k patogenu Xanthomonas vesicatoria

66 Pages·2012·2.96 MB·English

by  Bc. Vedran Milosavljevic

Mendel University in Brno
Faculty of Agriculture
Department of Crop Science, Breeding and Plant Medicine

Resistance of edible tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to the
pathogen Xanthomonas vesicatoria

Thesis supervisor: Author of the thesis:
Ing. Jana Víchová.Ph.D. Vedran Milosavljević

Brno 2012
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STATEMENT
I declare that I have worked my diploma thesis independently, and I used only
source, that quote and mention in the attached list literature.
I agree, that the diploma thesis be enclosed in the library of Agricultural faculty,
Mendel University in Brno and available for the purpose of education.

Day……………………………………………..

Signature of student……………………………
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LETTER OF THANKS
I would like to thank my thesis supervisor Ing. Jana Víchová, Ph.D. for
professional leadership in solving the problems related to my diploma thesis, for
interesting, time and suggestion during the writing.
I thank my parents, who are supported me and helped during the study.
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ABSTRACT
Resistance of edible tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to the
pathogen Xanthomonas vesicatoria
The aim of research was to determine the level of virulence of four
Xanthomonas vesicatoria strains for further resistance tests of ten tomato varieties to
this bacterial pathogen. The high level of virulence was determined in strains LMG 934
a CFBP 2537. The varieties Start and Pedro showed the highest resistence to bacterial
spot. On the contrary, the varieties Pavlína, Toro, Stupické polní rané and Zlatava were
evaluated as highly susceptible. The varieties Darinka, Denár, Šejk and Semaprim could
be considered as moderately susceptible.
Key words: bacterial spot, Xanthomonas vesicatoria,virulence,resistance.
ABSTRAKT
V roce 2011 byla v laboratorních podmínkách hodnocena virulence čtyř kmenů
Xanthomonas vesicatoria a rezistence 10 odrůd rajčete. Nejvyšší hladina virulence byla
zjištěna u kmenů LMG 934 a CFBP 2537, střední hladina virulence byla zjištěna u
kmene LMG 667 a nejnižší u kmene CCM 2102. Kmeny s vysokou hladinou virulence
byly použity v testech na rezistenci. Z testovaných odrůd poměrně vysokou hladinu
rezistence ke X. vesicatoria vykazovaly odrůdy Start a Pedro, naproti tomu nízkou
hladinu rezistence vykazovaly odrůdy Pavlína, Toro, Stupické polní rané a Zlatava.
Střední hladinu rezistence vykazovaly odrůdy Darinka, Denár, Šejk a Semaprim.
Klíčová slova: bakteriální skvrnitost, Xanthomonas vesicatoria, virulence, rezistence

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CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................7
2. AIMS OF DIPLOMA THESIS.........................................................................9
3. LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................................................10
3.4 Diseases of tomato.....................................................................................10
3.4.1 Bacterial disease.................................................................................10
3.4.2 Basic characteristics of phytopathogenic bacteria..............................11
3.4.3 Development of disease in plants.......................................................12
3.4.4 Dissemination of the pathogen...........................................................13
3.4.5 Symptoms caused by bacteria.............................................................13
3.4.6 Diagnosis of disease...........................................................................14
3.4.7 Control and management of bacterial disease....................................14
3.4.8 Bacterial pathogens of tomato............................................................15
3.5 Bacterial spot of tomato............................................................................26
3.5.1 Taxonomy...........................................................................................26
3.5.2 General characteristics of the pathogen..............................................26
3.5.3 Host of the pathogen...........................................................................28
3.5.4 Symptoms of the pathogens................................................................28
3.5.5 Epidemiology of the pathogen............................................................29
3.5.6 Isolation and identification of the pathogen.......................................30
3.5.7 Management and control of pathogen................................................31
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4. THE AIM OF PRACTICAL WORK..............................................................36
5. METHODS AND MATERIALS....................................................................37
5.1 General part...............................................................................................37
5.2 Virulence of strain Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria...................38
5.3 Determination of resistance at selected varieties of tomato to the
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria........................................................39
6. RESULTS.......................................................................................................41
6.1 Assessment of virulence to the strain Xanthomonas vesicatoria..............41
6.2 Determination of resistance to the Xanthomonas campestris pv.
vesicatoria on selected varieties of tomato.....................................................43
7. DISCUSSION.................................................................................................47
8. CONCLUSION...............................................................................................49
9. LITERATURE................................................................................................50
10. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL........................................................................57

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1. INTRODUCTION

Plant pathology is defined as the study of the organisms and enviromental
conditions that causes disease in plants,the mechanisms by which this occurs, the
interactions between these causal agents and the plant (effects on planth growth,yield
and quality) and the methods of managing or controlling plant disease. It olso interfaces
knowledge from other scientific fields such as
mycology,microbiology,virology,biochemistry and bioinformatics.
Plant disease caused by biotic and abiotic factors represente a significant
problem in intesive agricultural production and garden production. Despite the progress
of phytopathology, activities of experts and producers,and a large number od
preparations for plant protection,we are still witnesess by temporary occurrence of
certain disease with significant intensity. Their occurrence causes multiple
effects,including the reduced of economic effects of productions,loss of yield and
quality.
However,we are often confronted with the consequences occurred indirectly as a
result of inappropriate or excessive use of chemicals preparation for plant protection
and their negative influence on humans and environment. Because of this imperativ of
research in plant protection need to ensure effective shield to protect the plant from
causal agents in order to achieve high yields,with preservation of human health and
nature.
One of direction in finding solutions is also finding alternatives to not use
chemical substances for protection of plants,because the chemical substances are
potential contaminants of food and life environment. We need to ensure equally
effective replacement for chemical substances and find new solution which will be
environmentally acceptable and economically justified. Recent research indicate that
among the biological agents,widespread in the nature,exist organisms with parasitic and
antibiotics potential which can be effectively used in plant protection.
Phytopathogenic bacteria,according the dangers they represent in
production,take place at the top of the list causal agents of plant diseases. So far is
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known about 1600 species of bacteria,of which about 100 are inducers of plant diseases
(Agrios,2005).
Their control represents a great challenge in agricultural practices,especially
under conditions favorable for the emergenceand spread of infection. Control
populations of phytopathogenic bacteria based on the prophylactic and therapeutic
measures of struggles.
My diploma thesis was done as part of project: NAZV Mze ČR QH 71229
“Diagnostika a metody integrované ochrane rostlin proti karanténním a dalším
ekonomicky významným patogenům plodové a listové zeleniny”.

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2. AIMS OF DIPLOMA THESIS

Obective of diploma thesis „Resistance of edible tomato (Solanum lycopersicum
L.) to the pathogen Xanthomonas vesicatoria”are:
• Preparation of literature review
• Inoculation method for evaluating the pathogenicity
• Determine the level of virulence strains of Xanthomonas vesicatoria
• Determine the level of resistance in selected varieties of tomatoes

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3. LITERATURE REVIEW
3.4 Diseases of tomato
3.4.1 Bacterial disease
Today in modern agricultural that we could understand how plant disease
develop and function, we need to understanding the taxonomy of plant pathogenic
organisms. This is very important that we understand their biology and the best way to
control disease (Steven et al., 2007).
The causes of disease that occurs in plants are very similar to human and animal
disease in their development. Sources of disease in plants can be different such as:
pathogenic microorganisms, viruses, bacteria, protozoa, nematodes and environmental
conditions. Plant pathology is the study of plant disease. They study the pathogenic of
microorganisms and abiotic factors which causes plant diseases, the mechanism of their
occurrence, interaction between causal agents and diseased plants, and finding measures
for their control (Agrios, 1997).
Bacteria as plant pathogens can cause many disease, ranging from spots, mosaic
patterns or pustules on leaves and fruits, or smelly tuber rots to plant death, hormone
based distortion of leaves and shoots called fasciation, or crown gall, a proliferation of
plant cells producing a swelling at the intersection of steam and soil and on roots (Sarah
et al., 2011).
Today the most important bacterial disease of tomato is: Bacterial canker
(Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis), Bacterial speck (Pseudomonas
syringae pv. tomato), Bacterial spot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria), Tomato
pith necrosis (Pseudomonas corrugate), (Steven, T. K et al., 2007).

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