Kazda - Airport Design and Operation 2e

539 Pages·2012·16.65 MB·English

AIRPORT DESIGN AND OPERATION
Second Edition
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R
AIRPORT DESIGN AND OPERATION
Second Edition
ANTONÍN KAZDA
University of Žilina, Slovakia
ROBERT E. CAVES
Loughborough University, U.K.
Amsterdam – Boston – Heidelberg – London – New York – Oxford – Paris
San Diego – San Francisco – Singapore – Sydney – Tokyo
Elsevier
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First edition 2007
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ISBN-13: 978-0-08-045104-6
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Dedication

We have written this book for all the fools who love the beautiful fragrance of the burnt kerosene.

Tony Kazda and Bob Caves

We would like to thank our wives for their understanding during our writing, because the time
involved for this work was stolen from our families. Also we thank ‘little’ Zuzana and Tom for
their help with language and the manipulation of computer software. We appreciate all the help
from the professionals who have contributed to the text or have given freely their time and
expertise to advise and correct our draft texts.
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Contents vii

CONTENTS

Preface ......................................................................................................................................xv

1 AIR TRANSPORT AND AIRPORTS..................................................................................1
1.1 Development of Airports................................................................................................1
1.2 Standards.......................................................................................................................13
1.2.1 ICAO Legislation...................................................................................................13
1.2.2 National Standards and Recommended Practices..................................................16
1.3 Airport Development Planning....................................................................................16

2 PREDICTING TRAFFIC....................................................................................................21
2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................21
2.2 Types of Forecast Needed.............................................................................................22
2.3 Methods of Analysis.....................................................................................................23
2.3.1 Informed Judgement...............................................................................................23
2.3.2 Trend Extrapolation................................................................................................24
2.3.3 Econometric Models...............................................................................................26
2.3.4 The Travel Decisions..............................................................................................28
2.3.5 Modal Shares..........................................................................................................29
2.3.6 Discrete Choice Models.........................................................................................30
2.3.7 Revealed and Stated Preferences............................................................................31
2.3.8 Effects of Supply Decisions...................................................................................32
2.3.9 Uncertainty.............................................................................................................32
2.3.10 Scenario Writing.......................................................................................................34
2.4 Historic Trends in Traffic.............................................................................................35
2.5 Factors Affecting the Trends.........................................................................................36
2.5.1 Economic Factors...................................................................................................36
2.5.2 Demographic Factors.............................................................................................36
2.5.3 Supply Factors........................................................................................................37
2.5.4 Economic Regulation.............................................................................................40
2.5.5 Environmental Regulation......................................................................................40
2.5.6 Cargo......................................................................................................................40
2.6 Conclusions...................................................................................................................41

3 AIRPORT SITE SELECTION AND RUNWAY SYSTEM ORIENTATION...............45
3.1 Selection of a Site for the Airport.................................................................................45
3.2 Usability Factor.............................................................................................................47
viii Airport Design and Operation

3.3 Low Visibility Operations.............................................................................................50
3.4 Control of Obstacles......................................................................................................58
3.5 Other Factors.................................................................................................................65

4 RUNWAYS...........................................................................................................................69
4.1 Aerodrome Reference Code..........................................................................................69
4.2 Runway Length.............................................................................................................73
4.3 Declared Distances........................................................................................................88
4.4 Runway Width..............................................................................................................90
4.4.1 Runway Width Requirements.................................................................................90
4.4.2 Runway Shoulders..................................................................................................91
4.4.3 Runway Turn Pads.................................................................................................92
4.5 Runway Slopes..............................................................................................................93
4.5.1 Transverse Slopes...................................................................................................93
4.5.2 Longitudinal Slopes................................................................................................94

5 RUNWAY STRIPS AND OTHER AREAS.......................................................................97
5.1 Runway Strips...............................................................................................................97
5.2 Clearways....................................................................................................................100
5.3 Runway End Safety Areas1.........................................................................................101

6 TAXIWAYS........................................................................................................................107
6.1 Taxiway System Design..............................................................................................107
6.2 High-speed Exit Taxiways..........................................................................................108
6.3 Taxiway Separations...................................................................................................113
6.4 Taxiway Geometry......................................................................................................115

7 APRONS..............................................................................................................................119
7.1 Apron Requirements...................................................................................................119
7.2 Apron Sizing...............................................................................................................121
7.3 Apron Location...........................................................................................................122
7.4 Apron Concepts...........................................................................................................124
7.4.1 Simple Concept....................................................................................................124
7.4.2 Linear Concept.....................................................................................................124
7.4.3 Open Concept.......................................................................................................125
7.4.4 Pier Concept.........................................................................................................126
7.4.5 Satellite Concept...................................................................................................128
7.4.6 Hybrid Concept....................................................................................................128
7.5 Stand Types.................................................................................................................129
7.6 Apron Capacity...........................................................................................................135
7.7 Isolated Aircraft Parking Position...............................................................................136
Contents ix

8 PAVEMENTS.....................................................................................................................137
8.1 Background.................................................................................................................137
8.2 Pavement Types..........................................................................................................138
8.2.1 Non-Reinforced Grass Strips................................................................................139
8.2.2 Reinforced Grass Strips........................................................................................139
8.2.3 Reinforced Pavements with Hard Surface............................................................140
8.2.3.1 Use of Hard Surface Pavements........................................................................140
8.2.3.1.1 Subgrade.......................................................................................................141
8.2.3.1.2 Sub-base.......................................................................................................142
8.2.3.1.3 Bearing Course.............................................................................................142
8.2.3.2 Flexible (Asphalt) Pavements...........................................................................142
8.2.3.3 Rigid (Cement-concrete) Pavements................................................................144
8.2.3.4 Combined Pavements........................................................................................151
8.2.3.5 Block Paving.....................................................................................................151
8.3 Pavement Strength......................................................................................................151
8.3.1 Pavements-Aircraft Loads....................................................................................151
8.3.2 Pavement Strength Reporting...............................................................................153
8.3.3 Overload Operations.............................................................................................157
8.4 Runway Surface..........................................................................................................158
8.4.1 Runway Surface Quality Requirements...............................................................158
8.4.2 Methods of Runway Surface Unevenness Assessment by the Dual Mass
Method ..............................................................................................................................159
8.4.3 Pavement Texture.................................................................................................163
8.4.4 Runway Braking Action.......................................................................................166
8.5 Pavement Management System..................................................................................171

9 AIRCRAFT GROUND HANDLING...............................................................................173
9.1 Aircraft Handling Methods and Safety.......................................................................173
9.2 Aircraft Ground Handling Activities..........................................................................180
9.2.1 Deplaning and Boarding.......................................................................................180
9.2.2 Supplies of Power, Air-Conditioning and Compressed Air.................................183
9.2.3 Cargo and Baggage Loading................................................................................184
9.2.4 Push Back Operations..........................................................................................184
9.3 Colaborative Decison Making (CDM)........................................................................188
9.4 Visual Guidance Systems............................................................................................190

10 AIRCRAFT REFUELLING............................................................................................197
10.1 Background.................................................................................................................197
10.2 Fuel - Requirements....................................................................................................199
10.2.1 Requirements for Fuel Quality.............................................................................199
10.2.2 Fuel Storage..........................................................................................................201
10.3 Fuel Distribution.........................................................................................................204
10.4 Safety of the Refuelling Operation.............................................................................208
10.4.1 Ecological Damage...............................................................................................208