Judaism of the Second Temple Period: Volume 1, Qumran and Apocalypticism

369 Pages·2007·3.28 MB·English

by  David Flusser

JUDAISM OF THE
SECOND TEMPLE PERIOD
VOLUME 1
QumraannAd p ocalypticism
David Flusser
Translbayte d
AzzaYna din
WilliBa.mE erdmaPnusb lishCionmgp any
GranRda pidMsi,c hig/aC na mbridUg.eK,.
TheH ebreUwn iverMsaigtnye Psr es• Jse rusalIesmra,e l
JerusaPleerms pec• tJievreu salIesmr,a el
Oriingaplubllyi sihnHe edb ruenwd tehrte i tle
YahadBuatyS ihte Qnuim:r vaeAn p ocpatliyca
(eJrusaHleebmrU:en wi veMrasginPterys ea snsYd a Idz hBaekn v-iPZ re2s00s2,) .
ThiEsn gleidsiht© i2o0n0W 7il lBi.Ea emr dmPaunbsl iCsoh.i,n g
ThHee brUenwi veMrasginteys Press,
JerusPaelresmp ective
Alrli grhetsse rved
Publi2s0h0e7d by
Wm.B .E erdmPaunbsl iCsoh.i ng
214O0a kI nudstDrriiaNvl.e EG .r,a Rnadp iMdisc,h i4g9a5In0 5
P.BOo.1x 6 C3a,m brCiBd39gP eUU .K.
ThHee brUenwi veMrasginteys PBroe3xs9 s0,J9 e9Pr,.u Os.Ia slreame,l
Jerusalem JPeerrussIpaselrcehatmttei:p,lv/ e/,wjw ewr.usapleecmtpievres.com
Prinitnte hUden itedo fAS mteartiecsa
121 11 00 90 80 7 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
LibraorfCy o ngrCeastsa loging-in-DPautbal ication
FlusDsaevr1i,9d ,1 7-2000
[YahBaadyusith te Ennig.l] i sh
Judaoifts hmSe e coTnemdp lpee rIiD oadv Fildu stsrearn;sb lyAa ztzeYadadn i n.
p. cm.
ConteVI.n.Qt usm:r aannad p ocalypticism
ISB9N87 -0-840629(8-p-1b2 akl.pk:a. p er)
1J.u da-iHsims t-oProys xti-lpeiecr i5o8Bd6., 2C 1.AO-.D .
2J.e wish- Hsiesctto3srJ. ye .w- sH ist-o5r8yB6 . 7C0.A. -D.
4Q.u mrcaonm mtuyn.5iA .p ocallyiptteir-caH tiusrtaeon rcdyr iticism.
IT.i tle.
BM1.75F651230 07
29069.'-01d4c 22
2007022167
www .eerdmsa.ncom
Contents
Foreword Vll
Ackwnloedegnsmt
x
InotdruicoQtnu:m arna ntdeh E ssenes Xl
1. DTehaeSd e Sae acntd WoIrtlsd view 1
2. ETshseWe onrel dview 25
3.T hEec onoImdieco olfQo ugmyr an 32
4.M edicainQndue m arn 38
5.A Pre-GnCoosnetcpiitntc h Dee aSde Sac rolls 40
6. t"hIIenm g aeo ft hLeie kneosfHs i Fso rm" 50
7." Nobtya nA ng.e:l.' 61
8.A Q umrFarna gmaenntdth e SBelceosnosdfti hnAegm i dah 66
9.4 QMMaTn tdh Bee dniectAigoanit nhMseitn im 70
10T.h 'eoB ookft hMeys teraintedhs e' HHoiylgD ha yLsi rtguy 119
11A.po acltyipEcl emeinntt hWsea rS croll 140
v
12T.h e Doefta htWehi ckKeidn g 159
13A· C ommeonnat P rafyroet rhW eel faorfKe i nJgo nathan1 70
1·4T hReo maEnm piirnHe a smonaenaEdns sEeynees 175
15T·h Ees chatoTlemopgliec al 207
16P.h ariSsaededsua,cn eEdes ss,ei nnPe ess Nhaehru m 214
17T·h Aep corypPhsaallo mfDs a vid 258
18T.h "elF eSspihr-Diuta"l iints hmQe u mrSacnr aonldl s
thNee wT estament 283
19"·T hSee cTrheitnB gesl otnotg h e L(oDuretd2.":99 2):
BeSni arnatd h Ees senes 293
20T.h Jee wOirsihg oiftn hsEe a rClhyru chA'ttsi tude
towatrhSdet ate 299
21T.h Ies aPieashah netdrh Neo tioofTnw e lAvpeo stles
int hEea rClhyu rch 305
22T.h Hea lf-sihnte hGkeoe selpl asn tdh Qeu mrCaonm mutnyi 327
IndoefNx a mse 334
IndoefSx u jbects 337
IndoefSx o cuers 342
vi
Foreword
Thowsheod on ot kHnerobeww fimnaalyrl eya dE ntghlveire sshio ofDn as­
viFdl uscsoelrl'eessc yst.sTae hdpe r esveolnutmJ eu,d aoifts ehSm e ncdoT em­
plPee riQoudma:rna nAdp oycpaitlciistsmh ,ce u lminoafatr ieomknaa rble
efofratn cdo lolraabtointo hnpe a orftt ransAlzazYtaadonir an n tdh rpeueb ­
lishMeargsnP:er se Jsesr,u sPaelresvmp,e ea cnEtdei rdmIaitnws si .tg hr eat
sataicsttfihotanht pe u blibsrhieFnrlgsu sisniesgrh'tsas w itdaoeu rd ience.
Fluscsovenrers efldu elnyit nn inlea nguaangrdee sas dc holliatrleyr a­
tuirnea na dditsieovneeannHlt.i e fisr lsatn gwuaaGsge er mans.e cHoinsd ,
learflnueeldnyo t nyla ftehri s immitgoIr rsaaetwlia,oHs en b rCeown.s e­
quetnlmyo,so tfF lusser's puabrleiG seihrnem odarH n ew brriOetnlwiy.n gs
as mlaplre cenotfFa lgues asretriw'ceslr aeeus t hoirnEe ndg lTihssehc .o pe
anidm protaonfFc leu srseesre'iasssr o gc rhet ahtiai ttus n thintkhahabitls e
Herbeawn Gde rmwarni tsihnuoglfsdro l onrge mauinnt srlaanttoEe nd­
gliFslhu.s csoenrt'rsi tbouD teiaSoden Sasc rorlelsseAa proccahlt,yi pcism,
anAdp oclaytLiict eriaistn uersbetl iJeme.ar usPaelprecesmvt eii psl eatsoe d
havhea adh anidnt hpiusb liesnhdvieonarg.
ThouFglhu swsreotre o fltieentsn hs Ee n glliasnhg uhaedg isedu, c ceed
inp rodutcwivono gl uimnEe nsg lwiistthhh:h e e lopfh isst udRe.Sn tte ven
Not,lh eewy roJteuess( hTeS agforem G ali4lteehde E.,e, r dm2a0n70s)a,;n d
witthhh ee lopfh isst udentY ouBnrgha,edc oHl.l meocstotefh d iE sn glish
artiicnJltueods a ainstdmh O er igoifC nhrsi sntyi(i teJarusaMlaegmnP:er se ss,
198782p,5p ) ..
Myr eloantsihwiitpFh l uswsaoesn roe fa p uptiohl im se n.tE onrrolled
asas tudientn htde e partomfJe enwtHi issht aottr hHyee berwU niveIr sity,
Vll
begtaosn t yuN dewT estamaenndt ECahrrliys twiiatFnhl iutsiysn1 e 9r6A 4t.
thtaitm hee, owansl4 y6y eaorlsHd e.c ontitnoeu neldi gmheu tnettnih file­
nadla yosfh ilsi efvee,fon rm h ihso istpbaelad t Htahdea sUsnaihv ersity
Medicali nJC eernuts.eP arrl eoesfmsFolru sdsieeordnS epte1m52b,0e 0r 0,
hi8s3d br iryt.h da
Fluswsaeosrn o eft hweo rllde'asdJ ienwgia suht hoornit thNieee ws
TestamaenndEt ar lCyh riisttHyii.aps ni onereersienoagnr J cehsa unsd
Chriisttyri'easln atitooJn usdhaiwipos nhm i mi nternraeotcginointailo n.
Fluscsoeblrol'rasa wtiitohn RLoL.bi enerdybts,ge inniin1n 9g6r 1e,su ilnat ed
neawp protaotc hSheny opGtoisclp ste,hae p proeasoucpsheb dyT hJee rusa­
leSmc hooofSl ny opRteisce a(wwwrc.hj gs).w,ohr iicsah n a ssocoifa tion
JewainsCdhh risstcihaoTnlh aiursns i.q uee rcaotwoiapcosan p preedc ently
byt htew eelsvyses( an icluodnibeny gF luesrp,sot shumloyuo)sfJ eussL'a st
WeekJ:re usaSlutedmii ents hS eyn poitGco sp(edel.Rs. S N.o etylM,.T urnage
anBd.B eckeLre;i dEe.JnB .:r i2l05l0),.
Inmy j dugmednits,c sihpoluaelsssd tu hraaeltt l hu en publmiasthee­d
rioafal p romitneeancth peurb liibsseo hfretedh epyu bltihseohiw rnr e­
serac.Th htee acwhoerrtk'a skp erse cedencdei socviWepirlt tehth' ihisnes.
minIda ,p proaHcaThiase bd,ad rireocfMt aogrnP erset shspe,u bliasrhmi ng
oft hHee rbeUwn ivteyar,bs oituhtpe o sblsiiiotfty r ansilnaEttnoig nltgih seh
tw-oovlucmoel leocfFt liuosHnse ebrr'aesrw t itchMlaaetgs n Perser sesc ently
hapdu bliTsomh yed de.l iHgahwita a,ss e nthusaibaotsuhttpei r co jaesIc t
wa.sI tm yip sl eahseeurt rote h ahnikpm u bllyfiro fc cailitthaditisif nfigc ult
anlde ngptorhejyc t.
Evebne ftohrpeer eocjwta esn ivsioJneerdu,sP aeplreesvcmeth iamda de
ane ffotroet x apnFdl usEsnegrl'bisis bhl iyo.Sg irna1cp9eh8w 9eh, a ve pub­
lismhoesdot fF lusEsnegrl'oisus thp utt;h eensaxoemt pel ".e s.T:o.B u ry
CaiaphatsoP, r aHNiiosmte(" J eruPseaprlesecmt3 i3&v 3e4[ u Jl-.Otc1.9 ]9,1
2-382)a,n "dN ePwo rtorfSa ailto (mJee"r uPseaprlesecmt5 i5[v pAer- .Jun.
19]91,983-)T2.h easneFd l usostehrre'ersc aernlttei ascl hsaov bee epnu b­
lisehleedc traothn ti:tcww/pwa/l.eljyr usaleecmetp.ioevcmr/s.p
Thpeu bliwsihseher xsrtp eots hse aiprp rectioSa etriRgouenz. Ie nr
consulwtiattPhir eoosnfs Folrue srDs,r. zReucro lleacrtreadna,gn edd
broutgoph rte tshste w vool umoefsF luspsuebrl'isHs ehberdaer wt icles.
(hTep resveolnutmi es ttrhaen solfat thfiiero vsnolt u moeft hacto llec­
ti.oT)nh peub lisahrgeerr esai tnldyet bott hevedol umter'asn s,A lzaztaonr
YadinA,s socPiraeotsfeso ofJr e wiSsthu daitRe utsg eUrnsie vrtsyMi.y
thanakresetx endteod e tdhieta ongrdrs a pahritcoi fWs mt.sB .E erdmans
PubliCsohmipnyagw,n hoh avgveie uns ap rodwuoctrtho yfF lussgs ee­r'
ni.u s
viii
FilnlaIyw ,ou lldi tkose i cnertehlaytn hkde o nowrhsom adteh viols­
umpeo isbs(lesee Atchken eodwglmepnaetg)es,s c pieatlhley Bfrmaainlcyh.
DAVIBDI VIN
JreusaPleeprmesi cvte
http;//jwewwr.upseasrlepecetmc.iovm/
Acknowlgmeednts
Thpeu bliasrhdeee reygsp r lautle tfthfoelo lowdionngoT rhseg.ie rn eirtoys
madteh peu bliocfat thviiolosun m peos sible.
Stepahnedn BJreaannc h
(nim emyoo rfB udyad nIdr Birsa )n ch
PatrWiescBtir aa nch
SteCvzeantr yJs,,ra .nJdu dCiztahr sty
(nim emoorfMy r .a nMdr sA.la enxdBerra )n ch
S. BrPa.n ch
(imne moorfBy i btlrea nsWlialltioaarmnsB d et tSye dGauta,t leam)a
Wm.S taannS du yzB ivSitne,av neJd u lBiiev, i n
AndraenwMd a rgaBroseatn qQuueityn, c aJnoda nBnugere ss,
AilstaaniNdri cMoolnat georPmyh,li lainpd LPiantdtai llo,
ThomaansCd o leRtutmef PealutCl,l, a raincdef re JySe tfeen
(nim emoorfGy r egSotreye n)
DalLe.a nPda Btr oaJma,mH e.Cs h arolretsMhwa,r tEhaat on,
RyaGnu sstoaKnfa,r Hianh Nna,n Ec.ya nVdni ceMn.Jt o hnsen,
EdwainnHd e lPelnte ynW,ar reJPn.o r,Mt ietrcLh.Re ilglLg .Vsa s,q uez
x
IntroducQtuimorna:na ndt heE ssenes
Thaer tiicntl hepesr e sceonltl eccotnisooifmns y st t udoife Dste haeSd e a
Scroalp lusr,sI bu eigtwa hne tnh e swcerrfioerl dslitcss o vearnewddh ich
contitnotu hedisas ay ,st hepiurb liccoantitoiTnnh uoeusg.h ofst ohmees e
studiepsu bwleiyrseeha aergdsoI c ,h onsoett on eedlyeu spdsaltteh e.m I
havsep atrherede admearnosyft hhey opthepsufetros w abryds omsec hol­
arpsr,i rmiableyc aIdu osn eow ti sthot apkaeir ntt h cer eaotfti ho"enp han­
tastmhssa"et e tmoh avsep rtoeludi mkues hroiontm hwsea koeft h"es hko­c
indg"i svceoryd,ic soav etrhyaf tow,rh aterveseaorcn a,u ssoemspe e optol e
throw ditsotc hwreie ntTdih.oas nta id,p uebvleircbyae it otif aow nor,t h­
whislteyu o dr- anpda rtair-cluyol fan eQwu mnrt aexrte,q uaiw rielsl ­
ingnteors esae mxionuear s sumpatnidoo,nmn oser t haonn oec castio on,
abandesotna bcloinscihleoudnTs sh.io sn gopirncoge isssr efleicntt ehde
studgiaetshi entr hevidols u me.
Mosstc horliagrihsdt elnyt Qiufym rtcahonem muwniittthyhE es senes,
whoa rken owtnou sfo rmt hwer itoifJn ogsse pPhhuiasln,oPd ,l y it nhEel der.
Iifnt heea rdlayyo sfQ umrsacnh olJaorssehspihhpelu dis g ohntt h sec rolls,
todtahyre o laerrsee vearnstdeh sdec raoilidlni s n terpJroesteipInhntgu h se.
couorfsi ene vstigiahtta imsoo,nr v eeobre,c oampaepr etnhtJa ots eipash us
moraec cuwriattnete hsaPsnh iilnao lm la ttEesrsseO nfce o.u rtshee,r e are
fcattsh nate itahuetrhm oern tiaonnddse ,t tahielmyse ntbiuotn stchreo lls
paosvsei rns ileUnlcteiy.mh, ao tweeltvheerar,rne eo mta npyon itosfc ontra­
dictbiteowneJ eons epahcucsoa'un ntdth w er itoiftn hgsese ct.
Thied entiofifct ahQteui mornca onm miutnwyi tthhE es sednoeess
noatn swaelqrlu estIiitocs nl set.ah rna otat lt lhQ eum rawnr itairnsege sc -
Xl
taro rir aenfla es cpte ccailEfilsys seenbneis liAitfteya.rlt lhQ,eu marnc orpus
contpaairontsfas lt lhb eoo kosft hBei belcxee tphtSe co rlolfE st(hhweirc h
warsa artte htei )ma,en edv efanrg meonfBt esSn i (riSar a)wc,hh ovsiee w
cerntlwayai ast o ddwsi tthh aotft hQeum racno mmuyn.Ti htiaspa prent
discryem paaybn edc uteot hfeca tt htahtDe e aSde sae cltim,ka en yo fi ts
contoermaprcioenss,i BdeeSnri erda o fpt ahbreit b lciacnaoIlnnl . i gohft
thiiitsns ,e cestsoda irsyt ibntegwueiteshnshe e ctwarriitaainnn tdgh rsee st
oft hQeu mrtaentx sO.n es chohlapasrr o poasnoe rdt hogcrraripithoeinc:
thtahtse e ctwarriitaeinmn pglasuo nyui eqp lesnpee lBluiwtnh git.lh ehi ys­
pothecsainsnb oert ee jctoeudot fh antdh,ei rnseo r eatsooa ns sutmheaa t
Qumrasnc rciobuenl odht a veem pyleotdh siepsl lwihnegcn o pynionng­
secttaertxisAa.nn o tdhiesrt ingcuriisthmeiarnybig eot nhs eep cisaolm,e ­
whaatr tciilfiaaln guatghseeet caorfti etaxsnt ,h ouhgehrt eot oh dei stinc­
tiionsno atb solute.
Theirnseo q uestthitaohtnwe h o(loear l mwohsotl sec)r tohlwaletsr e
compobsyte hdQe u mrsaenc tairnicaltnuhWsdea e rS crtohlCelo ,m mutnyi
Rul(leas coa ltlheMeda nuoafl s Dciinpeal)ni tdh Reu loef Ctohneg regation,
thHeod aytohtTe,em plSec raonl4dlQ ,M M.TT hset aotftu hsDe a mascus
Doucmeinmsto rceo mplisciantcweead ps,ui btl ibseohfretedh d eic sovery
oft he sfcorrmao m lelidse vwailt npersess eirnv Cetadhi eGr eon iWzhaehn.
thsec rwoelrlfiesr dsitcs oevretdh,ew reers ec howlhaorr esc oganc iozne­d
nectbiteowne tehnDe a masDcocuusm eannttd h Qeu marnw ritSiinngcse.
theann u,m boefir m protaDnatm asDcocuusm efnartg mefnortmQs u mran
havbeee np ubli(sesehD eJdDX V III19,96 T)h.Qe u mrfaarng mepnrterssv ee
ar eefretnoDc aem as(chtuesrp e.4, 4)t ,h ouigothc ciunarp sr oblesmeant­ic
tentchesa epta kosf" tIhnet eropftr heLeta ewr whcoo mwteioD l alm ascus"
(CD7 .198)N-.o1 wt,h Iene trproeft eLtrah iweas n i mportanwti tfihgiunr e
thceo mmuynW.ie f truthfienrrd e ferteo"n tccheoe n voefIr strswa heoll e,ft
the olfJaunddaa nhld i viend l tahnoedfD amas(cDCu 6s."a5 n)td,o" atlhle
menw hoe ntetrheed c noeevnwa innt ltahnoedfD amas(cCu8Ds .1"a2 ,n d
seael 1s0o. 11949.;2;3 .0 12)I.at p petahrestn,h, ta htIe n treertopeftr h Lea w
camteoD amaswchuesar,n e e cwo evnawnates s tabalmiosnthghe odws heo
leJftu daanh"d il viend thoefD almaansd"Tc humesa .titfseru rt hceorm pli­
catbeytd h feca tth tahtce o mmiutonyft hDea masDcouucsm edniftref wsi th
regtaoir tdls a wasni dts sco isatlr ufcortmut rhseet riidceto alslot grtiuuccre
oft hQeu mracno mmiutnrye,fl ecmtoircnelg eo lstyh dee scroipftt hieo n
Essefnuoensid n J osepWhhuawsta .ts h feta eo ft hDeam ascgurso uWphy?
did the Dlaamwas sDcoocufu smt ehmneet r wgietp ha rotfs the thReul e of
CongregPaetrihtoahncpe?os m mtueynv ientsueatlntlelyae rdE stsheoenn e s
thbea nsok ft hDee aSde tah,o ugh tuhnedurobedt lewbyies l clh owlhaor s
xu