KHATAMUL ANBIYA ACCORDING TO AHMADIYYA IN INDONESIA A HISTORY OF INTERPRETATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment for the requirements to obtain the Doctoral Degree in Inter-‐religious Studies (S3-‐IRS) by Abraham Silo Wilar 08/278092/SMU/00600 TO UGM GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA YOGYAKARTA October 2015 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have helped me while I wrote this dissertation. My heartfelt thanks go to the following individuals. Bapak Edward Soerjadjaja, Bapak S.H. Sarundajang, Bapak. Jimmy Eman, Bapak Theo Sambuaga, Oma Makardi, Aunty Joan Pritchard and Ed Clark, who had been supportive to my studies at ICRS Yogyakarta and my sandwich program as well. This is a group of kindhearted men who have become God’s angles during financial hardships of the studies. My countless thanks also go to a group of professors at UGM, Duta Wacana Christian University and Sunan Kalijaga Islamic State University. I remember the timely motivation and unforgettable helps I received from those names when my soul was lost. Without the helps and motivation from Dr. Siti Syamsiatun, Prof. Dr. Machasin , Dr. Sahiron Syasuddin, Dr. al-‐Makin, Dr. Robert Setio, Prof. Dr. J.Banawiratma, Dr. Jeany Dhewayani, and Prof. Suryo Purwono, Ph.D, I believe this dissertation could not have come into being. I am particularly grateful to my parents, Max Wilar, and Elithe Mekeng, who have combined divine passion and intervention to lead me to the accomplishment of this dissertation. To me it is obviously apparent that their significant contributions in this work are remarkably divine. I also wish to thank my mentors at GPIB Bukit Zaitun, Makassar, Rev. Dambo Melatunan, and Rev. Bendjamin Louhenapessy who were so wisely allowing me to leave Makassar for writing this dissertation in Yogyakarta, putting my jobs behind me for a quite long time. My grateful heart thanks the Board Member of Presbyters at the church, either the past members or the current members, for approving me to leave the church. Ibu Marlin Huwaa, Ibu iii Nini Awusi, Bapak Leo Hehanussa, Bapak Marthinus Manganti, Bapak Edwin Hirepadja, Bapak Jimmy Mamesah, Bapak Bruce Rumangkang, Bapak Eki Dores, Bapak Bernadus Lao, Ibu Evi Tanye, Om Rhein Luhulima, and Ibu Rita Kambey. Friendship that I have established with Bapak Uud, Bapak Abdul Rozaq, Bapak Nasir Ahmad, Bapak Dr. Munawwar Ahmad, Bapak Saghir also contributed much to the accomplishment of this work. They all are member of the Jamaah Ahmadiyya Indonesia in Yogyakarta and have been gracious during the writing process. I hope we can continue the friendship we have had insofar. Rony Chandra Kristanto of Birmingham University and Hans Abdiel Harmakaputra of Boston College helped me with researching and sending me scholarly articles of various journals and made my heart so grateful during the research took place. I am so thankful for having the kind help from you both. My final thanks go to my wife and daughter, Lady Paula Reveny Mandalika and Amabelle Arivia Wilar, without whom no words at all would have been written in this dissertation. Their presences during the hardships cheered up my tired spirit, so the painstaking I had during the process was relieved when I met up with my wife and daughter. Above all, witnessing amazing moments occurred in the hardships in the past, I consider the aforementioned names with their contributions as presenting the grace of God given to me as each has sewed the God’s will in my studies. So, I am so grateful for what God has done in this work. No matter how messy, unreasonable, stressful and painful the process was, I am ready to continue the upcoming journey with God and my little family. God has been good to my family and me, and so is God in the next journey. All errors belong to me. iv ABSTRACT The meaning of khatamul anbiya in Q.33:40 has been source of discursive disputes among Muslims. While the Sunni believes in its meaning as testifying Muhammad as the last of the prophets for there is no direction left by Muhammad to appoint his successor when he died, the Shi’a shares with the Sunni group similar meaning of the phrase, in addition to its Imamate concept made up to express the group’s needs to have God’s guardianship after the demise. On the other side, the Ahmadiyya of Qadian presented by the JAI also believes Muhammad is the last of the Prophets while holding onto Ghulam Ahmad’s claim as the Promised Messiah and Prophet under authority of Muhammad. In a contrast, the Ahmadiyya of Lahore presented by the GAI rejects what the JAI believes in the claim; so, it is keeping its stance with the Sunni group. Problems of the disputes are about whether or not the word khatam or the phrase in the text only has one single meaning; and whether or not the approach used to interpret the word or the phrase counts all information about it. To deal with the problems I employ history of interpretation to offer a way out of the disputes especially the controversy arose from the JAI’s understanding over the word or the phrase. In this approach, certain thoughts applied throughout the research. I take over thoughts of Laurel Schneider, Catherine Keller, Richard Kearney and other narratives to support the approach addressing the word or the phrase. Results found in the present research show that the word khatam has historical relations to other groups in the past prior to the usage of it by Muslim, becomes the identity marker for each group in Islam, and suggests us the v meaning of the word and the phrase produced by each group as a historical product and ideology as well. Especially its meaning in the JAI is a kind of multiplicity theology in which certain reading strategy is included to make it so, presenting it as a complex religious phenomenon. Keywords: Multiplicity theology, relation, ideology, historical product, reading strategy vi INTISARI Makna dari khatamul anbiya telah menjadi diskursus perdebatan di antara Muslim. Di saat Sunni Muslim percaya arti dari frase itu adalah Muhammad sebagai nabi terakhir karena Muhammad tidak meninggalkan wasiat mengenai penerusnya di saat beliau wafat, Shi’a Muslim turut memeluk keyakinan tersebut sebagai tambahan atas konsep Imamat mereka yang berfungsi sebagai ungkapan kebutuhan terhadap Tuntunan Tuhan setelah Muhammad wafat. Pada sisi yang lain, Jamaah Ahmadiyya Indonesia juga meyakini bahwa Muhammad adalah nabi terakhir –sama seperti Sunni Muslim dan Shi’a Muslim- pada saat yang bersamaan juga memeluk keyakinan bahwa Ghulam Ahmad adalah Mesias yang dijanjikan dan Nabi di bawah otoritas Muhammad. Berbeda dengan JAI, Gerakan Ahmadiyya Indonesia tidak percaya atas klaim Ghulam Ahmad dan GAI mengikuti kepercayaan Sunni Muslim terhadap Muhammad sebagai nabi terakhir. Masalah-masalah tentang perdebatan adalah apakah arti khatam atau frase hanya memiliki satu makna. Atau, apakah pendekatan yang digunakan untuk memahami kata dan frase itu telah menghitung seluruh informasi tentang kata dan frase itu. Untuk meneliti kata dan frase itu, saya menggunakan sejarah penafsiran untuk menawarkan jalan keluar dari kontroversi yang dimunculkan dari klaim Ghulam Ahmad. Di dalam pendekatan ini, sejumlah pemikiran digunakan. Saya mengambil alih pemikiran Laurel Schneider, Catherine Keller, Richard Kearney dan beberapa narasi lainnya untuk mendukung pendekatan tersebut meneliti kata dan frase itu. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa istilah khatam memiliki relasi historis dengan kelompok-kelompok terdahulu sebelum Muslim menggunakannya, vii menjadi penanda identitas untuk setiap komunitas di Islam, dan memperlihatkan bahwa kata dan frase itu adalah produk sejarah dan sekaligus ideologi. Secara khusus arti kata dan frase ini bagi kelompok JAI merupakan suatu teologi multiplisitas di mana strategi pembacaan terlibat di dalam membentuknya, menghadirkannya sebagai suatu fenomena relijius kompleks. Katakunci: Teologi Multiplisitas, relasi, ideologi, produk historis, strategi pembacaan viii TABLE OF CONTENT APPROVAL PAGE I STATEMENT II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS III ABSTRACT V INTISARI VI TABLE OF CONTENT IX GLOSSARY XII ABBREVIATIONS XIV CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 A. Background 1 B. Multiple Dimension of Khatamul Anbiya 17 1. Khatamul Anbiya as Social Discourse: Truth-control, Persecution 17 and Human Rights 2. Khatamul Anbiya as Religious Thought: Divinity, Officiality, 27 and Identity a. The Qur’an 28 b. The Hadith 29 c. Ulama 30 3. Khatamul Anbiya as Linguistic Concern: Dynamism, Continuity 31 and Discontinuity C. Research Questions 36 D. Objective of the Research 36 E. Significance of the Research 37 F. Research Methodology 37 G. Review of Previous Studies 42 H. Outline of the Research 53 CHAPTER II KHATAMUL ANBIYA ACCORDING TO ISLAMIC 56 THEOLOGY A. Sunni 56 1. Classical Discussion 57 2. Later Discussion 66 B. Shi’a 76 1. Classical Discussion 79 2. Later Discussion 84 C. Conclusion 98 CHAPTER III AHMADIYYA 100 A. Background of the Ahmadiyya Establishment 100 1. Religious Background: Ghulam Ahmad Encountering God 100 a. A Dream (1861): Satan as Companionship of Epilepsy 102 b. A Dream (1862): Foreseeing the Death of Raja Teja Singh 103 c. A Vision (1875): A Meeting with Muhammad and Ahl al-Bayt 103 d. Revelation (1881): Being Isa 104 e. Revelation (1881): On Marriage: God Finding my Khadija 104 f. Revelation (1881): On Healing Tuberculosis 104 g. Revelation (1882 and 1883): Money Grant 105 h. Revelation (1883): Preparation to be the Chosen One by God 105 2. Ideational Background: Revisiting Old Ideas 106 a. Revisiting al-Mahdi 106 ix
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