Key Technologies of Magnetically-Coupled Resonant Wireless Power Transfer

130 Pages·2018·4.346 MB·English

by  Yiming Zhang (auth.)

Springer Theses
Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research
Yiming Zhang

Key Technologies of
Magnetically Coupled
Resonant Wireless
Power Transfer
Springer Theses
Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research
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Yiming Zhang
Key Technologies
of Magnetically Coupled
Resonant Wireless Power
Transfer
Doctoral Thesis accepted by
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
123
Author Supervisor
Dr. Yiming Zhang Prof. ZhengmingZhao
SanDiego State University TsinghuaUniversity
SanDiego Beijing
USA China
ISSN 2190-5053 ISSN 2190-5061 (electronic)
SpringerTheses
ISBN978-981-10-6537-8 ISBN978-981-10-6538-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6538-5
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’
Supervisor s Foreword
Wirelesspowertransfer(WPT)isoneofthemostpromisingtechnologiesofpower
supply. As an innovative means of power supply, WPT can be applied where the
conventional method is inconvenient, expensive, hazardous, or even impossible,
such as underwater, mine, consumer electronics, implantable medical devices,
electric vehicles, and high-voltage applications. WPT has attracted enormous
attention in the recent decade and will play an essential role in future energy
revolution.
This thesis describes the scientific achievements of Dr. Yiming Zhang, which
were made during his doctoral program in Department of Electrical Engineering,
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. His research work covers a wide range of
topics about magnetically coupled WPT technology. From the perspectives of the
source, the transfer system, and the load, respectively, he discussed the impact of
reducing the operating frequency of the source on transfer efficiency, investigated
the frequency splitting phenomenon and its related factors, proposed three
multiple-load transfer structures, and studied the WPT systems with either a
constant-voltageloadoraconstant-currentload.Overall,thisthesisoffersvaluable
information on magnetically coupled WPT.
Beijing, China Prof. Zhengming Zhao
November 2017
v
Parts of this thesis have been published in the following articles:
Zhang Y., Zhao Z., Chen K. (2014) Frequency decrease analysis of resonant
wireless power transfer. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 29:1058–1063
(Reproduced with Permission).
ZhangY.,ZhaoZ.(2014)Frequencysplittinganalysisoftwo-coilresonantwireless
power transfer. IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag Lett. 13:400–402 (Reproduced
with Permission).
ZhangY.,ZhaoZ.,ChenK.(2014)Frequencysplittinganalysisoffour-coilresonant
wirelesspowertransfer.IEEETransIndAppl.50:2436–2445(Reproducedwith
Permission).
ZhangY.,LuT.,ZhaoZ.,ChenK.,HeF.,YuanL.(2015)Wirelesspowertransfer
to multiple loads over various distances using relay resonators. IEEE Microw
Wireless Compon Lett. 25:337–339 (Reproduced with Permission).
ZhangY.,LuT.,ZhaoZ.,HeF.,ChenK.,YuanL.(2015)Selectivewirelesspower
transfertomultipleloadsusingreceiversofdifferentresonantfrequencies.IEEE
Trans Power Electron. 30:6001–6005 (Reproduced with Permission).
ZhangY.,LuT.,ZhaoZ.,HeF.,ChenK.,YuanL.(2015)Employingloadcoilsfor
multiple loads of resonant wireless power transfer. IEEE Trans Power Electron.
30:6174–6181 (Reproduced with Permission).
Zhang Y., Chen K., He F., Zhao Z., Lu T., Yuan L. (2016) Closed-form oriented
modeling and analysis of wireless power transfer system with constant-voltage
source and load. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 31:3472–3481 (Reproduced with
Permission).
Zhang Y., Zhao Z., Chen K. (2013) Load matching analysis of magnetically-
coupled resonant wireless power transfer. In: Proceedings of 2013 ECCE Asia,
pp. 788–792 (Reproduced with Permission).
Zhang Y., Zhao Z., Jiang Y. (2017) Modeling and analysis of wireless power
transfer system with constant-voltage source and constant-current load. In:
Proceedings of 2017 ECCE, pp. 975–979 (Reproduced with Permission).
vii
Acknowledgements
First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation for my
supervisor Prof. Zhengming Zhao. He offered me the chance to enter the world of
power electronics and wireless power transfer. He led me to appreciate the beauty
ofpowerelectronicswithhisprofoundknowledgeduringhisclasses.Hesolvedmy
puzzles with his keen academic insight when I was confronted with difficulties in
research.HeguidedmewithhisrichlifeexperiencestotrulyfindmyselfandwhatI
aminterestedin.Hesupportedmewithallmattersoftheheartformycareer.Heis
an excellent teacher and a helpful friend. Under his guidance, I completed this
thesis. I cannot thank him enough.
Ialso owe mygratitude toAssociateProfessor Liqiang Yuan,Dr. Ting Lu, and
Dr. Fanbo He. They helped me unconditionally and guided me with constructive
comments throughout my research work. Many thanks to Mrs. Xiaoying Sun. She
is like a mom to all the group members. She helped me and supported me
wholeheartedly. Also, Iwould like tothank TechnicianMr. Chunxiang Zhang.He
assisted me with his superb professional skills and rich engineering experiences.
Many thanks to our group members: Dr. Lu Yin, Dr. Gaoyu Zou, Dr. Kainan
Chen, Dr. Shiqi Ji, Dr. Junjie Ge, Dr. Sizhao Lu, Dr. Kai Li, and all the others for
their kind assistance and cooperation. It is a great pleasure to get acquainted with
them in Tsinghua University.
Last but not least, I would like to thank Tsinghua University for the extraordi-
nary academic atmosphere and superior conditions.
ix
Contents
1 Introduction to Wireless Power Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Brief Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.4 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Basic Structure and Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1 Basic Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.2 Basic Theories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Current Research Focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.1 Power Electronics Converters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.2 Matching Network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.3 Coil Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.4 Transfer Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.3.5 Modelling and Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.3.6 Dynamic Wireless Charging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.3.7 Other Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.4 Contents of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2 Transfer Efficiency Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1 Modelling and Derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1.1 Two-Coil Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.1.2 Four-Coil Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2 Impact Factor Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.1 Load Matching Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.2 Transfer Quality Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3 Reducing Frequency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3.1 Increasing Inductance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.2 Increasing Capacitance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
xi
xii Contents
2.4 Calculations and Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.4.1 Load Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.4.2 Reducing Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3 Frequency Splitting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.1 Frequency Splitting of Two-Coil Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.1.1 At Resonant Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.1.2 Deviating from Resonant Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.1.3 Frequency Splitting Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2 Frequency Splitting of Four-Coil Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2.1 At Resonant Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.2.2 Deviating from Resonant Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.2.3 Frequency Splitting Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.3 Frequency Splitting Mechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.3.1 Comparison of Two-Coil and Four-Coil Structure . . . . . . . 55
3.3.2 Output Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.3.3 System Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4 Calculations and Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4.1 Two-Coil Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4.2 Four-Coil Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4 Multiple-Load Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.1 Using Intermediate Coils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.1.1 Modelling and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.1.2 Equal-Power Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.1.3 Calculations and Experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.2 Selective Power Transfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.2.1 Theoretical Foundation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.2.2 Modelling and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.2.3 Impact of Mutual Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.2.4 Calculations and Experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.3 Using Load Coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.3.1 Single-Load Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.3.2 Multiple-Load Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.3.3 Calculations and Experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5 Active Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.1 Constant-Voltage Load and Constant-Current Load . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.1.1 Constant-Voltage Load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.1.2 Constant-Current Load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94