Kalevi Holsti: Major Texts on War, the State, Peace, and International Order

199 Pages·2016·2.193 MB·English

by  Kalevi Holsti (auth.)

SPRINGER BRIEFS ON PIONEERS IN SCIENCE
AND PRACTICE  TEXTS AND PROTOCOLS 42
Kalevi Holsti
Kalevi Holsti:
Major Texts on
War, the State,
Peace, and
International
Order
123
SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science
and Practice
Texts and Protocols
Volume 42
Series editor
Dr. Hans Günter Brauch, Mosbach, Germany
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http://afes-press-books.de/html/SpringerBriefs_PSP_Holsti.htm
Kalevi Holsti
Kalevi Holsti: Major Texts
on War, the State, Peace,
and International Order
123
KaleviHolsti
LiuInstitute for Global Issues
University of British Columbia
Vancouver, BC
Canada
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SpringerBriefs onPioneersin ScienceandPractice
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To Marilyn and the Holsti brood
This photo was taken 25 April 2015 on Kal Holsti’s 80th birthday family reunion in Kapa’a,
Kauai,Hawaii.CourtesyofRhondaForsbergPhotographer
Contents
Part I Kalevi Holsti: Major Texts on War
1 Introduction to Section on War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 On the Study of War. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 Explanatory Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 The Promises and Pitfalls of Ecological Variables . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 The Meanings of War. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4 What Men Fight About: Issues and International Conflict . . . . . 13
2.5 A Map of a Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.6 Defining Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.7 Data Sources: Geographical and Temporal Domains. . . . . . . . . 20
2.8 Attitudes Toward War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.9 Issues, War, and Peace: Creating International Orders. . . . . . . . 21
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3 The Use of Force in International Politics: Four Revolutions . . . . . 27
3.1 The Incidence of Inter-state War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2 The Obsolescence of Conquest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.3 The Collective Legitimization of the Use of Force . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.4 The Fourth Revolution: Re-inventing Military Tasks. . . . . . . . . 35
3.5 Responses to the Problems of Weak States, Insurgency,
and Private Armed Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.6 A Counter-Revolution? the Doctrine of Pre-emptive Attack. . . . 39
3.7 What About the “Nuclear Revolution”?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4 The Decline of Interstate War: Pondering Systemic
Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.1 Changes in the International System: The Role of Ideas . . . . . . 45
4.2 The Declining Incidence of Interstate War: Norm-Based
Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
vii
viii Contents
4.3 Changing Power Distributions in the International System
and the Decline of War. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.4 Social Learning and the Decline of Interstate War: Special
Kinds of Ideas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5 The Medieval and Modern in Contemporary Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.1 Kill in Order to Win: The Classical Model of War. . . . . . . . . . 66
5.2 Contemporary Wars: Winning in Order to Kill. . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.3 In Contrast: Rousseau and Clausewitz on Winning Wars. . . . . . 72
5.4 Reversing Rousseau and Clausewitz: From Win to no-Win
in War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.5 Making Peace in No-Win Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.6 Resurrecting Rousseau and Clausewitz: The ‘Revolution
in Military Affairs’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.7 Normative Implications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Part II Kalevi Holsti: Texts on the ‘State of the State’
6 Introduction on the ‘State of the State’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
7 Citius, Altius, Fortius: International Sports Competition
and the Creation and Sustenance of Statehood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
7.1 Default: Games for States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
7.1.1 The Cosmopolitan Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
7.2 The Club Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
7.3 The National Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
7.4 The Olympic Games and the Birth of States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
7.4.1 The Olympic Games and the Sustenance of States . . . . 99
7.4.2 A Crack in the Nationalist Edifice?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
7.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
8 Internationalism and Nationalism Within the Multi-community
State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
8.1 Testing Liberal Internationalism: Between States . . . . . . . . . . . 107
8.2 Testing Liberal Internationalism: Within the State . . . . . . . . . . 108
8.3 Framing the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
8.4 Theories of the Political Community. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
8.5 The Coming Crisis of the Civic State? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
8.6 Within and Between States: Essential Differences?. . . . . . . . . . 117
8.7 The Birth of Multi-community States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
8.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Contents ix
Part III Kalevi Holsti: Texts on ‘Connecting Peace and War’
9 Introduction to ‘Connecting Peace and War’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
10 The Peacemakers: Issues and International Order. . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
10.1 The Prerequisites for Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
10.1.1 A System of Governance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
10.1.2 Legitimacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
10.1.3 Assimilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
10.1.4 A Deterrent System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
10.1.5 Conflict-Resolving Procedures and Institutions. . . . . . . 136
10.1.6 Consensus on War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
10.1.7 Procedures for Peaceful Change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
10.1.8 Anticipation of Future Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
10.2 Peacemaking and International Order: A Comparison . . . . . . . . 137
10.3 The Peacemakers: Theories of Peace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
11 Governance Without Government: Polyarchy
in Nineteenth-Century European International Politics. . . . . . . . . . 149
11.1 What Is Governance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
11.2 Who Are the Governors? Polycentrism and Polyarchy . . . . . . . 151
11.3 Governance for What? the Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
11.4 How to Govern: Institutions and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
11.5 How to Govern: Norms, Decisions, Rules,
and the Definition of Limits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
11.6 The Outcomes of Governance: Decisions, Actions,
and Compliance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
11.7 Governance: Did It Make a Difference? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
11.8 The Breakdown of the System of Governance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
11.9 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
12 The Post-cold War ‘Settlement’ in Comparative Perspective . . . . . 173
12.1 Responding to the Historical ‘Moment’ of 1989–91 . . . . . . . . . 174
12.2 The Agenda of the Euro-Atlantic Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
12.3 The ‘Settlement’ of the 1990s: Contrasts with the Past . . . . . . . 179
12.3.1 The Subversion of Westphalian Principles
of International Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
12.3.2 The Euro-Atlantic Community and the Analysis
of International Politics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
12.3.3 Realizing Community Goals: Some Contradictions? . . . 186