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Key Topics in Behavioral Sciences Key Topics in Sports Psychology Key Topics in Behavioral Sciences Key Topics in Behavioral Sciences is a series of high-quality volumes focused on cutting-edge topics across Psychology and the Behavioral Sciences. Featuring highly-cited and dynamic articles from across all of our wide-reaching Springer journals content, this interdisciplinary series will be of interest to a broad range of researchers and practitioners working in related academic fields of Psychology, Mental Health, Counseling, Cognitive Sciences, and Health. Springer Behavioral & Health Sciences Key Topics in Sports Psychology Springer Behavioral & Health Sciences New York City, NY, USA ISSN 2731-9067 Key Topics in Behavioral Sciences ISBN 978-3-031-19925-7 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword The Springer Behavioral and Health Sciences Books team is proud to introduce our new series, Key Topics in Behavioral Sciences. This collection features cutting-edge research from across our Behavioral Sciences journals program. Each volume features the top-cited and downloaded material from our research portfolio. With science moving at the speed of light, research findings are produced at a rate never seen before. Keeping up with the flow of information is one of the major challenges for researchers and professionals alike. In this new series, Springer offers a more direct route to important research for readers. Curating articles from a variety of journals, these volumes are organized along topical lines, reflecting key issues that impact the behavioral science field. In the process we are providing exposure that exceeds the bounds of individual specialty publications that can enhance inter- disciplinary inquiry. The series offers ground-breaking investigations representing material that has garnered substantial scientific attention. The high profile subjects cover a range of topics that span the entire field, chosen for their relevance and timeliness. It is hoped that making key issues more accessible in an organized framework will provide a rich resource in a fast-moving scientific environment. v Contents Foreword................................................................................................................................ v Tackling Mental Health in Youth Sporting Programs: A Pilot Study of a Holistic Program ...................................................................................... 1 T. L. Dowell, A. M. Waters, W. Usher, L. J. Farrell, C. L. Donovan, K. L. Modecki, M. J. Zimmer‑Gembeck, M. Castle, and J. Hinchey: Child Psychiatry & Human Development 2020, 2021: 52:15–29 (3, April 2020) DOI 10.1007/s10578-020-00984-9 Feedback, Sport-Confidence and Performance of Lacrosse Skills ................................... 17 A. Gagnon-Dolbec, S. J. McKelvie, and J. Eastwood: Curr Psychol 2017, 2019: 38: 1622–1633 (20, October 2017) DOI 10.1007/s12144-017-9720-7 Can Participation in a Community Organized Football Program Improve Social, Behavioural Functioning and Communication in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder? A Pilot Study ................................................................ 29 K. Howells, C. Sivaratnam, E. Lindor, C. Hyde, J. McGillivray, A. Whitehouse, and N. Rinehart: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2020, 2020: 50:3714–3727 (27, February 2020) DOI 10.1007/s10803-020-04423-5 Assessing the Social Validity of a Telepractice Training and Coaching Intervention .................................................................................................. 43 M. Y. Chung, H. Meadan, M. R. Snodgrass, R. E. Hacker, M. M. Sands, N. B. Adams, and S. S. Johnston: Journal of Behavioral Education 2020, 2020: 29:382–408 (13, February 2020) DOI 10.1007/s10864-020-09372-8 Examining the effects of negative performance feedback: the roles of sadness, feedback self-efficacy, and grit ............................................................................................ 71 D. Motro, D. R. Comer, and J. A. Lenaghan: Journal of Business and Psychology 2020, 2021: 36:367–382 (13, March 2020) DOI 10.1007/s10869-020-09689-1 Who Wants to Play? Sport Motivation Trajectories, Sport Participation, and the Development of Depressive Symptoms .................................................................. 87 M. -T. Wang, A. Chow, and J. Amemiya: J Youth Adolescence 2017, 2017: 46:1982–1998 (15, March 2017) DOI 10.1007/s10964-017-0649-9 Fear of Negative Evaluation and Weight/Shape Concerns among Adolescents: The Moderating Effects of Gender and Weight Status ................................................... 105 N. Trompeter, K. Bussey, P. Hay, J. Mond, S. B. Murray, A. Lonergan, S. Griffiths, K. Pike, and D. Mitchison: Journal of Youth and Adolescence 2018, 2018: 47:1398–1408 (29, May 2018) DOI 10.1007/s10964-018-0872-z Mindfulness Enhances Change in Athletes’ Well-being: the Mediating Role of Basic Psychological Needs Fulfillment .......................................................................... 117 W. H. Chang, J. -H. Chang, and L. H. Chen: Mindfulness 2017, 2018: 9:815–823 (9 October 2017) DOI 10.1007/s12671-017-0821-z vii Child Psychiatry & Human Development (2021) 52:15–29 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-00984-9 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Tackling Mental Health in Youth Sporting Programs: A Pilot Study of a Holistic Program Tiah L. Dowell1 · Allison M. Waters1 · Wayne Usher1 · Lara J. Farrell1 · Caroline L. Donovan1 · Kathryn L. Modecki1 · Melanie J. Zimmer‑Gembeck1 · Mike Castle2 · James Hinchey2 Published online: 3 April 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020 Abstract Linking mental health services to organised sport offers an avenue to identify and improve mental health among adolescents. In this study, we investigated the efficacy, acceptability and feasibility of an integrated mental health system embedded within a junior sports development program. A three-step integrated mental health program for 12- to 15-year-old rugby league players (N = 74) was delivered in urban (n = 44) and rural (n = 33) areas. Specifically, this system (a) assessed participant mental health on primary outcome measures of anxiety, depression, and anger/conduct problems (and secondary outcome measures of personal attributes and relationships), (b) provided feedback to participants, parents and program coordinators, and (c) connected participants and parents to a multi-component intervention including online resources, a group-based workshop program (4 × 30-min sessions), and tailored individual-level follow-up and referral to further care for participants at high risk of mental health problems. From pre- to post-program, boys’ anxiety symptoms declined significantly (with only a trend-level reduction in depression), and there were significant improvements in grit (for urban boys only), efficacy to manage negative emotions, and prosocial behaviour. In addition, when boys reported symptoms associated with high risk for mental health problems, providing parents with feedback enhanced boys’ access to care and was associated with significant declines in anxiety symptoms. The program was generally acceptable and feasible, with very high retention in the youth sports development program. Overall, early findings support further deployment and evaluation of integrated mental health systems embedded within sporting contexts to address mental health problems among adolescent boys. Keywords Mental health · Youth · Organised sport Introduction young males are slightly more at risk than females (15.9% compared to 12.8%) [4]. Suicide is the leading cause of Mental Health is among the single most critical issue faced death for people aged 15–24 in both Australia and the UK by young people globally [1]. In the US, 49.5% of youth met [5, 6] and is the second leading cause of death in the US criteria for a lifetime mental disorder, with 27.6% of these for this age group [7]. These mental health problems carry reporting severe impairment [2]. In the UK, 12.8% of young heavy personal, social, and economic burden. Illustratively, people met criteria for a mental disorder [3], and similar in the US and Australia youth mental health disorders are rates are reported in Australia, where 14% of all adolescents estimated to cost governments more than $10 billion each have been diagnosed with a mental health problem, and year [8, 9]. Given most mental disorders have their onset during adolescence [10], early detection and intervention are of vital importance to prevent lifelong recurrence and signif- * Tiah L. Dowell icant impairment [11]. Further, rising rates of mental health [email protected] issues in adolescence are forecasted to lead to unprecedented * Allison M. Waters demands for services, further highlighting that investment in [email protected] prevention and early intervention is of vital importance [1]. Current research indicates that the high prevalence of 1 School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, mental health issues among boys and young men is grossly Mount Gravatt, Australia disproportionate to the services they access; young men are 2 National Rugby League, Sydney, Australia Chapter 1 was originally published as Dowell, T. L., Waters, A. M., Usher, W., Farrell, L. J., Donovan, C. L., Modecki, K. L., Zimmer‑Gembeck, M. J., Castle, M. & Hinchey, J. Child Psychiatry & Human Development (2021) 52: 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-00984-9. Reprinted from the journal 1 1 3 Child Psychiatry & Human Development (2021) 52:15–29 the least likely subgroup to seek help for mental health con- ‘life skills’ for managing hardships [28]. While competen- cerns [12]. For instance, data from the UK indicated that cies are helpful and important for assisting young people 21.8% of young males likely to experience mental distress as they manage the challenges of adolescence and young had sought help (compared to 34.8% of young females) [13]. adulthood, they cannot fully speak to the underlying prob- Similarly, Australian data indicated that only 13% of young lems associated with mental health struggles [29, 30]. That men aged 16 to 24 years who were experiencing clinically said, early findings suggest that relative to control groups, significant mental health symptoms accessed care compared recipients of such wellbeing programs report improvements to 33% of young women over a 12-month period [14]. More- in prosocial values [31], emotion regulation skills, social over, there is good evidence that boys, relative to girls, begin skills, perceived academic competence [32], and self-beliefs to disconnect from accessing health care services during related to goal-setting and problem-solving [33]. Again, adolescence [15], and furthermore, sustain poor health care however, while useful in speaking to the importance of posi- utilisation relative to women throughout adulthood [16]. tive youth development strategies [34, 35], these programs The disparity between boys mental health risk and service have not focused on mental health problems (e.g., anxiety, utilisation indicates a clear need to improve the accessibil- depression, anger, conduct problems) as target outcomes, ity and acceptability of their mental health services [17]. nor their associated mechanisms for intervention content. In doing so, it is important to consider underlying reasons Those very few studies that have done so have either lacked for these disparities in health care access. Research con- adequate control conditions and valid measures, failed to sistently indicates that common barriers to boys and young report effect sizes, and/or demonstrated a high risk of bias men’s help seeking align with themes of masculinity, such [see 36 for review). as difficulty showing vulnerability and gender-based stigma [18]. Not surprisingly, then, a recent review of young men’s wellbeing programs found that male-targeted interventions Tailored Interventions tended to be more beneficial than gender-neutral programs [19]. Here, Gwyther and colleagues concluded that boys may be more likely to value programs in which information is Young people participating in organised settings, includ- specifically tailored to their needs and that includes male ing sports, arguably have varied needs in relation to their role-models and well-known athletes who can normalise wellbeing and mental health. As a result, interventions that communication about emotional concerns [20]. are delivered within a specific organised setting, including Given shortcomings in existing services found globally, sports, should ideally be tailored to meet individual needs one productive approach for enhancing mental health behav- within the constraints of their setting and the availability iours among boys is to integrate mental health and well- of suitably trained staff and resources. Moreover, research- being strategies within normative contexts in which they ers advocating for mental health programs in the context participate, such as organised sports [21]. Participation in of youths’ activity settings, including sporting contexts, sport plays a central role in the lifestyle of children and ado- have emphasised the importance of intervening at multiple lescents, especially boys [22, 23]. More specifically, within levels of influence (e.g., individual, parental, community) the Australian context, more than 66% of boys report engag- based on the needs of each individual [37, 38]. There- ing in organised sport each year, for up to eight hours or fore, interventions delivered within this context need to more per week [24]. Moreover, qualitative research indicates be scalable and flexible. Helpfully, modular psychotherapy that adolescent boys perceive organised sport to be a more protocols offer one way to achieve this, by providing a engaging context than school for supporting mental health structured approach to tailoring treatment to young peo- [25], and sport clubs to be important networks for supporting ple’s needs. Modular treatment strategies are presented young people and their families more generally [26]. as a series of free-standing, evidence-based modules that Despite the potential for organised sports to serve as a can be altered in terms of sequencing and format (e.g. critical access point for receiving intervention, including face-to-face, online, telephone-based) and can be delivered mental health services, this idea has not yet been imple- multiple times or not at all. For example, all individuals mented in an organized nor broad scale. Illustratively, a may receive a set of core modules that are likely to be of recent review indicated that only 11% of sports organisations benefit to the group, and selected individuals may receive in the Australian context offer campaigns that target player additional unique modules based on their individual needs mental health and wellbeing in general [27]. Moreover, pro- [see 39]. Modular interventions have been found to signifi- grams to date have primarily had a broader focus on general cantly outperform usual care in instances where empiri- wellbeing rather than mental health problems. That is, early cally supported treatments have not at post-intervention programs have generally concentrated on helping young peo- and at 2-year-follow-up [40, 41]. Notably, the flexibility ple to build on their strengths and competencies and acquire provided by modular interventions also allows for greater 1 3 2 Reprinted from the journal Child Psychiatry & Human Development (2021) 52:15–29 collaboration between relevant stakeholders and increases gendered social and environmental determinants of health the likelihood that evidence-based treatments will translate [19, 20]. effectively into different service contexts [42]. Specific to a sport setting, providing a variety of interven- The Current Study tion modalities offers another way to achieve flexibility and reach multiple sources of influence on young people’s men- tal health (e.g., coaches, parents, players). This may include All told, the research to date suggests that youth settings, low intensity modalities for delivering module content, such including sport organizations, offer strong potential as an as telephone communication, computer-delivered resources, effective context for enhancing mental health among ado- and print resources, and high intensity modalities such as lescent boys. Emerging evidence has converged on the view short or long duration individual or group-based programs that programs could be of greater benefit if they (a) tailor with a mental health professional, referrals to specialists, or the content of these programs to the needs and interests of engagement in multi-module approaches [e.g., 43, 44, 45]. young males, (b) include an integrated, multi-component It is worth noting that this provision of an intervention approach to intervention, (c) use collaborative teams to co- approach tailored to young people’s needs and settings fur- design and deliver program content, and (d) evaluate this ther requires the reliable assessment of mental health and approach effectively. The aim of the present study was to wellbeing outcomes and the timely provision of user-friendly address these gaps by conducting a preliminary evaluation feedback to relevant stakeholder roles within the service of the efficacy, acceptability and feasibility of an integrated provision model (i.e., individual, parental, organisational). system targeting player mental health embedded within an Drawing upon studies in school contexts, universal screening organised sport setting for boys, a junior development pro- and feedback regarding youth mental health is increasingly gram for 12- to 15-year-old male rugby league players. being implemented by education administrators and deemed Rugby league is a highly popular sport in Australia, with to be acceptable and helpful by parents [46, 47]. However, more than 116,490 boys participating between ages 5 to this approach is only sustainable in the presence of stake- 18 years of age in 2018 [51]. Given the sports’ popularity, holder partnerships between youth organisations and mental the National Rugby League (NRL) in collaboration with the health professionals in the development and implementation present research team, comprised a RISE Development Pro- of holistic wellbeing programs that include mental health. gram for junior rugby league players, which was developed One evidenced-based approach for creating a sustainable within a community-based participatory research frame- partnership to assist youth in their natural settings, is the work, and focuses on holistic player development. A key use of a community-based participatory framework [48, feature of this development program includes youths’ men- 49]. This widely used framework involves all partners in tal health and wellbeing, and involves a multi-component the research process and recognises the unique strengths approach, tailored based on the assessment of group and that each brings to the project including access to shared individual needs. At the broadest level, this involved the resources, knowledge, and expertise [50]. Of course, the cen- provision of emailed print resources to all players, parents/ tral purpose underpinning community-based participatory carers, coaches and officials. A sequence of four modules approaches is for key stakeholders (researchers and com- were delivered face-to-face with all players in small groups munity members) to work together to define the problem and at each site. These modules were selected in collaboration research methods, implement the research, disseminate the with the RISE team to ensure that they aligned with the findings, and apply them in practice. What makes commu- values and goals of the program. Finally, individual refer- nity-based participatory frameworks especially salient in this ral services were provided for players identified as being context, is that this approach affords the opportunity to tailor at high-risk of mental illness based on their self-reports service provision to take account of context-specific fac- of anxiety, depression, and/or anger/conduct problems at tors, which in sporting contexts for boys, can include stigma pre-assessment. about mental health, preserving player confidentiality, and The current study provides feasibility and proof-of- strongly held masculine stereotypes that discourage emo- concept from the pilot investigation of the RISE program tional disclosure and vulnerability [e.g., 18]. Close collabo- outcome data. The first aim was to examine mental health ration between mental health experts and those individuals outcomes and program acceptability in 12- to 15-year-old leading and organizing sports also increases the likelihood adolescent boys who participated in RISE within an urban that interventions within these contexts are developed based vs. a rural setting. The second aim was to describe imple- on up-to-date evidence as well as include key ingredients mentation feasibility, defined in terms of participant attri- for enhancing boys’ engagement in mental health pro- tion, obstacles, and challenges. It was hypothesised that grams, such as the inclusion of relevant male role models the primary outcome measures of anxiety, depression and and mentors, anti-stigma interventions, and consideration of anger/conduct problems would reduce significantly from Reprinted from the journal 3 1 3

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