KASHMIR KASHMIR ROOTS OF CONFLICT, PATHS TO PEACE Sumantra Bose HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge,Massachusetts,andLondon,England 2003 Copyright©2003bythePresidentandFellowsofHarvardCollege allrightsreserved PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica Libraryof CongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Bose,Sumantra,1968– Kashmir:rootsofconflict,pathstopeace/SumantraBose. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-674-01173-2(alk.paper) 1.JammuandKashmir(India)—History—19thcentury. 2.JammuandKashmir(India)—Politicsandgovernment—19thcentury. 3.India—Foreignrelations—Pakistan. 4.Pakistan—Foreignrelations—India. I.Title. DS485.K23B672003 954′.6—dc21 2003049919 Forthepeopleof JammuandKashmir andinhonorof SubhasChandraBose(1897–1945) SaratChandraBose(1889–1950) SisirKumarBose(1920–2000) CONTENTS Maps viii Introduction 1 1. Originsof theConflict 14 2. TheKashmir-IndiaDebacle 44 3. TheWarinKashmir 102 4. SovereigntyinDispute 164 5. PathwaystoPeace 201 Notes 267 Glossary 291 Acknowledgments 299 Index 301 XINJIANG H I N D U K U S H K A KhunjerabPass(cid:3) R Areacededby A Pakistanto K Chinain1963 O Baltit(cid:2) R AM Shaksgam Gilgit(cid:2) N O R T H E R N A R E A S R A Indus BoundaryclaimedbyIndia; D defactoprovincialbound- E aryforPakistan O NORTH-WEST SA Skardu(cid:2) I FRONTIER M PROVINCE T N R S. MI H S H A K (cid:2)Kargil MUZAFFARABAD(cid:2) K Wular I Abb(cid:2)ottabad U&JhelumBaramuAllaS(cid:2)H(cid:2)MSopoLraek(cid:2)e ZPoajisls(cid:3)a M M I SRINAGAR MA (cid:2)PooncPh RVAJhelum A RISaLwAaMlpAinBdAiD(cid:2)(cid:2) J”D IR PALNLE(cid:2)YAnantnag L AZ (cid:2)Rajouri J(cid:3)ABLanihalPass A MDaanmgla Mi(cid:2)rA“pur J A M ChMenabRUA NGE Jhelum(cid:2) (cid:2)Akhnur (cid:2)Udhampur Jhelum (cid:2)JAMMU P U N JA B C hen a b Sia(cid:2)lkot Kathua (cid:2)Chamba (cid:2) (cid:2) Pathankot HIMAC JAKMAMSHUMAINRD TAUIFRSKTGAMNHENA-NKaUIbISu.sllTamAaNbaTdAJ.Srinagar THKEASERSTEHTGIMINOGINRAL InternationalBoundaries N C H I N A A Defacto,demarcated T D“LeinfeacotfoC,uonndtreoml”a(drceaftaecdto, I. P A K IS Delhi/NewDelhiNEPAL B. (cid:2)InternalDivisionsuCnladiemmeadr,cbautetdn)otdefacto Karachi I N D I ABADNEGSHLA- MYAN(MABRURMA) Mazar State(India),Province(Pak.) Mumbai (cid:2)(cid:2) SCeitlieescte(>d1t0o0w,0n0s0apnodpv.Yiilanlarkg1ae9s81) Arabian(Bombay) BBeanygoafl Capitalsappearincaps. dn KaraSkeaHasahjji(cid:2)LanKgaUrNLUNC(MMhaednrnTaasi)NS. SRI LANKA (cid:3)KarakoramPass 00SOD4030A0K0iMloiPmleesLterAsTEAU SALTORGlaSciiaerchen O R. A k s a i C h i n NJ9842 LineofControlagreedtobyIndiaand Pakistanin1972,replacingsimilar Cease-fireLineof1949 Indus (cid:2)Leh L A D A K H L A D A K H T I B E T R A N G E 0 50miles Gar(cid:2) HAL PRADESH Dzong 0 20 40 60 80 100kilometers NORTHERN N.W.F.P. AREAS R I H M LINE OFCONTROL S A K Kupwara K MUZAFFARABAD Bandipora Handwara A & SopoSre WLauklear L Jhelum BaramullaHM Ganderbal ZPoajisls(cid:3)a A I U Uri Gulmarg SRINAGAR D M Bagh BadgRam Pampore Pahlgam A M Rawalakot VJhel Awantipora A Poonch ALum BijbehaTraral K P J I Shopian L Anantnag H E R Surankote Y ” P D Kotli A N A Rajouri JA L R(cid:3)BanihalPass Z ANGE Kishtwar A“ S J Chen Mangla Mirpur I ab Doda Dam W AReasi A L Jhelum Bhimbar I M Akhnur K UdhampurTawi R M A N U Chen a b JAMMU GE Sialkot Kathua P U N J A B Pathankot B 0 Gujra3n0wmaillaes N J A U 0 20 40kilometers P
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