Karst Water Environment

283 Pages·2019·18.025 MB·English

by  Tamim Younos, Madeline Schreiber, Katarina Kosič Ficco

The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 68
Series Editors: Damià Barceló · Andrey G. Kostianoy
Tamim Younos · Madeline Schreiber 
Katarina Kosič Ficco Editors
Karst Water
Environment
Advances in Research, Management and
Policy
The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry
Founded by Otto Hutzinger
Editors-in-Chief: Damià Barceló (cid:129) Andrey G. Kostianoy
Volume 68
Advisory Board:
Jacob de Boer, Philippe Garrigues, Ji-Dong Gu,
Kevin C. Jones, Thomas P. Knepper, Alice Newton,
Donald L. Sparks
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/698
Karst Water Environment
Advances in Research, Management
and Policy
Volume Editors: Tamim Younos (cid:1) Madeline Schreiber (cid:1)
Katarina Kosič Ficco
With contributions by
H. A. Barton (cid:1) J. L. Berglund (cid:1) F. Carrasco (cid:1) Y. Chen (cid:1) M. Doveri (cid:1)
K. K. Ficco (cid:1) M. Ficco (cid:1) L. Florea (cid:1) R. Gogu (cid:1) T. Helms (cid:1)
E. K. Herman (cid:1) O. S. Hershey (cid:1) A. Jiménez-Madrid (cid:1) J. Kallmeyer (cid:1)
C. Martinez-Navarrete (cid:1) M. Menichini (cid:1) M. Petrič (cid:1) L. Piccini (cid:1)
L. Shen (cid:1) Z. Stevanović (cid:1) E. Thaler (cid:1) L. Toran (cid:1) J. Van Brahana (cid:1)
W. Yao (cid:1) T. Zhao
Editors
TamimYounos MadelineSchreiber
GreenWater-InfrastructureAcademy DepartmentofGeosciences
Washington,DC,USA VirginiaTech
Blacksburg,Virginia,USA
KatarinaKosičFicco
NovaGorica,Slovenia
ISSN1867-979X ISSN1616-864X (electronic)
TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistry
ISBN978-3-319-77367-4 ISBN978-3-319-77368-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77368-1
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018940190
©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2019
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe
materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,
broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation
storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology
nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication
doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant
protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor
theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany
errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional
claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
Printedonacid-freepaper
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerInternationalPublishingAGpartof
SpringerNature.
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
Editors-in-Chief
Prof. Dr. Damià Barceló Prof. Dr. Andrey G. Kostianoy
DepartmentofEnvironmentalChemistry P.P.ShirshovInstituteofOceanology
IDAEA-CSIC RussianAcademyofSciences
C/JordiGirona18–26, 36,NakhimovskyPr.,
08034Barcelona,Spain 117997Moscow,Russia
and [email protected]
CatalanInstituteforWaterResearch(ICRA)
H20Building
ScientificandTechnologicalParkofthe
UniversityofGirona
EmiliGrahit,101,
17003Girona,Spain
[email protected]
Advisory Board
Prof.Dr.JacobdeBoer
IVM,VrijeUniversiteitAmsterdam,TheNetherlands
Prof.Dr.PhilippeGarrigues
UniversityofBordeaux,France
Prof.Dr.Ji-DongGu
TheUniversityofHongKong,China
Prof.Dr.KevinC.Jones
UniversityofLancaster,UnitedKingdom
Prof.Dr.ThomasP.Knepper
UniversityofAppliedScience,Fresenius,Idstein,Germany
Prof.Dr.AliceNewton
UniversityofAlgarve,Faro,Portugal
Prof.Dr.DonaldL.Sparks
PlantandSoilSciences,UniversityofDelaware,USA
The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry
Also Available Electronically
TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistryisincludedinSpringer’seBookpackage
EarthandEnvironmentalScience.Ifalibrarydoesnotoptforthewholepackage,the
bookseriesmaybeboughtonasubscriptionbasis.
ForallcustomerswhohaveastandingordertotheprintversionofTheHandbook
of Environmental Chemistry, we offer free access to the electronic volumes of the
SeriespublishedinthecurrentyearviaSpringerLink.Ifyoudonothaveaccess,you
canstillviewthetableofcontentsofeachvolumeandtheabstractofeacharticleon
SpringerLink(www.springerlink.com/content/110354/).
Youwillfindinformationaboutthe
–EditorialBoard
–AimsandScope
–InstructionsforAuthors
–SampleContribution
atspringer.com(www.springer.com/series/698).
Allfiguressubmittedincolorarepublishedinfullcolorinthe electronicversionon
SpringerLink.
Aims and Scope
Since 1980, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry has provided sound
and solid knowledge about environmental topics from a chemical perspective.
Presenting a wide spectrum of viewpoints and approaches, the series now covers
topics such as local and global changes of natural environment and climate;
anthropogenicimpactontheenvironment;water,airandsoilpollution;remediation
and waste characterization; environmental contaminants; biogeochemistry; geo-
ecology;chemicalreactionsandprocesses;chemicalandbiologicaltransformations
as well as physical transport of chemicals in the environment; or environmental
modeling. A particular focus of the series lies on methodological advances in
environmentalanalyticalchemistry.
Series Preface
With remarkable vision, Prof. Otto Hutzinger initiated The Handbook of Environ-
mental Chemistry in 1980 and became the founding Editor-in-Chief. At that time,
environmentalchemistrywasanemergingfield,aimingatacompletedescriptionof
the Earth’s environment, encompassing the physical, chemical, biological, and
geological transformations of chemical substances occurring on a local as well as
aglobalscale.Environmentalchemistrywasintendedtoprovideanaccountofthe
impact of man’s activities on the natural environment by describing observed
changes.
While a considerable amount of knowledge has been accumulated over the last
three decades, as reflected in the more than 70 volumes of The Handbook of
Environmental Chemistry, there are still many scientific and policy challenges
ahead due to the complexity and interdisciplinary nature of the field. The series
willthereforecontinuetoprovidecompilationsofcurrentknowledge.Contributions
arewrittenbyleadingexpertswithpracticalexperienceintheirfields.TheHandbook
of Environmental Chemistry grows with the increases in our scientific understand-
ing,andprovidesavaluablesourcenotonlyforscientistsbutalsoforenvironmental
managers and decision-makers. Today, the series covers a broad range of environ-
mental topics from a chemical perspective, including methodological advances in
environmentalanalyticalchemistry.
In recent years, there has been a growing tendency to include subject matter of
societalrelevanceinthebroadviewofenvironmentalchemistry.Topicsincludelife
cycle analysis, environmental management, sustainable development, and socio-
economic, legal and even political problems, among others. While these topics are
of great importance for the development and acceptance of The Handbook of
EnvironmentalChemistry,thepublisherandEditors-in-Chiefhavedecidedtokeep
thehandbookessentiallyasourceofinformationon“hardsciences”withaparticular
emphasis on chemistry, but also covering biology, geology, hydrology and engi-
neeringasappliedtoenvironmentalsciences.
Thevolumesoftheseriesarewrittenatanadvancedlevel,addressingtheneeds
of both researchers and graduate students, as well as of people outside the field of
ix
x SeriesPreface
“pure”chemistry,includingthoseinindustry,business,government,researchestab-
lishments, and public interest groups. It would be very satisfying to see these
volumes used as a basis for graduate courses in environmental chemistry. With its
high standards of scientific quality and clarity, The Handbook of Environmental
Chemistryprovidesasolidbasisfromwhichscientistscansharetheirknowledgeon
the different aspects of environmental problems, presenting a wide spectrum of
viewpointsandapproaches.
TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistryisavailablebothinprintandonline
viawww.springerlink.com/content/110354/.Articlesarepublishedonlineassoonas
they have been approved for publication. Authors, Volume Editors and Editors-in-
Chief are rewarded by the broad acceptance of The Handbook of Environmental
Chemistrybythescientificcommunity,fromwhomsuggestionsfornewtopicstothe
Editors-in-Chiefarealwaysverywelcome.
DamiàBarceló
AndreyG.Kostianoy
Editors-in-Chief
Preface
Karst landscapes are formed by the long-term dissolution and erosion of soluble
rocks. Karst terraneisgenerally characterizedby specific landforms suchascaves,
sinkholes,sinkingstreams,anddirectinteractionbetweensurfaceandgroundwater
systems. Depending on the specific type of karst topography, these landforms can
eitherbeeasilyobservedorhiddenfromthesurface.
Karst aquifers are important sources of drinking water worldwide, including
manyregionsinNorthAmerica,Asia,Australia,andEurope.Thus,theirpreserva-
tion and protection are of great importance. Assessment and management of karst
aquiferscallsforspecificmethodologiesandsite-specificapplications.Karstscience
is an interdisciplinary science that intersects geology, geomorphology, hydrology,
physics, chemistry, biology, and other disciplines. The importance of including
political and social sciences for management of karst aquifers is also becoming
increasinglyrecognized.Despitearecentincreaseinknowledgeaboutthecomplex
characterofkarstaquifers,theirprotection,preservation,andmanagementremaina
majorchallengetoscientists,engineers,regulatoryagencies,andotherstakeholders.
In order to highlight existing challenges in the field, this volume Karst Water
Environment:AdvancesinResearch,ManagementandPolicypresentsadiscussion
of the current state of knowledge on karst science, advances in karst mapping and
karstaquifermonitoringtechnologies,casestudiesofkarstaquiferassessment,and
regulatoryperspectivesinlanduseandwatermanagementinkarstenvironments.
Thisvolumecontainsninechapters.Thefirstchapter,“KarstAquifersintheArid
World of Africa and the Middle East: Sustainability or Humanity?,” presents
examples of investigations of karst aquifers in northern and eastern Africa and the
Middle East and provides recommendations on research methods, technical and
management solutions for arid areas. The second chapter, “Groundwater for
Human Consumption in Karst Environment: Vulnerability, Protection, and Man-
agement,”comparesseveralmethodsthatassesstheintrinsicvulnerabilitytoprotect
water for human consumption using a case study of a karst aquifer in Spain. The
third chapter, “Advances in Monitoring to Understand Flow Paths in Karst: Com-
parison of Historic and Recent Data from the Valley and Ridge of Pennsylvania,”
uses temperature, CO concentrations, Mg/Ca ratios, and rare earth elements as
2
xi