JR SMALLWOOD COLLEGIATE. Built and owned by Wabush Mines, JR Smallwood Collegiate in ...

66 Pages·2015·7.04 MB·English

-
JACKMAN, ARTHUR 87
J.R. SMALLWOOD COLLEGIATE. Built and owned The Lanes trapped in winter and fished for cod in
by Wabush Mines, J.R. Smallwood Collegiate in summer from premises near Cape Harrigan, trading
Wabush, Labrador was opened in 1963 as an experi with the Hudson's Bay Company at Davis Inlet after a
ment in educational integration. Rather than bear the post opened there in 1869. Jem Lane died in 1870. A
added cost of building and maintaining two separate Moravian map of 1873 notes the bay's inhabitants as
schools, Wabush Mines built a two-wing school. One John Lane and John Ford. Two years later Samuel J.
housed the Integrated (Protestant) section while the Broomfield settled there and thereafter most of the
other wing housed classes for the Sacred Heart inhabitants bore that family name. Broomfield had a
(Roman Catholic) section. The two wings shared the total of 10 children and by 1900 was something of a
central core of the building which housed the labora patriarch among the trappers of northern Labrador.
tories, gymnasium, library, music department, home His family were members of the Moravian congrega
economics and industrial arts rooms. tion at Hopedale and traded with the Hopedale mission
In 1990 this arrangement continued: separate divi or with Newfoundland fishermen in summer. He also
sions for kindergarten to grade IX with high school was game warden for the Labrador coast from the
students attending all but religious education classes 1920s. By 1935 there were 24 settlers at Jack Lane's
together. For a time the school was the only one in the Bay. In 1945 there were only 9 people, who left soon
Province shared by Roman Catholic and Protestant after. Census (1884-1945), Them Days (vol. 3 #3; vol.
school boards, but a similar school was opened on 9 #3), Archives P4/17. RHC
Fogo Island in 1972 and, as enrolments declined in the
JACK OF CLUBS COVE. See PORT AU PORT WEST
1980s, the model was employed in several other areas
AGUATHUNA-FELIX COVE.
of the Province. Ian MacCara (interview, May 1982),
G.F. Pushie (1975). DPJ/RHC JACK'S COVE. See GREAT HARBOUR DEEP.
JACK LANE'S BAY (pop. 1945, 9). A formerly inhab JACKMAN, ARTHUR (1843-1907). Mariner. Born Re
ited bay on the Labrador coast between Hopedale and news. Brother of William Jackman qv. A renowned
Davis Inlet, now commonly known as Big Bay. Al sealing and whaling captain, Jackman earned the title
though it is not known when the bay was first settled, "Viking Arthur" for his daring adventures. Like his
James and John Lane were living in the area by the brother William, Arthur was involved in the fishery at
1860s. These two, who may have been either brothers an early age, commanding his first schooner to the
or father and son, gave their names to the bay and to icefields at the age of 22. He made several trips to
Jem Lane's Bay to the north (now known· as Flower's Greenland to prosecute the whale hunt in summer and
Bay). The community first appears in the Census re went to the seal fishery in winter.
cords in 1884, with a population of 14. Jackman's first steam vessel was the Hawk which he
commanded in 1872 on its first trip to the ice. He was
also captain of many other sealing vessels, including
the Falcon, the Aurora and the Eagle. In 1886 he
accompanied Robert Peary on his first Arctic trip.
Jackman, who also commanded coastal steamers, was
Samuel J. Broomfield Arthur Jackman
88 JACKMAN, DAVID IGNATIUS
marine superintendent for Bowring Brothers at the smithy at the mining town of Little Bay. In 1890 he
time of his death in 1907. Michael E. Condon ( 1925), relocated his business to Trinity East, moving back to
J.R. Smallwood (1975). EMD St. John's in 1895. When the Dominion Coal Co.
began operations on Bell Island in 1899 Jackman
JACKMAN, DAVID IGNATIUS (1902-1967). Labour
moved to the growing community of Wabana, at first
leader; politician. Born Bell Island, son of Catherine
as a tinsmith employed by the mining company. He
(Malcolm) and David J. Jackman qv. Educated Bell
began his own general business at Wabana in 1901. As
Island; St. Bonaventure's College. Married Annie
an independent businessman he played a prominent
Power. Jackman was president of the miners' union on
role in community affairs in the mining town and
Bell Island for almost 30 years.
when a local council was established in 1917 he was
After working in the
chosen as first chairman. He later served as postmaster
United States during the
at Wabana. DN (Feb. 7, 1950), DNLB (1990), Who's
1920s Nish Jackman re
Who in and from Newfoundland 1927 (1927). RHC
turned to Bell Island to
work in the mines. He be JACKMAN, EDWARD M.
came involved in the Wah (1868-1916). Tailor; politi
ana Mine Workers Union, cian. Born St. John's. Edu
but it remained largely inef cated Christian Brothers'
fective until the outbreak of School, St. Patrick's Hall.
World War II. In 1941 he Married Alice Walsh. In
assumed active leadership 1889 he opened his own
of the miners' union, which tailoring business in St.
continued to grow in mem- John's. "Jackman the
Nish Jackman bership throughout the war, Tailor" was prominent in
affiliating with the New the city's religious and so
foundland Federation of Labour in 1944. cial life. He was a member
In 1946 Jackman was elected to the National Con of the Benevolent Irish So-
vention as delegate for Bell Island. He became the ciety, the Knights of Co- E.M. Jackman
Convention's strongest advocate of closer relations lumbus, the Total
with the United States, petitioning the British govern Abstinence Society and the Star of the Sea Society.
ment to have union with the States placed on the refer Jackman's large mansion, the "White House" on the
endum ballot and forming a "Union with America" corner of LeMarchant Road and St. Clare Avenue, was
party late in 1947. Jackman later supported Chesley acquired by Roman Catholic Archbishop Michael F.
Crosbie's Economic Union party in joining forces Howley and used after 1913 as a house of refuge for
with the Responsible Government League for the ref working girls from the outports. On May 21, 1922 the
erenda of 1948. It was also in 1948 that Jackman led house was dedicated as a hospital to be known as St.
the Bell Island miners into affiliation with the United Clare's.
Steelworkers of America, becoming president of local In politics Jackman was a Liberal. In 1900 he en
4121. tered active politics as a representative in the House of
After Confederation Jackman joined the Progres Assembly for the district of Placentia and St. Mary's.
sive Conservative Party and was elected MHA for From 1900 to 1909 he served as Minister of Finance
Harbour Main-Bell Island in 1949. He was re-elected and Customs in Robert Bond's administration. From
in 1951, but in 1956 was defeated and was also re 1914 to 1916 he served on the Municipal Commission
placed as president of local 4121. In 1958 he was which had been appointed by the Newfoundland Gov
again elected president of the union local, but was ernment to govern St. John's and to draft a new city
defeated in his final attempt at political office, when charter. While on business in Montreal in 1916, Jack
he stood federally as an independent labour candidate. man became ill and died on July 20. Melvin Baker
Jackman remained president of local 4121 until 1964, (1981), W.F. Graham (1937), John Joy (1977), H.Y.
when he retired and moved to Montreal. M.F. Harring Mott (1894), Paul O'Neill (1976), DN (July 22, 1916),
ton (letter, Mar. 1990), Gail Weir ( 1989), DN (Mar. 27, ET (July 21, 1916), NQ (Dec. 1901; Oct. 1916).
1967), DNLB (1990). RHC MELVIN BAKER
JACKMAN, DAVID JOSEPH (1869-1950). Business JACKMAN, WILLIAM (1837-1877). Mariner. Born
man. Born St. John's, brother of Edward M. Jackman, Renews. Brother of Arthur Jackman qv. Married
father of D.l. "Nish" Jackman qqv. Educated St. Bridget Burbridge. Jackman became involved in the
Patrick's School, St. John's. Married (1) Catherine fishery at an early age. Between 1867 and 1876 he was
Malcolm; (2) Amy O'Donnell. Jackman was a promi in charge of the Hawk and the Eagle, two of Bowring
nent businessman and community leader of Wabana Brothers' sealing steamers.
from 1901. Jackman is especially remembered for his heroism
Jackman served his apprenticeship as a tinsmith in in 1867 in saving the lives of 27 shipwrecked people
St. John's from 1882 to 1887, when he established a from the schooner Sea Clipper, which had run aground
JACKSON, FRANCIS LINDBERGH 89
at Spotted Islands, Labra Memorial University; Dalhousie University; Univer
dor. Jackman, shedding sity of Utrecht; University of Toronto.
most of his clothes, dived Lin Jackson began his academic career as a lecturer
into the rough seas and in psychology and philosophy, first at Dalhousie Uni
swam to the ship, returning versity and later at the University of Toronto. In 1965
to shore with each of the 27 Jackson was appointed professor of philosophy at Me
people in turn. He was morial University and in 1975 was appointed head of
awarded a diploma and the Department.
medal from the Royal Hu
mane Society. His adven
ture was the subject of a
poem by Marcus Hopkins
called "Jackman The
William Jackman
Hero." The ordeal weak
ened Jackman's health and is believed to have contrib
uted to his death at the early age of 39. Michael E.
Condon (1925), H.Y. Mott (1894), DCB X, The
Rounder (Aug. 1979). EMD
JACKSON, BERNARDS. (1933- ). Naturalist; horti
culturist. Born England. Trained on farms, game pre
serves and nature reserves in England and Scotland.
Educated Memorial University; University of Guelph.
Jackson came to New-
foundland in 1958 and
worked for the Provincial
Government for 11 years in
various positions, including
wildlife technician, infor
mation officer, and acting
supervisor of the A.R.D.A.
F. Lin Jackson
Recreational Land Inven
tory. He was the first park In addition to his academic papers Jackson has writ
naturalist for the Provincial ten on various historical and cultural issues in New
Park Service and in the foundland. During the late 1970s and the 1980s he
early 1960s was instrumen authored a number of controversial analyses and posi
Bernard Jackson tal in stopping the use of tion papers on behalf of Newfoundland's case within
DDT in the Provincial Confederation. These papers were quoted extensively
Parks. He became internationally recognized as an during the 1982 constitutional debate and were said to
authority on Newfoundland heritage plants and on the have had some influence on the outcome of the fed
management of free-flying butterflies. eral-provincial talks. Several of Jackson's essays were
Jackson served on the Wildlife Park Advisory Com published in book form as Newfoundland in Canada
mittee to advise the Newfoundland Government on the (1984) , later revised and extended as Surviving Con
formation of the Salmonier Nature Park and on the federation (1986). F.L. Jackson (letter, July 1982).
Come Home Year Beautification Committee. In 1971 F.L. Jackson (1986), Luanne Leamon (interview, July
he was asked by Memorial University to start the 1982). LER
Oxen Pond *Botanic Park qv (now called the Memo
rial University Botanical Garden). Jackson was later
JACKSON, HERBERT HUGH (1914- ). Academic.
chairman of the Heritage Plant Committee of the Ca
Born Vienna, Austria. Educated Vienna; London, En
nadian Plant Conservation Program and on the advi
gland. Married Susan Fleischer. Jackson studied law
sory council of the Centre for Canadian Historical
at the University of Vienna. He fled to England in
Horticultural Studies.
1939 after Germany annexed Austria and served for
In 1984 he was made a fellow of the Linnean Soci
six years in the British Armed Forces during World
ety of London and is the 1990 recipient of the Ameri
War II. Following the war he studied languages at the
can Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta's
University of London. He came to Memorial Univer
(A.A.B.G.A.) professional citation. Bernard Jackson
sity in 1951 to teach German and French, and in 1965
(interview, June 1982; letter, August 1990). EMD/RHC headed the German section of the modern languages
department. In 1967 he was appointed head of the
JACKSON, FRANCIS LINDBERGH (1928- ). reorganized German and Russian department. Jackson
Philospher; educator. Born Bell Island, son of Rev. retired in 1980, but continued to teach until 1985. He
Oliver Jackson qv. Educated Prince of Wales College; pursued research in teaching methodology and nine-
90 JACKSON, JOHN
teenth and twentieth century German and Austrian coast he lost his life by drowning, as did a young student
drama. Herbert Jackson (interview, March 1991), Ga minister, Wallace Harris, when their boat was wrecked on
zette (Oct. 2, 1980; March 24, 1983). GMw November 3, 1937.
Jackson had a deep conviction that religious institu
JACKSON, JOHN ( ?-1717). Clergyman. Born En
tions, practices and beliefs are of little value unless
gland? According to Prowse, Jackson acco~panied they contribute in practical ways to the enhancement
John Norris's qv expedition to Newfoundland m 1697
of the quality of life. A man of action as well as vision,
as naval chaplain. In 1699 a request was made from
Jackson began, while still a minister in the outport
inhabitants of St. John's to the Lord Bishop of London
pastorate, to lay the foundation for the new soci~l
for a resident priest and Jackson was appointed in
order he envisaged. He instituted summer schools m
1700 and was promised quantities of fish and £50 per
religious education and organized the first church-re
year for his services.
lated youth groups in the United Church in Newfound
Jackson arrived with his family in St. John's at a
land. But to him religious education, while important,
time when it was plagued by conflict between the
was not enough; education in its broadest sense was a
military and the settlers. Jackson is said to have con
vital necessity. Appalled by the state of education
tributed to the confusion and discord and the situation
under what he believed to be a wasteful denomina
worsened in 1703 when Thomas Lloyd qv, the new
tional system, he argued the need for universal, com
commander of the garrison, seemed "to have taken a
pulsory and free education for the young and a system
mischievous delight in annoying and insulting Parson
of night schools for adults. He also advocated the
Jackson." (Prowse). In 1702 or 1703 Jackson became
establishment of a comprehensive public library sys
the first missionary of the Society for the Propagation
tem, supplemented by 'travelling libraries'.
of the *Gospel qv (S.P.G.) in Newfoundland. The
Another project high on his list of socio-economic
S.P.G. sent him £50 per year, which was greatly
priorities was the Co-operative Movement. I~ ~is
needed as the residents rarely kept to their agreement
view, co-operatives offered one of the most promtsmg
to pay the clergyman.
means by which workers might not only gain a mea
In 1705 Jackson, accused by the Lords of Trade of
sure of control over their economic destinies, but also
having caused a dispute at St. John's, was recalled to
learn the art and values of concerted action in a com
England. In 1709 he became curate at Dursley in
mon cause, the welfare of the common man, for which
Gloustershire. C.F. Pascoe (1901), D.W. Prowse
he felt the State showed little concern.
(1895), DCB II, Newfoundland Churchman (Oct. 18,
Jackson's humanitarian work and reforming zeal
1979), "Tyranny in St. John's" (1971). EMD
were recognized and publicly affirmed before his
JACKSON, OLIVER (1887-1937). Clergyman; social tragic, untimely death. In 1936 he was named an Offi
reformer. Born Abergavenny, Wales. Educated Welsh cer of the Order of the British Empire (O.B.E.). F.L.
schools; Wesleyan Theological College; McGill Uni Jackson (letter, March 1982), Apostle of the Outports
versity. Father of Rupert and F. Lin Jackson qqv. Jack (1940), United Church Record and Missionary Review
son became a Methodist lay preacher at 16 and in 1911 (1934-37). DAVID G. PITT
offered himself as a candidate for the ministry in New
JACKSON, RUPERT (1920-1974). Soldier; writer.
foundland.
Born Brigus, Conception Bay, son of Rev. Oliver Jack
Having served the custom
son qv. Educated Prince of
ary three-year probationary
Wales College. Following
period at Campbellton and
his schooling Jackson
Clarke's Beach, he pro
worked the White Clothing
ceeded to McGill University
Company until he enlisted
for studies in Arts and Theol
in the 166th Regiment of
ogy. Completing his studies
the Royal Artillery at the
in 1918 Jackson returned to
beginning of World War II.
Newfoundland and was or
He was posted to the United
dained. During the next 13
Kingdom in 1940 and was
years he served Method
transferred to the 59th Reg
ist/United Church circuits at
iment, becoming forward
Brigus (1918-23), Freshwa- Rev. Oliver Jackson
observation officer with an
ter (1923-27) and Bell Island
armoured battery in Nor- Rupert Jackson
(1927-31). In 1931, on the retirement of the Reverend
mandy.
Mark Fenwick qv as superintendent of United Church
Jackson was awarded the M.B.E. for his bravery
missions in Newfoundland, Jackson was appointed to during a rescue mission in February 1945 at Hongen,
that post, as well as to that of field secretary of Christian Netherlands. His citation described his actions:
education. In that dual capacity he was required to travel
At 18:15 hours it was discovered that four men
extensively and almost continuously, visiting the numer
had accidentally strayed into a minefield. Two
ous circuits and missions of the Church in Newfoundland were known to be injured and two unhurt. Lieut.
and Labrador. On one of these visits to the southwest Jackson organized a party and decided to rescue
JACKSON'S ARM 91
the uninjured men first, as it appeared the others inhabitants growing from 143 in 1911 to 230 in 1921
had been killed by the explosion. Lieut. Jackson and 319 by 1935. The 1936 Newfoundland Directory
went forward with a mine detector followed by lists the most common family names as Cassell, Com
his party. Many mines were found and marked bdon, Ford, Gillingham, Hewitt, Tulk and Wicks,
and eventually the uninjured men were reached while Hounsell Brothers operated a general
and shown the safe way out. .. . merchant's establishment in the community. In 1990
Jackson returned to Newfoundland in 1946. He served another common family name was Ralph, a family
with both the Daily News and the Evening Telegram name of Coney Arm qv, whose inhabitants relocated,
and during the *National Convention qv in 1946 he largely to Jackson's Arm, between 1935 and 1954.
was reputedly the only person to attend every sitting.
In addition he freelanced with several national and
international newspapers and was Newfoundland cor
respondent for Time magazine.
Jackson returned to the United Kingdom in 1954
and remained there for 12 years. He worked with Reu
ters and the London Daily Mail and later became in
volved in public relations. Returning to
Newfoundland in 1966, he joined the Premier's Office
as information officer. He was later information offi
cer and then statistician with the College of Fisheries
until 1971 when he returned to journalism. Writing
under the pen name of Peter Simple, he contributed
three columns per week to the Daily News. Barbara
Jackson (letter, June 1982), G.W.L. Nicholson (1969),
DN (Feb. 18, 1974). LER
JACKSON'S ARM (inc. 1982, pop. 1981, 623). Alum
Jackson'sArm
bering and fishing community, Jackson's Arm is lo
cated on the inlet of Jackson's Arm on the northwest The local economy of inshore fishing and lumbering
side of White Bay qv. The shores of the Arm are steep continued into the 1970s, when Jackson's Arm Sea
and thickly wooded, with the community concentrated foods opened a fish plant at the bottom of the Arm,
around Wicks Cove and Schooner Cove on the north processing cod, turbot, capelin, herring, salmon,
shore. mackerel and squid. The establishment of the plant
In prehistoric times the coast of White Bay was encouraged some local fishermen to purchase
inhabited by peoples of the Dorset culture and by the longliners and increased the importance of the local
Maritime Archaic Indians (see ARCHAEOLOGY). fishery generally, while a local crab fishery developed
Artifacts have been discovered at Jackson's Arm that after P. Janes and Sons also opened a plant at "The
indicate occupation of the area by middle Dorset peo Bottom." Another important source of employment
ples, while a Dorset burial cave has been discovered at came in 1981 when Newfoundland and Labrador
Pumbly Cove to the north. Hydro commenced construction of a hydro-electric
The European presence at Jackson's Arm dates from complex to harness the Cat Arm River approximately
the late 1700s when the French frequented the inlet as 32 km to the north, with Jackson's Arm as the base of
a seasonal fishing station. Permanent settlement dates operations. In 1982 access roads to the site from
from the mid-nineteenth century when English settlers Jackson's Arm were completed and construction of the
began to arrive from Fogo Island and Notre Dame installation commenced, employing 100 people from
Bay. According to local tradition the first permanent the area (see ELECTRICITY).
inhabitants were the Wickses and Forans from Joe The original settlers of Jackson's Arm included
Batt's Arm. Jackson's Arm first appears in census re some Roman Catholics (likely the Forans) and the
cords in 1857 with five families totalling 36 inhabi 1857 Census notes 13 Roman Catholics resident in the
tants. The population increased gradually to 52 in community. By 1869, however, all residents are re
1884 and to 87 by 1901. corded as adherents of the Church of England, the
The early inhabitants of Jackson's Arm were en largest religious denomination at Jackson's Arm
gaged almost solely in the inshore fishery. After 1900 throughout its history. A one-room Church of England
the considerable timber resources in the area attracted school at Jackson's Arm is recorded in 1891, but it was
some sawmilling enterprises, the first being Marshall not until 1911 that a church building was recorded in
Brothers of St. John's, which opened a small mill in the community. Ten years later there was a small
1904. Several other sawmills commenced operation in Methodist population, also supporting a church and
the early twentieth century and from the 1930s some school. In 1990 the children of Jackson's Arm at
pulpwood cutting was carried on at nearby Hampden tended elementary school in the community, while
qv. The relatively steady woods work attracted an in older students were bused to the Regional High School
creased population to Jackson's Arm, the number of at Sop's Arm qv. David Puddister (1972), R.F. Sparkes
92 JACKSON'S COVE-LANGDON'S COVE-SILVERDALE
(1981), Census (1857-1981), Newfoundland Directory the mine for $220, later selling half of the share to
(1936), Rounder (May 1979), Sailing Directions New Robert Bond, the future Prime Minister, for $400.)
foundland (1980), Socio-Economic Impact Study of Another mine was opened around the same time at
the Proposed Cat Arm Hydro-electric Project (1980). Bear Cove. The fishery remained a principal source of
RHC employment. A fishplant built at nearby Harry's Harb
our qv in the late 1970s replaced individual fishing
JACKSON'S COVE-LANGDON'S COVE-SILVERDALE facilities. Before this fishermen took their cured
(inc. 1982; pop. 1986, 267). A fishing, farming and catches at season's end to Nipper's Harbour or to
lumbering community located near the head of the Little Bay Islands.
promontory separating Green Bay from Western Arm. Farming eventually became another major source of
Jackson's Cove was first listed in the 1857 Census employment. The area's relatively rich soil was noted
with a population of 37. Langdon's Cove, grouped by J.P. Howley in 1878, and 104 acres were under
with Nicky's Nose, was first listed in 1874, with a cultivation by 1911. By the 1950s a government land
population of 23. Silverdale (Bear Cove until 1921) is clearing policy made a tractor available and many
listed in 1891 with a population of 29, although there more acres came under cultivation. Residents formed
were 13 people living in Western Arm in 1884. One an agricultural society (membership was 25 in 1954)
tradition holds that the first English visitor to and soon such farm equipment as hay rakers, mowers,
Jackson's Cove wore three jackets and that the origi potato sowers and disc barrows were being used.
nal name for the community was Jacket's Cove. Some cattle and sheep were also raised. As early as the
Langdon's Cove undoubtedly took its name from the 1940s some farmers had become part-time mink
surname Langdon, Seary (1977) reported a Charles ranchers as well. In 1973 a community hall-agricul
Langdown (Langdon) at Jackson's Cove as early as tural exhibition centre was constructed.
1858. Other early family names in this area include The first English settlers to the area were predomi
Batstone, Bowers, Knight, Moores, Newhook and nantly Wesleyan. They had constructed a church as
Shelley. early as 1869 and a school by 1901. The Salvation
The English settlers were drawn to the area by the Army had arrived by 1891, when 56 adherents were
easy access to fishing grounds, but by 1869 were farm reported, and by 1921 had constructed its own church
ing 13 acres of land. Beginning in the 1860s more and school. In the 1950s children attended two United
people were attracted by the flurry of copper mining in Church one-room schools at Jackson's Cove and
the Green Bay area, with five mines soon opening near Silverdale. In 1990 most children beyond the elemen
Jackson's Cove. The Swatridge mine opened in 1876 tary grades attended school at Valmount Collegiate in
only to close the following winter when the mine man King's Point. Principal family names in these commu
ager, a Mr. Martin, fell through pond ice and drowned. nities in 1990 were Batstone, Kelly, King, Knight,
In 1878 the Colchester mine was opened by Betts Pynn, Upward and Webber. W. Martin (1983), E.R.
Cove Mining Company. (A James Batstone of Seary (1977), J.R. Smallwood (1941), Atlantic Guard
Jackson's Cove filed a suit claiming he had first dis ian (August 1954), Baie Verte Peninsula Regional
covered the ore body early in the 1870s and was Study (1960), Census ( 1857 -1986), Lovell's New
awarded the right to purchase a one-seventh share in foundland Directory (1871), Stacey Collection. BWC
JACOBS, SOLOMAN
(1847-1922). Fisherman.
Born Twillingate. Jacobs
fished in Newfoundland
until about 1864, at which
time he shipped for En
gland as a sailor. From
there he travelled to New
York. In 1872 he went to
Gloucester, Massachusetts,
where he began mackerel
fishing. His first trips to
George's Banks aboard the
schooners Nevada and Soloman Jacobs
Sabrine were very success-
ful and the vessel's owners gave him command of the
S.R. Lane. Jacobs brought in record-breaking quanti
ties of fish and won himself the title "the Mackerel
King."
In 1878 he bought his own schooner, the Sarah M.
Jacobs, the first of many he was to own. He encoun
Aerial view of Jackson's Cove tered misfortune, however, in 1888 when, while
JAEGERS AND SKUAS 93
searching for new fishing grounds on the Pacific JAEGERS AND SKUAS (Family Stercorariidae). This
coast, his vessel Edward E. Webster was damaged. group of birds, belonging to the Skua family, com
Jacobs returned to Gloucester and quickly regained prises four to six species. Birds of northern and south
the money he had lost. He was the first vessel owner ern oceans, they resemble gulls, but have a dense
in Gloucester to operate a fishing schooner with an membrane (cere) at the base of the upper bill, through
auxiliary gasoline engine and the first to build a which the nostrils open. They are the only birds
steamship for the fisheries. Jacobs continued fishing known to nest in both the Antarctic and Arctic. The
until his death in Gloucester. J.R. Smallwood (1967; three species of jaegers, smaller than skuas, are the
1975). EMD most numerous birds of prey in the Arctic.
JACQUES FONTAINE (inc. 1986; pop. 1986, 210). A
fishing community located near the base of the Burin
Peninsula on the east side of Fortune Bay, approxi
mately 3 km east of Bay L' Argent qv. The origin of the
name is uncertain, perhaps deriving from an early
French settler although it appears on many early maps
as Jack (or Jack's) Fountain. The community appears
to have been settled early in the nineteenth century
Jaegers
and was first recorded in the Census in 1836 (as "Tank
Fountain") with a population of 33. In 1869 the inhab
itants numbered 35 and Lovell's Newfoundland Direc
LONG-TAILED JAEGER. (Stercorarius longicaudus).
tory (1871) lists the heads of households as Samuel
Although the central tail feathers of this jaeger are the
Pardy, John Snook and Joseph Johnstone, all fisher
longest of the three species, it is the smallest and
men. The population rose to 64 by 1884 and to 93 by
slimmest of them. Often called the "bosun bird" in
1911, by which time the community supported a
Newfoundland, the long-tailed Jaeger is 51-58 em long
Church of England church and a one-room Church of
and has a wingspread of 76 em. It has a distinct black
England School. In 1935 there were 125 inhabitants,
cap on its grey-brown upper body. The white of the
the Newfoundland Directory (1936) noting the most
throat and yellow of the cheeks extend to the back,
common family names as Johnson, Pardy, Allen, Har
making a collar. These dark, hawk-like seabirds nest
ris and Brushett.
upon the ground or on cliffs, usually in colonies. They
In the early 1980s the population of Jacques Fon lay two or three eggs, brownish in colour with grey or
taine reached 200, most people finding employment in dark brown blotches. The long-tailed Jaeger feeds on
the inshore and longliner fisheries. In 1975 a regional insects, crustaceans and lemmings and also eats berries
integrated high school was opened in the community and carrion. It has a circumpolar breeding range, in
and in 1981 construction of a new Anglican church cluding Cape Chidley in Northern Labrador, but mi
was begun. The small Roman Catholic population grates to the southern hemisphere in winter. It is an
made use of religious and educational facilities in the uncommon visitor to insular Newfoundland in the
contiguous community of St. Bernard's qv. Dave spring and summer, and rarely in the fall.
Johnson (interview, Sept. 1982), Census (1836-1986),
POMARINE JAEGER. (Stercorarius pomarinus).
Rounder (Jan.-Feb. 1982), Newfoundland Historical
Of the three species of jaegers, the pomarine is the
Society (Jacques Fontaine). RHC largest and most powerful and has the stoutest bill and
Jacques Fontaine
94 JAKEMAN, AUDREY
the most white on the wings. It has two colour phases,
light and dark. Light-phase birds have a black cap,
yellow-white cheeks and collar. The throat and under
parts are white with a distinct band across the upper
breast. The less common dark-phase birds are dark,
sooty-grey with a black cap and white wings. They are
from 51-58 em long, with a wingspread of 122 em. The
bill is hooked, the feet are webbed and the central tail
feathers elongated. The pomarine jaeger preys on lem
mings and voles, even digging lemmings out of peat
bogs with its bill after the ground thaws. It also feeds
on other birds and their eggs, as well as on carrion.
Hard to identify at sea, they are common in Newfound
land and Labrador waters in spring and summer, but
rare in fall, at which time they are on their way south.
Some Newfoundlanders refer to the pomarine jaeger as
the Martin Shrike.
PARASITIC JAEGER. (Stercorarius parasiticus).
Like the pomarine jaeger, the parasitic jaeger is a
characteristic breeding bird of the Arctic, going south
for the winter, at which time it appears to be pelagic.
Taking its name from the fact that it eats other birds,
it is distinguished from the pomarine jaeger by its
short, flat, pointed central tail feathers. Like the
pomarine jaeger, it has two colour phases: in the dark
phase it is dark brown on top and light grey-brown
~
below and in the cheeks; on the light phase it is dark Audrey Jakeman
above with a white abdomen and throat, grey chest
life transporting patients from Trout River to the Nor
band and pale yellow cheeks. Parasitic jaegers also eat
ris Point hospital. Once, while stranded in a snow
lemmings and other small rodents, small birds, eggs
storm, she suffered severe frostbite but managed to
and the young of gulls and eider ducks, as well as
save her patient's life by lying on her. Her heroic
berries. Though uncommon off insular Newfoundland,
behaviour in this incident was cited in the awarding of
it bas been recorded in spring and summer. It breeds in
the Order of Canada. Jakeman also became an interna
north eastern Labrador and is abundant there.
tional celebrity, particularly in England, where her
SKUA. (Catharacta skua). This seabird, locally
exploits as the "angel of Newfoundland" were re
called the sea hen, does not nest in North America but
counted in numerous newspapers and magazines.
it does range off the Atlantic coast. It is 50-56 em long.
In addition to the Order of Canada, Jakeman was
With a wingspread of 150 em, the wings are wider and
honoured by Canada's Humane Society. In 1966 the
more rounded than those of jaegers. Dark brown to
central high school at Trout River was named after
rusty above, it appears massive in flight. Like the
her. Early in the 1970s she retired to Huddersfield.
parasitic jaeger it pirates food from such birds as gan
Amy Nicbolle (interview, Oct. 1990), DA (July/Aug.
nets and gulls, eats other birds, and also feeds on
1988), Who's Who Silver Anniversary Edition (1975).
carrion. It is an uncommon bird off the Island, but can
BWC
be seen in the summer and fall. R.G.B. Brown et al
(197 5), Maunder and Montevecchi (1982), Peters and
JAILS. See CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS.
Burleigh (1951), J.K. Terres (1980), W.E.C. Todd
(1963). EPS JAMES, CHARLES T. (1878-1950). Journalist; civil
servant. Born Carbonear, son of Mark and Melina
JAKEMAN, AUDREY (1919- ). Nurse. Born
(Taylor) James. Educated Carbonear. Married Elfrida
Huddersfield, Yorkshire. With more than 20 years
Andrews. James was appointed customs collector in
nursing service in the Bonne Bay area, Jakeman in Port aux Basques in 1900 and in 1909 became man
1968 became the first nurse from Newfoundland to be
ager of a mercantile house. In 1913 he made the first
awarded the Order of Canada.
of three unsuccessful attempts to win election to the
Trained as a nurse in England in the 1940s, Jakeman House of Assembly from the district of Burgeo and La
first became aware of Newfoundland through the work Poile. He became editor of the Evening Telegram in
of Dr. Wilfred Grenfell. She arrived in St. John's in 1917 and served until 1923 (except for a period during
1953 and after a five-week training course was sta 1919 election campaign when J.R. Smallwood acted
tioned at Trout River, where she remained for 10 as editor). He edited the Daily News in 1923-24 and
years. In 1963 she was appointed matron of the Norris the Daily Globe 1924-25. He then worked until 1935
Point cottage hospital. Nurse Jakeman often risked her as a reporter and free-lance journalist and served as
JAMIESON, BASIL HOWARD 95
Grand Secretary of the Society of United Fishermen. JAMESTOWN (pop. 1986, 167). A lumbering commu
In 1936 he was appointed chief accountant of the nity located at James Cove on the east side of Goose
Newfoundland Fisheries Board. James died at St. Bay (an arm of Bonavista Bay). Although from the
John's on April 1, 1950. Jeannie Howse (interview, mid-1800s the area was frequented by "winter
May 1991), J.R. Smallwood (interview, June 1982), people" of the older headland communities down the
Who's Who in and from Newfoundland 1937 (1937?). BWC bay, permanent settlement dates from about 1870. The
first settlers likely came from Keels qv (including the
JAMES, MICHAEL JOSEPH (1874-1947). Educator; Moss, Penney and Yetman families), Plate Cove
geographer. Born Brigus, Conception Bay. Educated (Philpotts) and King's Cove (Hancocks and
Brigus; St. Bonaventure's College. After teaching at Rickettses).
Marysvale, Grand Bank and Codroy, James became
principal of Northero..Bay Superior School from 1898
to 1901, then Bell Island High School from 1901 to
1905. In 1905 James left the teaching profession and
moved to St. John's where he engaged in a variety of
business activities and journalistic work, serving
briefly as editor of the Industrial Worker qv in 1918.
He also worked as a free-lance surveyor, working in
1911, 1912 and 1915 in Labrador. In 1920 he entered
the civil service as a surveyor with the Department of
Agriculture and Mines, where in the course of the next
20 years he compiled a great deal of geographical
information on Newfoundland and Labrador. James
frequently wrote periodical articles on the geography
and scenic attractions of Newfoundland, while his
Newfoundland Geography for Junior Classes was
used extensively in local schools between 1916 and
1930. He died at St. John's on July 27, 1947. J.R. The Jamestown Lumber Co.
Smallwood (1975), G.H. Tucker (1937), Who's Who in
Jamestown first appears in Census records, as James
and from Newfoundland 1937 (1937?). RHC Cove, in 1874 with a population of 58. In 1884 there
were 140 residents and by 1891 the community sup
JAMES, RICHARD LEWIS MALCOLM (1897- ported an Anglican church and school. Jamestown was
1972). Commissioner. Born Cardiff, Wales. Educated some distance from good fishing grounds and, while
Cardiff High School; Merthyr Intermediate School; the settlers originally continued the cycle of winter
London University. James was appointed Commis logging and summer fishing (often on the Labrador),
sioner for Finance for Newfoundland in 1946 and held the community became increasingly reliant on lumber
that position until the end of Commission of Govern ing early in the twentieth century. By the 1930s all but
ment in 1949. In that year he was nominated C.M.G. a few of the work force were employed as loggers or
In 1950 he was appointed Assistant Secretary to the in mill operations. Since 197 4 the single largest em
Minister of Fuel and Power in Britain. Who's Who, ployer has been the Jamestown Lumber Co., while a
195/ (1951). EMD public wharf was built in 1980 in an attempt to encour
age some development in the fishery. H.A. Wood
(1952), Census (1869-1986), DA (Sept-Dec 1986),
JAMES, THOMAS H. (c.1848-1931). Clergyman. Born
Lovell's Newfoundland Directory (1871), Newfound
England. James entered the Methodist ministry in
land Directory 1936 (1936). RHC
Newfoundland in 1871 after one year as a probationer
in Nova Scotia. During the next 45 years he served in
JAMIESON, BASIL HOW
more than a dozen Newfoundland Methodist missions
ARD. (1928- ). Broad
and circuits. While serving as an assistant minister on
caster, journalist. Born St.
the Gower Street circuit in St. John's he became the
John's, son of Isabella
first minister to be appointed to the newly independent
(Bennett) and Charles
circuit at George Street. A church on George Street
Jamieson qv. Educated
had been opened in 1881 as a second city church on
Prince of Wales Collegiate;
the Gower Street circuit; in 1883 it became a separate
University of British Co
circuit with James as its first superintendent pastor. In
lumbia; University of
1889-1890 he served as president of the Newfound
Windsor. Bas Jamieson
land Methodist Conference. James was superannuated
worked in British Columbia
in 1916 and went to live with a daughter in Whiting,
and the Northwest Territo
Indiana, where he died on January 31, 1931. D.W.
ries as a travel agent before
Johnson (n.d.), Minutes of the United Church of Can
becoming involved in Bas Jamieson
ada (1931). DAVID G. PITT
96 JAMIESON, CHARLES
broadcasting in Vancouver. In 1973 he moved back to in 1988. Jamieson is a past president of the Atlantic
Newfoundland as manager of a television station in Association of Broadcasters and a former director of
Corner Brook. the CTV network. C.C. Jamieson (letter, May 1982),
After becoming vice-president of St. John's radio Ron Pumphrey ( 1982), Who's Who Silver Anniversary
station CJYQ in 1977, Jamieson soon became well Edition (1975). LER
known as a journalist and broadcaster, especially as an
JAMIESON, DONALD
open-line radio host on Q Radio. In 1985 he estab
CAMPBELL (1921-1986).
lished a newspaper, the Mount Pearl Citizen qv, but it
Broadcaster; politician.
ceased publication in 1987. In 1988 Jamieson was
Born St. John's, son of
press secretary to the Minister of Environment and
Charles qv and Isabella
Lands, but then resumed a career as a freelance jour
Jamieson. Educated Prince
nalist. He was twice defeated as a Progressive Conser
of Wales College; Mercy
vative candidate in provincial elections, but was
Convent. Married Barbara
elected to the St. John's city council in 1990. Bas
Oakley.
Jamieson (interview, June 1990), Ron Pumphrey
Left fatherless at age 13,
(1982), Centre for Newfoundland Studies (Bas Jamie
he did not finish high
son). JJH
school. After taking a com
JAMIESON, CHARLES (1897-1934). Editor. Born mercial course at the Mercy
Harbour Grace. Father of Basil, Colin and Donald Convent, he went to work
Jamieson qqv. Educated St. Andrew's Presbyterian with the Commission of Don Jamieson
College, St. John's. Jamie Government to supplement
son began work as an ac the family income. Shortly after the outbreak of World
countant, but in 1928, along War II, Jamieson joined the staff of Crosbie and Com
with William J. Browne qv pany and was promoted to sales manager of its soft
and others, began a weekly drink company. During the war he was active in ama
newspaper called The teur theatricals with Canadian and American service
Watchman qv. The paper's organizations, arranging entertainment for servicemen
primary function was to and participating in shows. He also produced radio
publicize the efforts of the broadcasts for the troops. After the war, while retain
Conservative opposition in ing his position with Crosbie and Company, he be
the House of Assembly. came more involved in radio broadcasting and, on the
Jamieson became vice opening of the National Convention on
president and managing ed Newfoundland's constitutional future, began a series
itor of the paper, which of nightly news commentaries on the individuals and
Charles Jamieson
published its first issue on issues involved. He joined a group advocating eco
April 25, 1929. nomic union with the United States, becoming its
Jamieson also wrote for and edited a monthly mag chief radio spokesman, campaign manager and speech
azine called The Favourite qv and was well known for writer for the leader, Chesley Crosbie qv. Jamieson
his short stories, which were reportedly in demand by covered for a local radio station and newspaper both
several publications in Canada and the United States. the exploratory talks in Ottawa between a Committee
He was aided in this work by his wife Isabella (nee of the National Convention and the Canadian govern
Bennett). Jamieson developed a heart ailment as a ment and the final negotiations that led to Confedera
young man and died in 1934. W.J. Browne (1981), tion. He became the first Newfoundlander to be
Basil Jamieson (letter, June 1982). LER attached to the Press Gallery in Ottawa. Of the voters'
choice of Confederation Jamieson wrote in 1967:
JAMIESON, COLIN CAMPBELL (1927- ). Broad
Whatever the diverse and perfectly honest rea
casting executive. Born St. John's, son of Isabella
sons that prompted others to embrace Confeder
(Bennett) and Charles Jamieson qv. Educated Prince
ation, to me they were incomprehensible. I
of Wales College. Married Joan Squires.
thought of the traditions of Newfoundland, ro
Following graduation Jamieson worked with the manticized over our way of life, pulling the
firm of Crosbie and Company Ltd. as customs clerk shades over its depressing aspects and seeing
and, later, chief accountant. He began his career in only the appealing and the noble. I was heartsick
broadcasting in 1951, doing part-time work for CJON over my convictions that these would disappear
Radio. He began a full-time career in broadcasting in [after the defeat of our cause]. I walked out into
1955 when he became manager-trainee of the the early morning and cried.
Province's first television station, owned by the New
foundland Broadcasting Company. In August 1977 After Confederation Jamieson set up a consulting and
CJYQ 930 Limited began operating in the St. John's advertising company while pursuing his interest in
area, with Jamieson, a co-founder, as president of the broadcasting. He and Geoffrey Stirling qv established
company. He held this position until Q Radio was sold the Newfoundland Broadcasting Company, of which