Ketamine : use and abuse

406 Pages·2013·41.51 MB·English

by  D T W Yew

Biomedical Science Y KETAMINE
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Increasing use of ketamine as a recreational drug in Asia, Europe, and
America is a great burden on society at large, leading to aspirational strain,
unemployment, and crime. These societal effects have led to growing interest
among researchers and clinicians in ketamine’s effects on various systems of
Use and Abuse
the body. Ketamine: Use and Abuse reviews the acute and chronic effects of
ketamine on both adult and developing animals and humans.
Providing readers with an exhaustive review of the literature, the book is
K
supplemented by the introduction of new data and research. Topics include:
• The pharmacological properties of ketamine
• The impact of ketamine on various organ systems, including E
the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal, respiratory,
adrenal, and renal systems
• Developmental neurotoxicity in the developing brain T
• Postmortem toxicology
A
• The epidemiology of misuse and patterns of acute and chronic toxicity
• The psychosocial aspects of ketamine addiction
• Clinical applications at acceptable doses, including possible
M
contribution to the treatment of depression
The contributions in this book represent an initiative to investigate the different
facets of ketamine beyond the known psychosocial factors related to addiction
and its traditional use as an anesthetic agent. The broad-based coverage is
I
designed to promote heightened attention on the subject and encourage further
N
research into beneficial clinical uses.
E
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KETAMINE
Use and Abuse

KETAMINE
Use and Abuse
Edited by David T. Yew
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Contents
Preface ...............................................................................................................vii
Editor...................................................................................................................ix
Contributors .......................................................................................................xi
Chapter 1 Ketamine use and misuse—Impacts on the nervous
system: An overview ..................................................................1
David T. Yew
Chapter 2 Clinical applications and side effects of ketamine ...........13
Ou Sha, Yue Hao, Eric Yu-Pang Cho, and Li Zhou
Chapter 3 Diverse pharmacological properties of ketamine ..............37
Ismail Laher, Xin Zhang, Ping Chung Leung, and
Willmann Liang
Chapter 4 Developmental neurotoxicity of ketamine in the
developing brain .......................................................................65
Chaoxuan Dong
Chapter 5 Ketamine—Epidemiology of misuse and patterns of
acute and chronic toxicity......................................................103
Shwetha S. Rao, David M. Wood, and Paul I. Dargan
Chapter 6 Imaging the effects of ketamine use and abuse in
the brain ....................................................................................145
Qi Li, Sherry K.W. Chan, Lin Sun, Wai-Chi Chan,
Eric Y.H. Chen, and Pak C. Sham
Chapter 7 Does sniffing drugs affect the respiratory system?:
An example being ketamine .................................................173
Maria S.M. Wai, Jacqueline C. Lam, Lawrence K. Hui,
and David T. Yew
v
vi Contents
Chapter 8 Long-term ketamine use causes damage to the
pancreas and adrenal glands ................................................187
Wai Ping Lam, Tan Sijie, Lok Hang Lam, Yeak Wan Wong,
and Chun-Mei Wang
Chapter 9 Ketamine uropathy: Hong Kong experience .....................207
Peggy Sau Kwan Chu, Chi Fai Ng, and Wai Kit Ma
Chapter 10 Ketamine and the lower urinary tract: Summary of
pathophysiological evidence in humans and animal
models .......................................................................................227
Hong Chai Tang, Phoebe Y.H. Lam, and Willmann Liang
Chapter 11 Postmortem toxicology of ketamine ...................................243
James Watterson
Chapter 12 The antidepressant effects of ketamine and the
underlying mechanisms ........................................................249
Nan Wang and Jian-Jun Yang
Chapter 13 Social correlates of ketamine and other psychoactive
drug abuse in Hong Kong .....................................................281
Yuet-Wah Cheung
Chapter 14 Mechanisms of ketamine-induced neuroplasticity:
Potential effects on brain and behavior .............................301
Vincenzo Tedesco, Ginetta Collo, and Cristiano Chiamulera
Chapter 15 The influence of ketamine on our understanding
of depression ............................................................................325
Andrew M. Perez
Chapter 16 Clinical testing for ketamine: How it inspires the
need to develop emerging drugs-of-abuse analysis in
a clinical laboratory ................................................................341
Magdalene H.Y. Tang, Calvin Y.K. Chong,
Doris C.K. Ching, and Tony W.L. Mak
Preface
With the emergency of diversified categories of abusive drugs in the
world, ketamine has been considered as one of the most prevalent and
widely employed abusive agents in Hong Kong and southern Asia. In
Hong Kong, ketamine abuse became problematic for the local society in
the late 1990s and remained as such to this day. It is one of the three fre-
quently abused agents locally, and for the addicts, ketamine is no longer
considered a recreational drug. Ketamine is now used by the addicts at
an average of three times a week and with dosages of often greater than
1 g per night. Ketamine and its analogue as abusive agents have since
spread to Europe and America. In England, Paul I. Dargan and his group
reported methoxetamine, a ketamine analogue, induced renal damages
and neurological lesions. Ketamine addiction is now becoming obvi-
ous in other parts of the world. In this book, we tried to present both
the misuse (toxicity) and the normal use of ketamine clinically at accept-
able dosage, along with its possible future contribution to the treatment
of depression. In this volume, there are eight chapters on the toxicity of
ketamine as an acute or chronic abusive agent, including an interesting
chapter on postmortem toxicity and another one on developmental toxic-
ity. In addition, there is a chapter on the pharmacology of ketamine and
a chapter on neuroimaging. On the other hand, five chapters are targeted
on the usage of ketamine and its clinical testing. Finally, representing the
angle of the social scientists is a chapter on the psychosocial factors of
ketamine addicts. During the course of our ketamine research, the edi-
tor and associates were fortunate to obtain the support of the Beat Drug
Fund of the Hong Kong Government and the endowment fund of Wai
Yin Foundation, Hong Kong, without which some of the results described
here could not have come to light. It is hoped that this book represents an
initiative to investigate the different facets of ketamine and would pro-
mote more attention on the subject in this direction.
vii