OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,13/1/2016,SPi KEEPING THEIR MARBLES OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,13/1/2016,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,13/1/2016,SPi KEEPING THEIR MARBLES How the Treasures of the Past Ended Up in Museums...and Why They Should Stay There TIFFANY JENKINS 1 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,13/1/2016,SPi 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OXDP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©TiffanyJenkins Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin Impression: Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicence,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber: ISBN –––– PrintedinGreatBritainby ClaysLtd,StIvesplc LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,13/1/2016,SPi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book is the result of many years of thinking about museums and cultural artefacts. I am lucky to have had plenty of opportunities to discussmythoughtswithcolleaguesandstudents.IhaveinmindTatiana Flessas, Tom Freudenheim, Eva Silvén, Richard Williams, David Lowenthal, Amy Clarke, Felicity Bodenstein Howard Williams, Annie Malama, and Duncan Sayer. I have also been able to work through related questions at length with Jonathan Williams, Ian Jenkins, Karl- ErikNorrman,LesleyFitton,HannahBoulton,andKarlMagnusson,all of whom gave their time—and criticism—generously. Jonathan Conlin’s feedbackonadraftwasespeciallyhelpful.JennieBristowgaveinvaluable editorial advice. A number of organizations and projects granted me space to test out my arguments, I wish to highlight and thank the Durham University ArchaeologySociety.Someofthenecessarytravelwasmadepossiblebya grant from the Society of Authors, for which I am grateful. Matthew Cottonhelpedmefinishtheproject.AndrewGordonsawthepossibility. Iain put up with my constant preoccupation and obsessive musings. OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,13/1/2016,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,13/1/2016,SPi CONTENTS ListofIllustrations ix Introduction PART I . GreatExplorersandCuriousCollectors . TheBirthofthePublicMuseum . AntiquityFever . CasesofLoot PART II . MuseumWars . WhoOwnsCulture? . TheRiseofIdentityMuseums . Atonement:MakingAmendsforPastWrongs . BuryingKnowledge:TheFateofHumanRemains ConcludingThoughts Notes FurtherReading Index vii OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,13/1/2016,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,13/1/2016,SPi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . Hawaiian feather helmet, Polynesia, eighteenth century . A Maori bartering a crayfish with an English naval officer . Frontispiece of Ole Worm’s cabinet of curiosities from Museum Wormianum by Ole Worm () . Colossal bust of Rameses II, the ‘Younger Memnon’ . ‘A view of the Eastern Portico of the Parthenon’ . Layard supervises the lowering of the Great Winged Bull, removed from the Palace of Sennacherib () . Napoleon on his imperial throne () . Triumphal entry of monuments of science and art into France in . Looty () . Enola Gay on display (c.) . Catalogue from the Stolen World exhibition () . Figureof Iris from the west pediment of the Parthenon in the British Museum . View of the west pediment of the Parthenon in the Acropolis Museum . George Gustav Heye with Foolish Bear and Drags Wolf () . Portuguese rifleman, sixteenth century . Shrunken head of a South American headhunter () . Zayed National Museumarchitectural drawing () ix