Ka-band integrated focal-plane arrays for two-way satellite

244 Pages·2017·28.63 MB·English

Ka-band integrated focal-plane arrays for two-way satellite
communication
Citation for published version (APA):
Zamanifekri, A. (2015). Ka-band integrated focal-plane arrays for two-way satellite communication. [Phd Thesis
1 (Research TU/e / Graduation TU/e), Electrical Engineering]. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven.
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Published: 30/06/2015
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Download date: 02. Feb. 2023
Ka-band integrated focal-plane arrays for
two-way satellite communication
This research was financially supported by European Catrene Project RF2THz.
Ka-band integrated focal-plane arrays for two-way satellite communication/ by A.
Zamanifekri – Eindhoven : Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 2015 – Proefschrift
A catalogue record is available from the Eindhoven University of Technology
Library
This thesis was prepared with the LATEX2ε documentation system
Reproduction: Ipskamp Drukkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Copyright (cid:13)c 2015 by A. Zamanifekri. All rights reserved.
Ka-band integrated focal-plane arrays for
two-way satellite communication
PROEFSCHRIFT
ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, op
gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr.ir. F.P.T. Baaijens, voor een commissie
aangewezen door het College voor Promoties, in het openbaar te verdedigen op
dinsdag 30 juni 2015 om 16:00 uur
door
Abolghasem Zamanifekri
geboren te Ahvaz, Iran
Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotoren:
prof.dr.ir. A.B. Smolders
en
prof.dr.ir. G. Gerini
”In childhood we strove to go to school
Our turn to teach, joyous as a rule
The end of the story is sad and cruel
From dust we came, and gone with winds cool.”
Omar Khayym (1048-1131)
To Hooman and Helia.

Contents
Summary 13
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 State of the art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Radio astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 Earth observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.3 Satellite communication (downlink) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 VSAT ground-based terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Requirements and design challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Objectives, research approach and outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6 Original contribution of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2 Electromagnetic antenna modelling 11
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Antenna parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.1 Directivity, gain, efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.2 Polarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.3 G/T, receiver figure of merit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 Approximate design guides for FPA antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.1 FPA Size Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.2 FPA Element density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.4 Asymptotic methods for reflector antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4.1 Far-field calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4.2 Focal region fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.5 The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.6 Finite integration technique, FIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.7 Hybrid approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.8 Summary and conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7
8 Contents
3 FPA parameter study 37
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2 Parametric study of the reflector antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2.1 Focal plane field distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2.2 Optimal focal distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.2.3 FPA size estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.2.4 Feed geometry and positioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.3 Efficiency investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.3.1 FPA efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.3.2 Analytical model for aperture field of the feed . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.3.3 FPA efficiency with analytical feed model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.4 Summary and conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4 Pattern synthesis 57
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.2 Problem formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.3 Pattern synthesis techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.3.1 LCMV optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.3.2 Projection method (PM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.3.3 Genetic algorithm method (GA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.3.4 Intersection approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.4 Summary and conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5 Shared aperture-coupled microstrip antenna 71
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.2 Element feed for FPA application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.3 Shared-aperture dual-frequency element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.3.1 Theory and design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.4 Circular polarization and polarization diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.5 Surface wave cancellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.6 Reflection phase characteristics of EBG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.6.1 Low frequency demonstrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.6.2 High frequency design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.7 Summary and conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6 Measurement and verification 95
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.2 Prototype development and support structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.2.1 Mechanical support structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.2.2 Prototype development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6.3 Measurement setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Contents 9
6.3.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
6.3.2 Spherical positioner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6.3.3 Far-field transformation and data mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
6.3.4 Sampling data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.4 Model verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6.4.1 Linearly-polarized FPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6.4.2 Circularly polarized array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.5 Summary and conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7 Integration with electronics 119
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.2 Conventional phased array architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
7.2.1 RF phase-shifting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
7.2.2 LO phase-shifting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
7.2.3 Digital phase shifter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
7.2.4 Optimum architecture for FPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.3 Chip outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.4 Chip and antenna integration: general considerations . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7.5 High frequency RF interconnect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
7.5.1 Microstrip line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
7.5.2 Coplanar waveguide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
7.5.3 Wirebonding interconnect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
7.5.4 Co-design of chip interconnect and antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
7.6 Measurement and results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
7.7 Summary and conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
8 An Integrated Hybrid Filtering Solution with 50 dB Isolation for
VSAT Duplex Operation 143
8.1 Active impedance matching for highly integrated arrays . . . . . . . . . . 143
8.2 Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
8.3 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
8.4 Challenge of full-duplex operation in VSAT application . . . . . . . . . . 146
8.4.1 Transmit noise at the output of the LNA (in-band) . . . . . . . . 147
8.4.2 Transmit signal in the the input of the LNA (out-of-band) . . . . 149
8.5 On-chip Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
8.6 Filtenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
8.7 Defected ground structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
8.8 Hybrid solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
8.9 Discussion and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161