Khan Academy Reading

204 Pages·2017·7.88 MB·English

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Contents
Part 1 Diagnostic Quiz
Science Passage 1 1
Science Passage 2 3
Social Science Passage 1 5
Social Science Passage 2 7
History Passage 1 9
History Passage 2 11
Literature Passage 1 13
Literature Passage 2 15
Part 2 Science
Level 2 Passage 1 17
Level 2 Passage 2 20
Level 2 Passage 3 23
❤Level 2 Passage 4 26
❤Level 2 Passage 5 29
❤Level 2 Passage 6 32
❤Level 2 Passage 7 35
Level 3 Passage 1 38
Level 3 Passage 2 41
Level 3 Passage 3 44
Level 3 Passage 4 47
Level 3 Passage 5 50
❤Level 3 Passage 6 53
❤Level 3 Passage 7 56
Level 4 Passage 1 59
Level 4 Passage 2 62
Level 4 Passage 3 65
❤Level 4 Passage 4 68
❤Level 4 Passage 5 71
❤Level 4 Passage 6 74
❤Level 4 Passage 7 77
Part 3 Social Science
Level 2 Passage 1 80
❤Level 2 Passage 2 83
❤Level 2 Passage 3 86
❤Level 2 Passage 4 89
Level 3 Passage 1 92
Level 3 Passage 2 95
Level 3 Passage 3 98
❤Level 3 Passage 4 101
Level 4 Passage 1 104
Level 4 Passage 2 107
❤Level 4 Passage 3 110
Part 4 History
Level 2 Passage 1 113
Level 2 Passage 2 116
Level 2 Passage 3 119
Level 2 Passage 4 122
❤Level 2 Passage 5 125
❤Level 2 Passage 6 128
Level 3 Passage 1 131
Level 3 Passage 2 134
Level 3 Passage 3 137
❤Level 3 Passage 4 140
❤Level 3 Passage 5 143
Level 4 Passage 1 146
Level 4 Passage 2 149
❤Level 4 Passage 3 152
Part 5 Literature
Level 2 Passage 1 155
Level 2 Passage 2 158
Level 2 Passage 3 161
❤Level 2 Passage 4 164
❤Level 2 Passage 5 167
Level 3 Passage 1 170
Level 3 Passage 2 173
Level 3 Passage 3 176
Level 3 Passage 4 179
❤Level 3 Passage 5 182
Level 4 Passage 1 185
Level 4 Passage 2 188
Level 4 Passage 3 191
Level 4 Passage 4 194
Part 6 Answer Key
Diagnostic Science P1
Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage. 1
According to the passage, ocean plastics are found in
This passage is excerpted from Marcus Eriksen’s “Plastic Pollution
greatest quantities in
in the world’s Oceans: More Than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing
Over 250,000 Tons Aloat at Sea,” 2014. A) subtropical regions.
B) densely populated areas.
Plastic pollution is globally distributed across all oceans
due to its properties of buoyancy and durability, and the C) areas that are not affected by UV radiation.
absorption of toxicants by plastics while traveling through the
D) coastal regions.
Line environment has led some researchers to claim that synthetic
5 polymers in the ocean should be regarded as hazardous
waste. hrough photodegradation and other weathering
2
processes, plastics fragment and disperse in the ocean,
converging in the subtropical gyres.* Accumulation of plastic The main contrast that the author draws between this
pollution also occurs in closed bays, gulfs and seas study and previous studies of plastic pollution is that
10 surrounded by densely populated coastlines and watersheds. this study
Despite oceanographic model predictions of where debris
A) used samples of plastic pollution from all over the
might converge, estimates of regional and global abundance
and weight of loating plastics have been limited to world.
microplastics less than 5 mm. Using extensive published and B) explored the physical processes involved in plastic
15 new data, particularly from the Southern Hemisphere degradation.
subtropical gyres and marine areas adjacent to populated
C) estimated the distribution of larger classes of
regions corrected for wind-driven vertical mixing, we
plastics.
populated an oceanographic model of debris distribution to
estimate global distribution and count and weight densities of D) focused on plastic accumulation in subtropical
20 plastic pollution in all sampled size classes. regions of the globe.
Plastics of all sizes were found in all ocean regions,
converging in accumulation zones in the subtropical gyres,
including southern hemisphere gyres where coastal 3
population density is much lower than in the northern
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
25 hemisphere. While this shows that plastic pollution has
answer to the previous question?
spread throughout all the world’s oceans, the comparison of
size classes and weight relationships suggests that during A) lines 8-10 (“Accumulation . . . Watershed”)
fragmentation plastics are lost from the sea surface.
he observations that there is much less microplastic at the B) lines 11-14 (“Despite . . . 5 mm”)
30 sea surface than might be expected suggests that removal C) lines 29-31 (“The . . . Play”)
processes are at play. hese include UV degradation,
D) lines 37-40 (“Many . . . Organism”)
biodegradation, ingestion by organisms, decreased buoyancy
due to fouling organisms, entrainment in settling detritus, and
beaching. Fragmentation rates of already brittle microplastics
35 may be very high, rapidly breaking small microplastics
further down into ever smaller particles, making them
unavailable for our nets (0.33 mm mesh opening). Many
recent studies also demonstrate that many more organisms
ingest small plastic particles than previously thought, either
40 directly or indirectly,i.e. via their prey organisms.
* In oceanography, a “gyre” refers to a large system of rotating
ocean currents.
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Diagnostic Science P1
4 5
In describing the distribution of ocean plastics, the Which of the following statements most weakens the
author relies primarily on what type of evidence? author’s conclusion that there are fewer microplastics
than expected on the sea surface?
A) Personal narratives
A) Plastics of all sizes were found on the ocean’s
B) Historical trends
surface.
C) Data synthesis
B) Large plastics tend to fragment due to natural
D) Expert opinions processes such as biodegradation.
C) Some plastics were likely ingested by organisms.
D) The nets used in the study were unable to capture
plastics smaller than 0.33 mm.
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Diagnostic Science P2
Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage. Passage 2
Passage 1 is excerpted from Michael Thackeray’s“ The Long, With today's electric vehicle (EV) batteries, “end of life”
Winding Road to Advanced Batteries for Electric Cars,” published in is commonly deined as when the storage capacity drops
2012. 30 down to 70 to 80 percent of the original capacity. As capacity
Passage 2 is excerpted from Julie Chao’s “Goodbye, Range Anxiety? fades, the vehicle’s range decreases. Berkeley researchers
Electric Vehicles May Be More Useful Than Previously Thought,” decided to investigate the extent to which vehicles still meet
published in 2015. the needs of drivers beyond this common battery retirement
threshold.
Passage 1 35 he Berkeley scientists analyzed power capacity fade, or
the declining ability of the battery to deliver power, such as
Batteries have come a long way since Alessandro Volta when accelerating'9n a freeway onramp, as it ages. hey
irst discovered in 1800 that two unlike metals, when modeled the impact of power fade on a vehicle’s ability to
separated by an acidic solution, could produce an electric accelerate as well as to climb steep hills and complete other
Line current. In their evolution, batteries have taken on various 40 drive cycles. hey found that power fade for the chosen
5 forms, ranging from lead-acid, to nickel-metal hydride, to vehicle [a Nissan Leaf] does not have a signiicant impact on
current-day lithium-ion. an EV’s performance, and that a battery’s retirement will be
Now, technological advances in batteries are more critical driven by energy capacity fade rather than by power fade.
than ever. Coupled with the alarming rate at which we are he researchers thus’ conclude that “range anxiety may be
exploiting fossil fuels, the world’ growing energy demand 45 an over-stated concern” since EVs can meet the daily travel
10 necessitates that we ind alternative energy sources. needs of more than 85 percent of U.S. drivers even ater
With present-day technology, however, electric vehicles losing 20 percent of their originally rated battery capacity.
cannot compete with internal combustion vehicles. hey also conclude that batteries cyan “satisfy daily mobility
According to [one] review, “energy densities two and ive requirements for the full lifetime of an electric vehicle.”
times greater are required to meet the performance goals of a
15 future generation of plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEVs)
with a 40-80 mile all-electric range, and all-electric vehicles
(EVs) with a 300-400 mile range, respectively.” To make the
leap, scientists will have to ind new couplings of battery
materials.
20 Still, researchers are hopeful of a breakthrough. hey can
now use computing to accelerate the discovery of new
electrode and electrolyte systems. his creates a positive
feedback loop in which computing informs experiments, and
experimental results help reine the computing process. his
25 high-throughput iterative process may be scientists’ ultimate
hope for discovering materials that can signiicantly improve
the electrochemical performance, safety and cost of batteries.
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Diagnostic Science P2
1 4
Which situation is most similar to the “positive The authors of both passages would likely agree that
feedback loop” (lines 22-23) described in Passage l ?
A) humans need to stop using fossil fuels as an
A) A professional tennis player wins a tournament, energy source.
which then qualifies him for additional
B) researching the performance of electric car
tournaments.
batteries is a worthwhile endeavor.
B) An online advertising firm sends advertisements
C) the travel needs of U.S. drivers are likely greater
to an online customer, and the customer's choices
than anticipated.
inform which advertisements are sent to her in
the future. D) electric cars will soon become more popular than
internal combustion vehicles.
C) A thermostat turns on the heat when the
temperature drops to a certain temperature, and
then turns off the heat when the temperature rises
5
to a certain temperature.
How would the researchers described in Passage
D) A truck driver swerves to avoid a pothole. Seeing
2 likely respond to the review quoted in the third
this, the driver of the car behind the truck avoids
paragraph of Passage l (lines 11-19)?
the same pothole.
A) They would argue that it is likely impossible to
meet the performance needs of future electric car
2 vehicles.
B) They would claim that most electric car drivers
In Passage 2, one weakness of the Berkeley study is need batteries that can last for more than 400
that the researchers miles.
A) focused on power fade instead of energy capacity C) They would agree that electric car batteries do not
fade. currently meet the needs of most U.S. drivers.
B) looked at battery performance beyond the “end of D) They would assert that electric vehicles likely have
life” threshold. performance ranges greater than initially thought.
C) used one type of electric vehicle to generalize
about all electric vehicles.
D) relied only on U.S. Drivers.
3
The researchers described in Passage 2 rely primarily
on which type of evidence?
A) Experimental data
B) Literature reviews
C) Expert testimonies
D) Customer feedback
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Diagnostic Social Science P1
Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage.
This passage is excerpted from John P.A. Loannidis, “Scientiic
Research Needs an Overhaul,” 2014 by Scientiic American.
Earlier this year a series of papers in he Lancet reported
that 85 percent of the $265 billion spent each year on medical
research is wasted. his is not because of fraud, although it is
Line true that retractions are on the rise. Instead,it is because too
5 oten absolutely nothing happens ater initial results of a
study are published. No follow-up investigations ensue to
replicate or expand on a discovery. No one uses the indings
to build new technologies.
he problem is not just what happens ater publication-
10 scientists oten have trouble choosing the right questions
and properly designing studies to answer them. Too many
neuroscience studies test too few subjects to arrive at irm
conclusions. Researchers publish reports on hundreds of
treatments for diseases that work in animal models but not
15 in humans. Drug companies ind themselves unable to
reproduce promising drug targets published by the best
academic institutions. he growing recognition that
something has gone awry in the laboratory has led to calls
for, as one might guess, more research on research (aka,
20 meta-research)-attempts to ind protocols that ensure that
peer-reviewed studies are, in fact, valid.
It will take a concerted efort by scientists and other
stakeholders to ix this problem. We need to identify and
correct system-level laws that too oten lead us astray. his
25 is exactly the goal of a new center at Stanford University (the
Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford), which will
seek to study research practices and how these can be
optimized. It will examine the best means of designing
research protocols and agendas to ensure that the results are
30 not dead ends but rather that they pave a path forward.
he center will do so by exploring what are the best ways
to make scientiic investigation more reliable and eicient.
For example, there is a lot of interest on collaborative team
science, study registration, stronger study designs and
35 statistical tools, and better peer review, along with making
scientiic data, analyses and protocols widely available so
that others can replicate experiments, thereby fostering trust
in the conclusions of those studies. Reproducing other
scientists’ analyses or replicating their results has too oten
40 in the past been looked down on with a kind of “me-too”
derision that would waste resources-but oten they may
help avoid false leads that would have been even more
wasteful.
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