Journal of the History of Ideas (Volume 61, Number 2, April 2000)

204 Pages·2000·26.04 MB·English

by  Donald R. Kelley

OURNAL OF THE
I
IIT STORY
F
DEAS
Articles:
Jacob Soil Lisa Gorton
Amelot de La Houssaye's Tacitus Response to WilliamE gginton
John ChristianL aursen
Spinoza in Denmark
Rochelle Gurstein
Taste and "the Conversible World"
Gregory Claeys
The Origins of Social Darwinism
Stephen C. Angle
Liang Qichao and Rudolf von Jhering
Jill M. Kress
WilliamJ ames
Jennifer Michael Hecht
Vacherd e Lapouge
Benedetto Fontana
Antonio Gramsci
Gerald Holton
Postmodernismsa nd the
"Endo f Science"
April 2000 Vol. 61, No. 2 ISSN 0022-5037
Journalo f the History of Ideas
ISSN 0022-5037
Volume 61 Number 2 April 2000
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Volume 61 April 2000 Number 2
Table of Contents
Articles Page
Amelot de La Houssaye (1634-1706) AnnotatesT acitus ...... Jacob Soil 167
Spinoza in Denmark and the Fall of Struensee, 1770-1772
................................ John ChristianL aursen 189
Taste and "the Conversible World"i n the EighteenthC entury
........................................ Rochelle Gurstein 203
The "Survivalo f the Fittest"a nd the Origins of Social Darwinism
...................................... Gregory Claeys 223
Should We All Be More English? Liang Qichao, Rudolf von Jhering,
and Rights ............................... Stephen C. Angle 241
ContestingM etaphorsa nd the Discourse of Consciousness
in Wi lliam James .............................. Jill M. Kress 263
Vacher de Lapouge and the Rise of Nazi Science. . Jennifer Michael Hecht 285
Logos and Kratos: Gramsci and the Ancients on Hegemony
....................................... Benedetto Fontana 305
The Rise of Postmoderisms and the "Endo f Science"
. .......................................... Gerald Holton 327
The ParadoxT opos .................................Lisa Gorton 343
Books Received ............................................. 349
Copyright 2000 by Journal of the History of Ideas, Inc.
Journal of the of Ideas
History
An International Quarterly Devoted to Intellectual History
Board of Editors
Executive Editor: Donald R. Kelley, Rutgers University
Associate Editor: Robin Ladrach,R utgers University
Hans Aarsleff, Princeton Univ. Steven Nadler, Univ. of Wisconsin
David Bromwich, Yale Univ. Helen North, SwarthmoreC ollege
Virginia Brown, Pontifical Institute Francis Oakley, WilliamsC ollege
John F. Callahan,D umbarton Oaks Anthony Pagden, Johns Hopkins Univ.
Julia Ching, Univ. of Toronto Claude Palisca, Yale Univ.
Marcia Colish, Oberlin College Peter Paret, Inst. for Advanced Study
David H. Donald, Harvard Univ. Eugene F. Rice, Columbia Univ.
Charles C. Gillispie, Princeton Univ. Dorothy Ross, Johns Hopkins Univ.
Anthony Grafton,P rinceton Univ. David HarrisS acks, Reed College
Emily Grosholz,P enn State Univ. J. B. Schneewind, Johns Hopkins Univ.
Knud Haakonssen,B oston Univ. JerroldS eigel, New YorkU niv.
David Hollinger, Univ. of California Nancy G. Siraisi, Hunter College
Bruce Kuklick, Univ. of Pennsylvania Quentin Skinner, Cambridge Univ.
Joseph M. Levine, Syracuse Univ. Gisela Striker, Cambridge Univ.
EdwardP . Mahoney, Duke Univ. David Summers, Univ. of Virginia
Allan Megill, Univ. of Virginia John W. Yolton, Rutgers Univ.
John E. Murdoch,H arvard Univ. Perez Zagorin, Univ. of Rochester
Consulting Editors
Sidney Axinn Henry M. Hoenigswald David Fate Norton
FrederickB eiser MaryanneC . Horowitz Steven Ozment
GregoryC laeys J. Paul Hunter Peter Reill
Stefan Collini Victoria Kahn PatrickR iley
Brian P. Copenhaver George Kateb Alan Ryan
William J. Courtenay William R. Keylor GordonS chochet
W. R. Elton Robert M. Kingdon Jean Starobinski
James Engell Samuel C. Kinser Nancy S. Struever
Ivan Gaskell Norman Kretzmann Brian Tierey
Bentley Glass Elizabeth Lunbeck Aram Vartanian
Maurice M. Goldsmith Rudolf Makkreel Brian Vickers
Daniel Gordon Hajime Nakamura Stewart Weaver
Loren Graham Donald Winch
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Post-ContemporaryI nterventions
Amelot de La Houssaye
(1634-1706)
Annotates Tacitus
Jacob Soil
Thousandsh ave worked on Tacitus.S ome have translatedh im, others
have commentedo n him. Some have put his text into paraphrasesb, e-
cause of his obscurity:S ome othersh ave sucked out thej uice and mar-
row, which is to say, the Sentences,A phorismes,A pophtegms,a nd the
Political Axioms, of which he is as fertile, as he is sterile in words. His
Translatorsh ave made him speak every Language,w ell or badly, ac-
cordingt o whatt hey understoodo r did not. Of his Commentatorss,o me,
as if they were Grammariansh, ave only picked throughh is Latin, and
his fashions of speaking, which are all extraordinaryT. he others, like
studentso f Politics, neithers toppingt o look at his phrases,n or his dic-
tion, have studiedt o penetratet he mysteries, and the secrets of the Art-
of-govering, of which he has been the Master,a nd universal Oracle,
for more than five-hundredy ears.'
Thus wrote Nicolas-AbrahamA melot de La Houssaye in the preface of his
book, TibereD: iscourspolitiquess ur Tacite( Paris:c hez FredericL eonard,1 684).
He was describingw hath as become knowna s the Tacitistm ovemento f political
theory,b ased on the work of the Roman historianT acitus,w hich began in the
1580s and lastedu ntil the FrenchR evolution.2T he practiceo f translating,c om-
Abraham-NicolasA melot de La Houssaye, Tibere:D iscours politiques sur Tacite( Paris,
1684), 1-2 (preface).
2 Peter Burke dates the Tacitistm ovement as lasting one hundredy ears, c. 1580-c. 1680 in
"Tacitism,"in T.A . Dorey (ed.), Tacitus( London, 1969), 149-71 at 150. My own article," Amelot
de La Houssaye and the TaciteanT raditioni n France," Translationa nd Literature,2 (1997),
186-200 at 186-87, shows that Tacitus's influence continued into the late seventeenth century
until the death of Louis XIV, and CatherineA uger-Volpilhaci llustratest hat Tacitus'si nfluence
continued until the eighteenth century.A uger-Volpilhac,T acite en France de Montesquieu a
Chateaubriand( Oxford, 1993). See also Giuseppe Toffanin, Machiavelli e il Tacitismo: la
"politica storica" al tempo della Controri-forma( Naples, 1972); Giorgio Spini, Contributi
alla storia del Conciliod i Trentoe della Controriforma(F lorence,1 948);J iirgenv on Stackelburg,
Tacitusi n der Romania:S tudienz ur literarischenR ezeptiond es Tacitusi n Italien undF rankreich
167
Copyrigh2t0 00b yJ ournaolf theH istoryo f IdeasI, nc.
168 Jacob Soll
mentingo n, or writingl ike Tacitusb egan in earnesti n the late sixteenthc entury.
AuthoritativeL atin editions as well as vernaculart ranslationsf lourished and
greatk ings turnedt o these now accessible texts as manualsf or ruling.3T acitus
provided examples from history which could be used to form the basis of a
practicalp olitical "science."A longside Machiavelli,p ractitionerso f reason of
statep laced the works of Tacitusa s the foundings tones of theirh umanistc anon
of secularp olitical philosophy.4M arc-AntoineM uretb egan teachingT acitusa t
the Universityo f Rome in 1580, and at the same time JustusL ipsiusa ndC arolus
Paschaliusb egana Latinistt raditiono f commentingo n Tacitus'sw orks.5L ipsius,
by far the most influential of the sixteenth-centuryT acitists, was not only a
philologist interestedi n reestablishingT acitus'so riginal text but also a com-
mentatorw ho sought to extractm oral and political sententiae from the Roman
historian.6T hus humanist scholarly practices served as the basis of Tacitean
political theory as historicale xempla, verified by philology, became useful for
practicalp olitics.7S cholarshipa nd secularp olitical science were boundf or the
long journey into the moder age.8
(Tiibingen, 1960); Hans Baron, The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance (Princeton,1 9662);
A. T. Bradford," StuartA bsolutism and the Utility of Tacitus,"H untingtonL ibrary Quarterly,
46 (1983), 127-55; Peter Burke, "A Survey of the Popularityo f Ancient Historians,"H istory
and Theory,5 (1967), 135-52;A maldo Momigliano," TheF irstP oliticalC ommentaryo n Tacitus,"
Journal of Roman Studies, 37 (1947), 91-101 and "Tacitusa nd the TacitistT radition,"i n The
Classical Foundationso fModernH istoriography( Berkeley, 1990), 109-31;K ennethS chellhase,
Tacitusi n RenaissanceP olitical Thought( Chicago, 1976); J. H. M. Salmon," Ciceroa nd Tacitus
in Sixteenth CenturyF rance,"A mericanH istorical Review, 85 (1980), 307-31; also chapter 1
of Salmon's Renaissance and Revolt (Cambridge,1 987); Dominique Morineau," La Reception
des historiens anciens dansl 'historiographie fran,aise, fin XVIIe-debutX VIIIe siecle" (Ph.D.
Diss.: University of Paris-IV, 1988); Morris W. Croll, Style, Rhetoric and Rhythm( Princeton,
1966), 14-17; Marc Fumaroli,L 'ge de 'eloquence (Geneva, 1980), 57-69; and RichardT uck,
Philosophy and Government( Cambridge, 1993). For a new interpretationo f Tacitus's influ-
ence in Franceb etweent he sixteentha nd seventeenthc enturiess ee Soll, "Amelotd e La Houssaye
and the TaciteanT raditioni n France,"2 00.
3
Burke, "A Survey," 149; Soll, "Amelot de La Houssaye and the TaciteanT raditioni n
France," 186.
4 Momigliano, "Tacitusa nd the Tacitean Tradition,"1 24; Burke, "Tacitism, Scepticism
and Reason of State,"i n J. H. Bums and M. Goldie (eds.), The CambridgeH istory of Political
Thought1 450-1700 (Cambridge, 1996), 490.
5
Momigliano, "Tacitusa nd the TaciteanT radition,"1 23.
6 Jose Ruysschaert,J uste Lipse et les Annales de Tacite:U ne methodec ritique textuellea u
XVIe siecle (Louvain, 1949), 37; also GerhardO estreich, Neostoicism and the Early Modern
State (Cambridge,1 982); MarkM orford,S toics and Neostoics: Rubensa nd the Circle ofLipsius
(Princeton, 1991) and "TaciteanP rudentia in the Doctrines of JustusL ipsius," Tacitusa nd the
TaciteanT radition,e d. T. J. Luce andA . J. Woodman( Princeton,1 993), 129-51; J. L. Saunders,
Justus Lipsius: The Philosophy of Renaissance Stoicism (New York, 1955); and Jacquline
Lagree, Juste Lipse et la restaurationd u stoicisme: Etude et traductiond es traites stoiciens
(Paris, 1994).
7
Oestreich, 8.
8 See Anthony Grafton,T he Footnote: A CuriousH istory (Cambridge,M ass., 1997), 1-4.
Amelots Tacitus 169
If humanist scholarship formed the basis of Tacitean political theory, it is
also the key for understanding how it worked. Tacitism was an editorial practice
and thus scholarly editors became political theorists. Justus Lipsius did not at-
tempt to write his own version of a Tacitean Annales. Instead, he chopped up
Tacitus's text, making a commonplace notebook for absolutist princes with his
Politicorum libri sex (Leiden: Plantin, 1589).9 Understanding the Lipsian tradi-
tion-the process by which Tacitus was read, broken down and "represented"
by scholarly editors-clarifies an unexplored yet essential element of the evolu-
tion of secular political theory from a tool of Absolutism to an arm of revolu-
tionary republicanism.?1
The most striking example of the Lipsian tradition can be found in the works
of Amelot de La Houssaye, whose vision of Tacitean scholarship we have al-
ready seen. Between 1670 and his death in 1706 Amelot was the most prolific
translator and commentator of Tacitus in France. Between 1676 and 1808, at
least 107 editions of 23 different works by Amelot were published in French,
almost all Tacitean in nature.1' These books were widely read and inspired nu-
merous foreign editions. The unifying thread of this extraordinarily large corpus
of works is Amelot de La Houssaye's fascination with Tacitus. He not only
translated and commented on Tacitus; he also represented the major works of
secular political philosophy of his time as Tacitean in origin. Machiavelli, for
example, was "proven" to be a derivative of Tacitus. When eighteenth-century
philosophers such as Pierre Bayle, Gibbon, Montesquieu, and Voltaire read The
Prince, they saw it through Amelot's Tacitean editorial lens.12 Understanding
9 See JanW asznik," Inventioi n the Politica: Commonplace-Booksa nd the Shape of Politi-
cal Theory,"i n K. Enenkel and C. Heesakkers( eds.), Lipsius in Leiden: Studies in the Life and
Workso f a Great Humanist (Voorthuizen,1 997), 141-62.
10O n "black"a bsolutist as opposed to "red"r evolutionaryT acitisms ee Toffanin, 10.
1 Jacob Soll, "Une bibliographiem at6rielle d'Amelot de La Houssaie: les traces d'une
strategie d'auteur"( Dipl6me d'Etudes Approfondies Diss., Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sci-
ences Sociales, 1993), 6.
12 PierreB ayle extensively read Amelot's work over the years and correspondedw ith him
on at least one recordedo ccasion. Emile Gigas, Choix de la correspondancei nedit de Pierre
Bayle, 1670-1706 (Copenhagen,1 890), 128-30. Bayle reviews or mentions the following works
in the Nouvelles de la Republique des lettres (Amsterdam):L 'Histoire du gouvernementd e
Venise and the Histoire du concile de Trente( March, 1684), 456; L'Histoire du concile de
Trente( 1685), 1168; Le Traited es benefices (January,1 686), 111;L a Morale de Tacite (June,
1686), 623; Le Prince (January,1 687), 99; and the Memoires de la minorite de Louis XIV by
La Rochefoucauldp ublisheda nonymously,i s reviewed, althoughB ayle is unawareo fAmelot's
authorship( January,1 688), 72. Geoffrey Keynes (ed.), The Library of Edward Gibbon (Lon-
don, 1980), lists a 1714 edition of L'Histoire du gouvernementd e Venise;a 1754 edition of
Amelot's critical edition of La Rochefoucauld'sM emoiresd e la minorited e Louis XIV; a 1732
edition of Amelot's critical edition of the Lettres du Cardinal d'Ossat; and a 1736 edition of
Amelot's translationo f Sarpi'sH istoire du concile de Trente.M ontesquieuc ites the Histoire du
gouvernementd e Venisei n the Esprit des loix, V, viii, notes "e" and "i." Muriel Dodds gives
several examples of passages from chapterV of the Esprit on Venice which Montesquieut akes
directly fromA melot: Les recits de voyages: sources de 'Espritd es lois de Montesquieu( Paris,
170 Jacob Soll
how Amelot read and represented Tacitus and Machiavelli will permit us to
understand how humanist scholarship influenced secular political philosophy at
the dawn of the Enlightenment.
Fortunately, the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris possesses a copy of an as-
yet unstudied Latin edition of Tacitus hand-annotated by Amelot, which is a
window into understanding Amelot's Tacitism: C. Corn. Tacitus, et in eum M.
Z. Boxhornii et H. Grotii observationes (Venice: Juntas et Baba, 1645), in-
12?.13A s well as Amelot's manuscript ex-libris signature on the title-page, the
book contains hundreds of his manuscript notes, commentaries, and an exten-
sive system of numerical reference markings.14T hese annotations are found on
more than 90% of Tacitus's text. Although annotating the texts of classical au-
1929), 35-39. Louis Desgraves, Catalogue de la bibliothequed e Montesquieu( Geneva, 1954),
lists a number of works by Amelot, including the first edition of L'Homme de cour (Paris,
1684) with Montesquieu's manuscripta nnotations. Other works in the Libraryo f La Brede
include:A melot's translationo f Sarpi's Traited es benefices (1685); anotheru nmarkede dition
of L'Hommed e cour (1685); his translationo f Machiavelli's The Prince (1684); his translation
of and commentaryo n Tacitus,T ibere.D iscours politiques sur Tacite( 1683); his own L 'Histoire
du gouvernement de Venise (1676); his translationo f Sarpi's Histoire du concile de Trente
(n.d.); and his critical edition of La Rochefoucauld'sM emoires de la minorite de Louis XIV
(1710).
13 Rebound in the nineteenth century in a thick modem parchment, probably by the
Bibliotheque Nationale, this Venetian edition has a "Bibliotheque Royale" stamp and was
acquireda fter 1737 from the libraryo f the abbe de Fourcy,w hich containeda numbero f books
from the personal collection of Amelot de La Houssaye including several works that he had
hand-annotatedT. he stamp in the annotatedc opy of the Juntase t Baba edition is a type B, N?
14, used after 1735. Pierre Josseranda nd Jean Bruno, "Les estampilles du Departementd es
Imprimesd e la BibliothequeN ationale,"i n Melanges Calot (Paris, 1960), 275. Amelot's hand-
annotatedc opy is mentioned in the Catalogue des Livres de M. ***** [Henri de Fourcy], dont
la vente sefera en detail le Lundy1 3. May 1737. etjours suivans, depuis deux heures de relevee
jusqu'au soir, rui de Joiiy dans le Cul-de-sac de Fourcy (Paris, 1737), 94: Reference 1443:
"TacitiO pera,c um Boxhomii & Grotii observat. Venet.1 645. in 12. (Codex istefuit D. Amelot
de la Houssaie, qui notas perpetuas manu propria addidit.)."T he catalogue does not give a
descriptiono f the book's original binding. I am indebtedt o ProfessorF rancoisM oureauo f the
Sorbonnew ho aided me in a bibliographicala nalysis of the Juntase t Baba copy.
14 The 1645 edition of Tacitus's works, published by Tommaso Giunta and Francesco
Baba,i ncludesa compilationo f commentariesb y Hugo Grotiusa ndM arcusZ ueriusV anB oxhorn.
Grotius'sc ommentariesw ere first published in 1640 in a Lipsian edition of Tacitus'sw orks: C.
Corn. Tacituse x J. Lipsii editione (Leiden, 1640). The Juntase t Baba copy appearst o be their
only republication.V an Boxhom's commentarieso n TheA gricola were first published in 1642
(Leiden), and his commentaryo n the complete works was first published in Amsterdam in
1643, reedited in 1645 by Giunta and Baba, and again in Amsterdami n 1653. The Juntas et
Baba copy is the only Latin edition uniting the commentarieso f Grotius and Van Boxhor. It
includes a dedicationt o PetroF oscarenob y FrancescoB aba (2v-4r) and the "Taciti,V ita, honores,
scripta"b y JustusL ipsius (5v-6r). The Latin text is the same used in Lipsian editions of Tacitus.
Paolo Camerini,A nnali dei Giunti (Firenze, 1963), "partes econda," 400-401. The text in the
Juntase t Baba edition is identical to that in, C. Cornelii TacitiH istoriarume t Annaliuml ibri
qui exstant, Justi Lipsi studio emendati & illustrati (Antwerp, 1574). For a descriptiono f the
sources used by Lipsius in establishingh is printedv ersion of Tacitus'sw orks, see Ruysschaert,
Juste Lipse, 18-36.