Julius Nyerere PDF
Preview Julius Nyerere
Julius Nyerere 1 OhiO ShOrt hiStOrieS Of AfricA This series of Ohio Short Histories of Africa is meant for those who are looking for a brief but lively introduction to a wide range of topics in African history, politics, and biography, written by some of the leading experts in their fields. Steve Biko Thomas Sankara: An African by Lindy Wilson Revolutionary by Ernest Harsch Spear of the Nation (Umkhonto weSizwe): Patrice Lumumba South Africa’s Liberation by Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja Army, 1960s–1990s Short-changed? South Africa since by Janet Cherry Apartheid by Colin Bundy Epidemics: The Story of South Africa’s Five Most Lethal The ANC Women’s League: Sex, Human Diseases Gender and Politics by Howard Phillips by Shireen Hassim South Africa’s Struggle for The Soweto Uprising Human Rights by Noor Nieftagodien by Saul Dubow Frantz Fanon: Toward a San Rock Art Revolutionary Humanism by J.D. Lewis-Williams by Christopher J. Lee Ingrid Jonker: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Poet under Apartheid by Pamela Scully by Louise Viljoen Ken Saro-Wiwa The ANC Youth League by Roy Doron and Toyin Falola by Clive Glaser South Sudan: A New History Govan Mbeki for a New Nation by Colin Bundy by Douglas H. Johnson The Idea of the ANC Julius Nyerere by Anthony Butler by Paul Bjerk Emperor Haile Selassie Thabo Mbeki by Bereket Habte Selassie by Adekeye Adebajo 2 Julius Nyerere Paul Bjerk OHiO UNiVERSiTy PRESS ATHENS 3 Ohio University Press, Athens, Ohio 45701 ohioswallow.com © 2017 by Ohio University Press All rights reserved To obtain permission to quote, reprint, or otherwise reproduce or distribute material from Ohio University Press publications, please contact our rights and permissions department at (740) 593-1154 or (740) 593-4536 (fax). Printed in the United States of America Ohio University Press books are printed on acid-free paper ƒ ™ 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 5 4 3 2 1 Cover design by Joey Hi-Fi Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Bjerk, Paul, author. Title: Julius Nyerere / Paul Bjerk. Other titles: Ohio short histories of Africa. Description: Athens, Ohio : Ohio University Press, 2017. | Series: Ohio short histories of Africa | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017004209| ISBN 9780821422601 (pb : alk. pa- per) | ISBN 9780821445969 (pdf) Subjects: LCSH: Nyerere, Julius K., 1922–1999. | Presidents—Tanzania—Biography. | Nation-building—Tanzania. | Tanzania—History—20th century. | Tanzania—Politics and govern- ment—20th century. Classification: LCC DT448.25.N9 B542 2017 | DDC 967.8041092— dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017004209 4 Contents List of illustrations 7 1 Mwalimu Nyerere: A Study in Leadership 9 2 Coming of Age in an African Colony, 1922–53 23 3 TANU and Tanzanian independence, 1954–64 42 4 Ujamaa and the Race for Self-Reliance, 1965–77 73 5 Confronting a Continent in Crisis, 1978–90 105 6 An Unquiet Retirement, 1991–99 127 Notes 149 index 163 5 6 Illustrations Figures 1.1 The independence cabinet, 1961 12 1.2 President Julius Nyerere of Tanzania with President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, 1965 20 3.1 Chief Minister Julius Nyerere with Bibi Titi Mohamed, Umoja wa Wanawake (UWT) chairperson Sophia Kawawa, and Maria Nyerere 47 3.2 The Constitutional Conference, March 1961 52 3.3 Second Vice President Rashidi Kawawa, in his office, mid-1960s 59 4.1 President Julius Nyerere with Premier Zhou Enlai of China, 1965 86 4.2 President Julius Nyerere greets a member of the Ujamaa Group in the Junior TANU youth League, ca. 1975 94 4.3 President of Zanzibar and First Vice President of Tanzania Sheikh Abeid Karume, ca. 1965 99 4.4 President Julius Nyerere greets Coretta Scott King in the United States, 1977 103 7 6.1 Retired president Mwalimu Julius Nyerere with his personal secretary, Joan Wicken 128 Map 1.1 East Africa 16 8 1 Mwalimu Nyerere A Study in Leadership in January 2006 a delegation from the Vatican held a mass in the Tanzanian village of Butiama to begin in- vestigating the life of Julius Kambarage Nyerere for beatification.1 This is usually the first step toward saint- hood. But it is an unusual honor for a socialist dictator. Neither saint nor tyrant, Nyerere was a politician who kept his integrity and vision in a harsh and chang- ing world. He taught high school upon graduating from college in 1943, and for the rest of his life he was happi- est to be called Mwalimu, the Swahili word for “teacher.” He became the first prime minister of independent Tan- ganyika in 1961, its first president in 1962, and brokered a merger with Zanzibar to become Tanzania in 1964. Prior to the presidency he headed a mass movement that skillfully brought Tanganyika to independence without violence. He was an advocate for democracy, but by reasoning that each country built its own style of democracy, he built a one-party state that regularly violated democratic values. 9
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