Sagar, Sagar
470.003, India : (1.3).
SKINNER E.M.V. - Department of Geology, De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd., P.O.
Box 47, Kimberley, South Africa : (III.4).
SMITH C.B. - CRA Exploration Pty. Ltd., 21 Wynyard Street, Belmont, Western
Australia 6104 : (III.2), (III.3).
SOBOLEV S.V. - Institute of Physics of the Earth, B. Gruzinskaya 10, Moscow
D.242, U.S.S.R. : (IV.2).
STRACKE K.J. - Stockdale Prospecting Ltd., 60 Wilson Street, South Yarra 3141,
Australia : (II.6).
TAYLOR L.A. - Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Tennessee,
Knoxville, Tennessee 37916, U.S.A. : (IV.10).
THIRLWALL M.F. - Department of Earth Sciences, The University, Leeds LS2 9JT,
UK : (III.5).
TOMPKINS L.A. - Department of Geology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst,
Massachusetts 01003, U.S.A. : (II.4), (IV.4).
VANNIER M. - Ecole Nationale des Mines de Paris, Laboratoire de Petrologie et
Thermochimie, 33 rue Saint Honore, 77305 Fontainebleau, France : (II.8).
WENDLANDT R.F. - Exxon Production Research Company, P.O. Box 2189, Houston,
Texas 77001, U.S.A. : (IV.5).
WOODZICK T.L. - Department of Earth Resources, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80523, U.S.A. : (1.1).
WYATT B.A. - Anglo American Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 106, Crown Mines
2025, South Africa : (II.l).