Kemalism Transnational Politics in the Post-Ottoman World

362 Pages·2019·17.972 MB·English

by  Nathalie Clayer, Fabio Giomi and Emmanuel Szurek (eds)

To Alexandre Popovic, pioneer in Post-Ottoman studies and
all-around warming presence

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure I.1 Girls in uniform in a secondary school in Istanbul,
around 1930. Source: picture by Jean Weinberg, submitted
for publication to the New York Times. United States National
Archives and Records Administration (NARA), College Park,
Maryland (306-NT-1246-J). 4
Figure I.2 Picturing the new “kamalist” man. Source:
La Turquie kamaˆliste, 13 June 1936, front cover. 6
Figure I.3 Picture of the Great National Assembly in
Ankara circulating in the French press. Source: L’Illustration,
24 February 1923, front page. 13
Figure I.4 The Italian translation of Dagobert von Mikusch’s
biography of Mustafa Kemal. Source: Dagobert von Mikusch,
Gasi Mustafa Kemal. Il fondatore della nuova Turchia, Milan,
Treves, Treccani & Tumminelli, 1932, front cover. 14
Figure I.5 “Kemalist Turkey Hails Fascist Italy!” Cumhuriyet
headline on the occasion of Prime Minister I˙smet Pacha’s (I˙no¨nu¨)
official visit to Rome (22 May 1932). Source: Cumhuriyet,
22 May 1932, front cover. 21
Figure 3.1 Detail of the Hakikat newspaper from 1928, stating
“The biggest victory in history was achieved six years ago”.
In today’s standard spelling it should be written “Tarihin kayıt
ettig˘i en bu¨yu¨k zafer altı sene evvel bugu¨n kazanıldı”. As well as
LISTOF FIGURES xi
the common uncertainties about using the new script, the
voicing characteristic of Cypriot-Turkish pronunciation is
apparent (K>G, such as gazanıldı instead of kazanıldı).
Source: Hakikat, 1 September 1928, front page. 120
Figure 3.2 Short note using Ottoman script by Faiz Kaymak,
chairman of the Federation of Cypriot Turkish Associations,
to Fazıl Ku¨(cid:1)cu¨k, the Vice President of the same organisation,
1952. Source: Collection “Federation of Cypriot Turkish
Associations”, 7 March 1952. 131
Figure 4.1 Caricature of Atatu¨rk sweeping allies from Istanbul.
Source: The National Archives, UK. (FO 371/8963/E10383). 146
Figure 4.2 Caricature of Sa’d Zaghlul dancing for John Bull.
Source: Al-Kashkul, 12 October 1923. The National Archives,
UK (FO 371/8963/E10383). 148
Figure 4.3 Caricature of British Ambassador Percy Lorraine
being taught his place by Atatu¨rk. Source: Ruz al-Yusuf,
28 August 1933, back cover. 151
Figure 4.4 Caricature of John Bull staging a love affair
between High Commissioner Lorraine and PM Ismail Sidqi.
Source: Ruz al-Yusuf, 9 May 1932, front cover. 152
Figure 4.5 Caricature of a sick Sidqi being consoled by
Lorraine. Source: Ruz al-Yusuf, 13 June 1932, front cover. 153
Figure 4.6 Caricature of Shaykh Bakhit and Shaykh Shakir
discussing the justification of their association with the
Afghan king, who wore a hat. Source: Al-Kashkul,
1 January 1928, p. 20. 159
Figure 5.1 Muslim women from the city of Mostar,
Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1904. Source: picture taken by Franjo
Topic´, Zamaljski Muzej, Sarajevo (ZM – SPFT – 499). 185
Figure 5.2 Muslim women from the city of Sarajevo,
Bosnia-Herzegovina, at the funeral of reis-ul-ulema Mehmed
Dzˇemaludin ef. Cˇausˇevic´ in 1938. Source: Adnan Jahic´,
xii KEMALISM
Islamska zajednica u Bosni i Hercegovini za vrijeme
monarhistiˇcke Jugoslavije (1918–1941), Zagreb, BNZH
and IZH, 2010, 554. 186
Figure 5.3 Picture of Turkish girls doing gymnastics
from La Turquie k´emaliste. Source: La Turquie ke´maliste,
18, 1937, p. 30. 190
Figure 5.4 The same picture of Turkish girls doing gymnastics,
published in Sarajevo by Sˇahinovic´ Ekremov as part of a collage
on the cover of his book. Source: Munir Sˇahinovic´ Ekremov,
Turska, danas i sjutra. Prosjek kroz zˇivot jedne drzˇave, Sarajevo
Muslimanska Svijest, 1939, front cover. 190
Figure 5.5 Picture of student girls in a secondary school
from La Turquie k´emaliste. Source: La Turquie Ke´maliste, 13,
1936, p. 17. 191
Figure 5.6 The same picture incorporated into a Yugoslav
Muslim book. Source: Edhem Bulbulovic´, Turci i razvitak
turske drzˇave sa uvodom u kulturnu i politiˇcku povijest islama,
Sˇtamparija bosanska posˇta Sarajevo, 1939, no page number. 191
Figure 5.7 A picture of unveiled Latifa, with her husband
Kemal pasha and Mehmed pasha, presented as the model of
Muslim female emancipation for Yugoslav Muslims. Source:
Dragisˇa Lapcˇevic´, O nasˇim Muslimanima: sociolosˇke i etnografske
beleˇske, Belgrade 1925, p. 62. 192
Figure 5.8 European and Muslim women. Source: Mustafa A.
Mulalic´, Orijent na zapadu: savremeni kulturni i socijalni problemi
muslimana Jugoslovena, Belgrade, Sˇtamparija Graficˇki institut
knjizˇare Skerlic´, 1936, 249. 205
Figure 6.1 Picture of a woman lying on a sofa, accompanied
by the script “S¸alvarlı, cebkenli bir elbise, elinde nargile, Tu¨rk
hanımı kafes arkasında istirahat ediyor. I˙¸ste bizi tanımayanlar Tu¨rk
hanımını bo¨yle tasvir ediyorlar.” (“Turkish woman dressed in ¸salvar
[baggy trousers] and cepken [a traditional bolero], water-pipe
in hand, reposing before a latticed window. Here is how those
LISTOF FIGURES xiii
who do not know us describe the Turkish lady.”) Source:
“Kadınlara Dair: Haremlerimiz ve Avrupa/Avrupalılar
Haremlerimizi Nasıl Tasvir Ediyorlar?” (“On Women:
Our Harems and Europe/How are Europeans Describing
our Harems?”), Yeni I˙nci, 1, June 1338 [1922], p. 13. 225
Figure 6.2 Picture of men in Oriental dresses, accompanied
by the script “Sarık, kavuk, ¸salvar, potur, yatag˘an, cellat,
hadımag˘ası ... hep bunlar Tu¨rkiyeden kalkalı(cid:1)cok oldu; fakat Avrupa
tiyatrolarından ayrılmaz. Bu resim ‘Aarif ve Akif’ isminde(cid:1)cocuklara
mahsus kukla tiyatrosunda Berlinde oynanıyor.” (“Turban, quilted
turban, ¸salvar, potur [breeches], yataghan, executioner,
eunuch... It has been a long time since these were abolished
in Turkey; but they have not left European theatres. This
scene is being performed in Berlin at a puppet-theatre show
for children entitled Aarif and Akif.”) Source: Resimli Uyanıs¸,
2, 13 December 1928, p. 29. 228
Figure 6.3 “Ay Hanımefendinin ‘Tu¨rk Odasından’ dig˘er bir ko¨¸se.”
(“Another corner of Madame Ay’s ‘Turkish room.’”) Source:
Fehmi Razi, “Ay Hanımefendi,” Resimli S¸ark, 11, 1931, p. 20. 234
Figure 6.4 Topkapı Palace, Harem section, Istanbul.
Source: photograph by Nilay O¨zlu¨. 235
Figure 6.5 Picture of the entrance to the Turkish pavilion
at the Paris Exhibition of Modern Industrial and Decorative
Arts, accompanied by the script “Paris sergisinde Tu¨rk
paviyonunun medhali. Kapı u¨zerinde(cid:1)cini levha Ku¨tahya
mamulatındandır.” (“The entrance to the Turkish pavilion
at the Paris Exhibition [of Modern Industrial and
Decorative Arts]”). The tile panel above the door is a
product of Ku¨tahya. Source: “Paris Sergisinde Tu¨rk Paviyonu,”
Servet-i Fu¨nun, 44-1518, 17 September 1341 [1925], p. 281. 245
Figure 6.6 “Paris sergisinde Tu¨rk paviyonunun dahili.”
(“Interior of the Turkish pavilion at the Paris Exhibition
[of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts].”). Source: “Paris
Sergisinde Tu¨rk Paviyonu,” Servet-i Fu¨nun, 44-1518,
17 September 1341 [1925], p. 281. 246
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
NathalieClayerisProfessorattheEHESSandSeniorResearchFellow
attheCentred’e´tudesturques,ottomanes,balkaniquesetcentrasiatiques
(CNRS-EHESS-Colle`ge de France, Paris). Her main research interests
arereligion,nationalismandthestate-buildingprocessinOttomanand
post-Ottomanspaces,focusingonAlbania,theBalkansandTurkey.Her
publications include Aux origines du nationalisme albanais. La naissance
d’une nation majoritairement musulmane en Europe (2007), Conflicting
Loyalties in the Balkans (co-edited with Hannes Grandits and Robert
Pichler, I.B.Tauris, 2011) and Europe’s Balkan Muslims (with Xavier
Bougarel, 2017).
Fabio Giomi is Research Fellow at the Centre d’e´tudes turques,
ottomanes, balkaniques et centrasiatiques (CNRS-EHESS-Colle`ge de
France,Paris). His research focuses on the social andcultural history of
Southeastern Europe between the late nineteenth and mid-twentieth
centuries, with a special focus on the Yugoslav region. Among his
currentresearchtopicsarevoluntaryassociationsandsocialmovements,
women and gender history, Balkan Muslims and transnational studies.
He is currently working on a book entitled Making Muslim Women
European. Voluntary Associations, Gender and Islam in post-Ottoman Bosnia
and Yugoslavia (forthcoming).
Be´atriceHendrichisAssistantProfessorattheUniversityofCologne,
ChairofTurkeyStudies.Herresearchfocusesonthereligioustopoiand
literary strategies in Turkish novels, the religious landscape of Turkey,
LIST OFCONTRIBUTORS xv
and the Turkish community of Cyprus during the late colonial period.
Shehasrecentlyedited,togetherwithDilekSarmı’s¸ athematicissueof
EJTSonthecharacterandsignificanceofmediainthedisseminationof
SuficontentintheTurkishRepublic,entitledTheMessagehastobeSpread
(2017). Her latest edited volume, Muslims and Capitalism - An Uneasy
Relationship? (2018), reflects on the critique of capitalism by Muslim
intellectuals and Islamic movements.
Wilson Chacko Jacob is Associate Professor of History at Concordia
University, Montre´al. His first book, Working Out Egypt: Effendi
Masculinity and Subject Formation in Colonial Modernity, 1870-1940
(2011),locatesEgyptianhistoryinimperialandglobalframeworks.His
second book, Sovereignty in Times of Empire: The Life of Sayyid Fadl b.
Alawi (forthcoming), continues this engagement with global history,
focusingonthe IndianOcean World asa siteof interactionamongand
between empires, Sufi orders and local communities.
Anna M. Mirkova specialises in the late Ottoman and post-Ottoman
Balkans. She holds a PhD in history from the University of Michigan
and has taught at universities in the United States and Bulgaria. Her
bookMuslimLand,ChristianLabor:TransformingOttomanImperialSubjects
intoBulgarianNationalCitizens1878-1939waspublishedin2017.Her
next research project focuses on vakıfs in post-Ottoman Bulgaria.
Specifically, she raises the question: what kind of modern Muslim
subjectivity emerged in the intellectual and political space between
post-Ottomansecularnationalisms inSoutheastern Europeand Turkey,
on the one hand, and religious conceptualisations of post-Ottoman
Muslims as a political community, on the other?
Emmanuel Szurek is Associate Professor at the EHESS, Paris. His
research focuses on the educational and ideological elaboration of
“modern Turkish” by transnational linguistics and orientalism, and
the implementation of linguistic policies in interwar Turkey. He is
working on revising his PhD dissertation, Governing with Words.
ALinguisticHistoryofNationalistTurkey.Hehasco-editedTurcsetFran(cid:1)cais.
Une histoire culturelle 1860-1960 (with Gu¨nes¸ Is¸ıksel, 2014) and
Transturkology. A Transnational History of Turkish Studies (with Marie
Bossaert, 2017).
xvi KEMALISM
Ece Zerman is a PhD candidate at the Centre d’e´tudes turques,
ottomanes, balkaniques et centrasiatiques (EHESS) and Assistant
Lecturer (ATER) at the Turkish studies department of Strasbourg
University.Herresearchfocusses onthequestion ofself-representation,
from the late Ottoman Empire to the early Republic of Turkey, as
studied through egodocuments such as diaries, correspondence,
photography as well as representations of interior spaces.