Journal on Data Semantics VI PDF
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Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4090 CommencedPublicationin1973 FoundingandFormerSeriesEditors: GerhardGoos,JurisHartmanis,andJanvanLeeuwen EditorialBoard DavidHutchison LancasterUniversity,UK TakeoKanade CarnegieMellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,PA,USA JosefKittler UniversityofSurrey,Guildford,UK JonM.Kleinberg CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,USA FriedemannMattern ETHZurich,Switzerland JohnC.Mitchell StanfordUniversity,CA,USA MoniNaor WeizmannInstituteofScience,Rehovot,Israel OscarNierstrasz UniversityofBern,Switzerland C.PanduRangan IndianInstituteofTechnology,Madras,India BernhardSteffen UniversityofDortmund,Germany MadhuSudan MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,MA,USA DemetriTerzopoulos UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,CA,USA DougTygar UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,USA MosheY.Vardi RiceUniversity,Houston,TX,USA GerhardWeikum Max-PlanckInstituteofComputerScience,Saarbruecken,Germany Stefano Spaccapietra Karl Aberer Philippe Cudré-Mauroux (Eds.) Journal on Data Semantics VI Special Issue on Emergent Semantics 1 3 VolumeEditors StefanoSpaccapietra ÉcolePolytechniqueFédéraledeLausanne,EPFL ICLBD,Station14 1015Lausanne,Switzerland E-mail:stefano.spaccapietra@epfl.ch KarlAberer PhilippeCudré-Mauroux ÉcolePolytechniqueFédéraledeLausanne,EPFL IandC,LSIR,Station14 1015Lausanne,Switzerland E-mail:{karl.aberer,philippe.cudre-mauroux}@epfl.ch LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2006929224 CRSubjectClassification(1998):H.2,H.3,I.2,H.4,C.2 LNCSSublibrary:SL3–InformationSystemsandApplication,incl.Internet/Web andHCI ISSN 1861-2032 ISBN-10 3-540-36712-8SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork ISBN-13 978-3-540-36712-3SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,re-useofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965, initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsareliable toprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. SpringerisapartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia springer.com ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2006 PrintedinGermany Typesetting:Camera-readybyauthor,dataconversionbyScientificPublishingServices,Chennai,India Printedonacid-freepaper SPIN:11803034 06/3142 543210 The LNCS Journal on Data Semantics Computerizedinformationhandling haschangedits focus from centralizeddata managementsystemstodecentralizeddataexchangefacilities.Moderndistribu- tionchannels,suchashigh-speedInternetnetworksandwirelesscommunication infrastructure, provide reliable technical support for data distribution and data access, materializing the new, popular idea that data may be available to any- body, anywhere, anytime. However, providing huge amounts of data on request often turns into a counterproductive service, making the data useless because of poor relevance or inappropriate level of detail. Semantic knowledge is the es- sential missing piece that allows the delivery of information that matches user requirements.Semantic agreement,inparticular,is essentialto meaningfuldata exchange. Semantic issues have long been open issues in data and knowledge manage- ment.However,theboominsemanticallypoortechnologies,suchastheWeband XML, has boosted renewed interest in semantics. Conferences on the Semantic Web, for instance, attract crowds of participants, while ontologies on their own have become a hot and popular topic in the database and artificial intelligence communities. Springer’s LNCS Journal on Data Semantics (JoDS) aims at providing a highly visible dissemination channel for most remarkable work that in one way oranotheraddressesresearchanddevelopmentonissuesrelatedtothesemantics ofdata.Thetargetdomainrangesfromtheoriessupportingtheformaldefinition ofsemanticcontenttoinnovativedomain-specificapplicationofsemanticknowl- edge. This publication channel should be of highest interest to researchers and advanced practitioners working on the Semantic Web, interoperability, mobile informationservices,datawarehousing,knowledgerepresentationandreasoning, conceptual database modeling, ontologies, and artificial intelligence. Topics of relevance to this journal include: • Semantic interoperability, semantic mediators • Ontologies • Ontology, schema and data integration, reconciliation and alignment • Multiple representations, alternative representations • Knowledge representation and reasoning • Conceptualization and representation • Multi-model and multi-paradigm approaches • Mappings, transformations, reverse engineering • Metadata • Conceptual data modeling • Integrity description and handling • Evolution and change • Web semantics and semi-structured data • Semantic caching VI Preface • Data warehousing and semantic data mining • Spatial, temporal, multimedia and multimodal semantics • Semantics in data visualization • Semantic services for mobile users • Supporting tools • Applications of semantic-driven approaches These topics are to be understood as specifically related to semantic issues. Contributions submitted to the journal and dealing with semantics of data will be considered even if they are not within the topics in the list. Whilethe physicalappearanceofthejournalissueslookslikethebooksfrom the well-known Springer LNCS series, the mode of operation is that of a jour- nal. Contributions can be freely submitted by authors and are reviewed by the Editorial Board. Contributions may also be invited, and nevertheless carefully reviewed, as in the case for issues that contain extended versions of best papers from major conferences addressing data semantics issues. Special issues, focus- ing on a specific topic, are coordinated by guest editors once the proposal for a special issue is accepted by the Editorial Board. Finally, it is also possible that a journal issue be devoted to a single text. The journal published its first volumein2003(LNCS2800),itssecondvolumeatthebeginningof2005(LNCS 3360), and its third volume in Summer 2005 (LNCS 3534). Volumes I, II and V are special issues composed of selected extended versions of best conference papers. Volume III is a special issue on Semantic-Based Geographical Informa- tion Systems, coordinated by guest editor Esteban Zima´nyi. The fourth volume is the first “normal” volume, composed of spontaneous submissions on any of the topics of interest to the journal. This volume is a special issue on Emergent Semantics. The Editorial Board comprises one Editor-in-Chief (with overall re- sponsibility)andseveralmembers.The Editor-in-Chiefhasafour-yearmandate to runthe journal.Members ofthe boardhavea three-yearmandate.Mandates are renewable. More members may be added to the board as appropriate. We are happy to welcome you to our readership and authorship, and hope we will share this privileged contact for a long time. Stefano Spaccapietra Editor-in-Chief http://lbdwww.epfl.ch/e/Springer/ JoDS Volume VI – Guest Editorial AsSemanticWebtechnologiesareattractingincreasingattention,bothfromthe academicandindustrialworlds,moreandmorevoicesareraisingconcernsabout themonolithicdesignprinciplesoftheoriginalSemanticWeb.Bothfoundational (e.g.,RDF/S)andmorerecentrecommendations(e.g.,OWL)wereheavilyinflu- encedbyexpert-systemsanddescriptionlogics,andintheviewofmanysufferfrom theirintrinsiccomplexity(e.g.,open-worldsemantics)andlackofscalability.Asa reaction,somearecurrentlysuggestingmuchsimplerformatsbasedonXMLlike microformats,whileothersarepromotingsocialtaggingmechanismssuchasthose inplaceonFlickr1,del.icio.us2orGoogleCo-op3.Afteraseriesoffruitfulinterac- tionswithintheIFIPWorkingGroup2.6.onDatabases4,wedecidedtopromotea middleway,whereend-user(imperfect)informationisencodedusingSemanticWeb standards,butwhereitsorganizationisdelegatedtodecentralized,self-organizing processes.Werefertothisparadigmusingthetermemergentsemantics. This special issue on emergent semantics starts with an invited paper enti- tled “Viewpoints on EmergentSemantics” summarizing some of the discussions heldwithintheIFIPW.G.2.6.andoutliningemergent semantics principlesand some of their applications. The issue continues with eight peer-reviewed papers (out of the original 19 submissions we received) authored by some of the fore- most experts in domains related to the emergent semantics paradigm.The first threepaperstacklethe problemofencodingorrelatingimperfectinformationin logical frameworks. In “f-SWRL: A Fuzzy Extension of SWRL,” Jeff Z. Pan et al. explore how to represent imprecise knowledge in SWRL, a highly expressive language derived from a combination of OWL and Horn rules. In “Intensional Semantics for P2P Data Integration,” Zoran Majki´c proposes a logical frame- work based on intensional logic to model weakly coupled information sources in decentralized (Peer-to-Peer) settings. In “Integrating and Exchanging XML DatausingOntologies,”HuiyongXiaoandIsabelF.Cruzdealwiththeproblem ofintegratinglocalandheterogeneousXMLdatasourcesusinganRDFschema. Thelastfivepapersconcentrateonprocessesfororganizing(imperfect)knowl- edge in automated ways. In “Managing Uncertainty in Schema Matching with Top-K Schema Mappings,” Avigdor Gal extends current practice in schema matching by generating and examining K schema mappings simultaneously to identify useful mappings automatically. In “Semantic Data Management in Peer-to-PeerE-CommerceApplications,”YosiBen-AsherandShlomoBerkovsky proposetoorganizedataobjectsinamulti-layeredhypercubetopologybasedon anunderspecifiedandcustomizableontology.In“InteroperabilitythroughEmer- gentSemantics.AsemioticDynamicsApproach,”LucSteelsandPeterHanappe 1http://www.flickr.com/ 2http://del.icio.us/ 3http://www.google.com/coop 4http://wise.vub.ac.be/ifipwg26/ VIII JoDS VolumeVI – Guest Editorial advocate the use of mechanisms from natural language to foster semantic inter- operability in an emergent and adaptive way. In “Emergent Semantics from Folksonomies:A Quantitative Study,” Lei Zhang et al. show how global seman- tics canbe statically inferredfromdynamic collections ofuser-definedtags(i.e., folksonomies). In “Emergent Semantics in Knowledge Sifter: An Evolutionary SearchAgentbasedonSemanticWebServices,”LarryKerschbergetal.propose an agent-based framework to discover emergent concepts and user preferences in content retrieval systems using collaborative filtering. Lastly, we would like to express our utmost gratitude to the reviewers, who investedmuchoftheirtimeincarefulanalysisandevaluationofthesubmissions: Harith Alani, University of Southampton, UK Budak Arpinar, University of Georgia, USA Joe Bigus, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, USA Boualem Benatallah, University of New South Wales, Australia Klemens B¨ohm, University of Karlsruhe,Germany Paolo Bouquet, University of Trento, Italy Adriana Budura, EPFL, Switzerland Hans Chalupsky, University of Southern California, USA Philipp Cimiano, University of Karlsruhe, Germany Anwitaman Datta, EPFL, Switzerland Tharam Dillon, University of Technology Sydney, Australia David W. Embley, Brigham Young University, USA Cristina Feier, Digital Enterprise Research Institute (DERI), Ireland Frederico Fonseca, Pennsylvania State University, USA Doug Foxvog, Digital Enterprise Research Institute (DERI), Ireland Enrico Franconi, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano,Italy Sarunas Girdzijauskas, EPFL, Switzerland Mohand-Sa¨ıd Hacid, University Claude Bernard Lyon, France Yannis Kalfoglou, University of Southampton, UK Vipul Kashyap, Partners HealthCare System, USA Malte Kiesel, DFKI, Germany Maurizio Lenzerini, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Italy Tim van Pelt, EPFL, Switzerland Brigitte Safar, University of Paris Sud, France Monica Scannapieco, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Italy Roman Schmidt, EPFL, Switzerland Christoph Schmitz, University of Kassel, Germany Michael Sheng, Australian National University, Australia Amandeep S. Sidhu, University of Technology Sydney, Australia Gleb Skobeltsyn, EPFL, Switzerland Sergio Tessaris, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano,Italy Guy De Tr´e, Ghent University, Belgium Karl Aberer and Philippe Cudr´e-Mauroux Guest Editors JoDS Editorial Board Co-editors-in-chief: Lois Delcambre, Portland State University, USA Stefano Spaccapietra, EPFL, Switzerland Members of the Board: Carlo Batini, Universita` di Milano Bicocca, Italy Alex Borgida,Rutgers University, USA Shawn Bowers, University of California Davis, USA Tiziana Catarci, Universita` di Roma La Sapienza, Italy David W. Embley, Brigham Young University, USA Jerome Euzenat, INRIA Alpes, France Dieter Fensel, University of Innsbruck, Austria Nicola Guarino, National Research Council, Italy Jean-Luc Hainaut, FUNDP Namur, Belgium Ian Horrocks, University of Manchester, UK Arantza Illarramendi, Universidad del Pa´ıs Vasco, Spain Larry Kerschberg,George Mason University, USA Michael Kifer, State University of New York at Stony Brook, USA Tok Wang Ling, National University of Singapore, Singapore Shamkant B. Navathe, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA Antoni Oliv´e, Universitat Polit`ecnica de Catalunya, Spain Jos´ePalazzoM. de Oliveira,UniversidadeFederaldo Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Christine Parent, Universit´e de Lausanne, Switzerland John Roddick, Flinders University, Australia Klaus-Dieter Schewe, Massey University, New Zealand Heiner Stuckenschmidt, University of Mannheim, Germany Katsumi Tanaka, University of Kyoto, Japan Yair Wand, University of British Columbia, Canada Eric Yu, University of Toronto, Canada Esteban Zima´nyi, Universit´e Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium Table of Contents Emergent Semantics Viewpoints on Emergent Semantics Philippe Cudr´e-Mauroux, Karl Aberer, Alia I. Abdelmoty, Tiziana Catarci, Ernesto Damiani, Arantxa Illaramendi, Mustafa Jarrar, Robert Meersman, Erich J. Neuhold, Christine Parent, Kai-Uwe Sattler, Monica Scannapieco, Stefano Spaccapietra, Peter Spyns, Guy De Tr´e .................... 1 f-SWRL: A Fuzzy Extension of SWRL Jeff Z. Pan, Giorgos Stoilos, Giorgos Stamou, Vassilis Tzouvaras, Ian Horrocks .................................................. 28 Intensional Semantics for P2P Data Integration Zoran Majki´c.................................................. 47 Integrating and Exchanging XML Data Using Ontologies Huiyong Xiao, Isabel F. Cruz ................................... 67 Managing Uncertainty in Schema Matching with Top-K Schema Mappings Avigdor Gal ................................................... 90 Semantic Data Management in Peer-to-PeerE-Commerce Applications Yosi Ben-Asher, Shlomo Berkovsky .............................. 115 Interoperability Through Emergent Semantics A Semiotic Dynamics Approach Luc Steels, Peter Hanappe ...................................... 143 Emergent Semantics from Folksonomies: A Quantitative Study Lei Zhang, Xian Wu, Yong Yu .................................. 168 Emergent Semantics in Knowledge Sifter: An Evolutionary Search Agent Based on Semantic Web Services Larry Kerschberg, Hanjo Jeong, Wooju Kim....................... 187 Author Index................................................... 211 Viewpoints on Emergent Semantics Philippe Cudr´e-Mauroux1,(cid:2), Karl Aberer1 (editors), Alia I. Abdelmoty2, Tiziana Catarci3, Ernesto Damiani4, Arantxa Illaramendi5, Mustafa Jarrar6, Robert Meersman6, Erich J. Neuhold7, Christine Parent1, Kai-Uwe Sattler8, Monica Scannapieco3, Stefano Spaccapietra1, Peter Spyns6, and Guy De Tr´e9 1 EPFL, Switzerland Tel.: +41-21-693 6787 [email protected] 2 Cardiff University,UK 3 Universityof Rome La Sapienza, Italy 4 University of Milan, Italy 5 Universityof theBasque Country,Spain 6 Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium 7 Fraunhofer IPSI,Germany 8 Technical University Ilmenau, Germany 9 Ghent University,Belgium Abstract. Weintroduceanovelviewonhowtodealwiththeproblems ofsemanticinteroperabilityindistributedsystems.Thisviewisbasedon the concept of emergent semantics, which sees both the representation of semantics and the discovery of the proper interpretation of symbols astheresultofaself-organizingprocessperformedbydistributedagents exchanging symbols and having utilities dependent on the proper in- terpretation of the symbols. This is a complex systems perspective on the problem of dealing with semantics. We highlight some of the dis- tinctivefeatures of ourvision and point out preliminary examples of its application. 1 Introduction In this paper, we introduce a novel view on how to deal with the problems of semantic interoperabilityin distributedinformationsystems.This view is based on the concept of emergent semantics, which sees both the representation of semanticsandthediscoveryoftheproperinterpretationofsymbolsastheresult ofaself-organizingprocessperformedbydistributedagentsexchangingsymbols andhavingutilities dependentonthe properinterpretationofthe symbols.This is a complex systems perspective on the problem of dealing with semantics. Wefirstintroduceastepbystepreasoningunderlyingtheconceptofemergent semanticsinSection2.Inthesubsequentchapters,ourgoalistoidentifycurrent works that manifest the ideas of emergent semantics more concretely, within (cid:2) Corresponding author. S.Spaccapietraetal.(Eds.):JournalonDataSemanticsVI,LNCS4090,pp.1–27,2006. (cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2006
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