Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2006, Vol. 92-02

176 Pages·2016·5.4 MB·English

by  JPSP

Volume 91 August 2006
Number 2
Published monthly ISSN 0022-3514
by the
American Psychological
Association
Journal of
Personality
and
Social Psychology
ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION
Charles M. Judd, Editor
Dacher Keltner, Associate Editor
Anne Maass, Associate Editor
Bernd Wittenbrink, Associate Editor
Vincent Yzerbyt, Associate Editor
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS AND GROUP PROCESSES
John F. Dovidio, Editor
Daphne Blunt Bugental, Associate Editor
Beverley Fehr, Associate Editor
Jacques-Philippe Leyens, Associate Editor
Antony Manstead, Associate Editor
Jeffry A. Simpson, Associate Editor
Scott Tindale, Associate Editor
Jacquie D. Vorauer, Associate Editor
PERSONALITY PROCESSES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Charles S. Carver, Editor
Tim Kasser, Associate Editor
Mario Mikulincer, Associate Editor
Eva M. Pomerantz, Associate Editor
Richard W. Robins, Associate Editor
Gerard Saucier, Associate Editor
www.apa.org/journals/psp.html Thomas A. Widiger, Associate Editor
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Journal of
Personality
and
Social Psychology
www.apa.org/journals/psp.html
August 2006
Copyright © 2006 by the
VOLUME 91 NUMBER 2 American Psychological Association
Attitudes and Social Cognition
205 The Role of Task Demands and Processing Resources in the Use of Base-Rate and Individuating
Information
Woo Young Chun and Arie W. Kruglanski
218 Everyday Magical Powers: The Role of Apparent Mental Causation in the Overestimation of Personal
Influence
Emily Pronin, Daniel M. Wegner, Kimberly McCarthy, and Sylvia Rodriguez
232 Subgoals as Substitutes or Complements: The Role of Goal Accessibility
Ayelet Fishbach, Ravi Dhar, and Ying Zhang
243 Distinguishing Stereotype Threat From Priming Effects: On the Role of the Social Self and Threat-Based
Concerns
David M. Marx and Diederik A. Stapel
Interpersonal Relations and Group Processes
255 Does Who You Marry Matter for Your Health? Influence of Patients’ and Spouses’ Personality on Their
Partners’ Psychological Well-Being Following Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
John M. Ruiz, Karen A. Matthews, Michael F. Scheier, and Richard Schulz
268 From Automatic Antigay Prejudice to Behavior: The Moderating Role of Conscious Beliefs About Gender
and Behavioral Control
Nilanjana Dasgupta and Luis M. Rivera
281 Going Along Versus Going Alone: When Fundamental Motives Facilitate Strategic (Non)Conformity
Vladas Griskevicius, Noah J. Goldstein, Chad R. Mortensen, Robert B. Cialdini, and Douglas T. Kenrick
295 Evidence for Strong Dissociation Between Emotion and Facial Displays: The Case of Surprise
Rainer Reisenzein, Sandra Bo¨ rdgen, Thomas Holtbernd, and Denise Matz
Personality Processes and Individual Differences
316 The Evolutionary Significance of Depressive Symptoms: Different Adverse Situations Lead to Different
Depressive Symptom Patterns
Matthew C. Keller and Randolph M. Nesse
331 It’s Not Just the Amount That Counts: Balanced Need Satisfaction Also Affects Well-Being
Kennon M. Sheldon and Christopher P. Niemiec
(contents continue)
342 Expect the Unexpected: Ability, Attitude, and Responsiveness to Hypnosis
Grant Benham, Erik Z. Woody, K. Shannon Wilson, and Michael R. Nash
351 Conceptual Beliefs About Human Values and Their Implications: Human Nature Beliefs Predict Value
Importance, Value Trade-Offs, and Responses to Value-Laden Rhetoric
Paul G. Bain, Yoshihisa Kashima, and Nick Haslam
Other
217 American Psychological Association Subscription Claims Information
315 E-Mail Notification of Your Latest Issue Online!
242 Instructions to Authors
ii Subscription Order Form
ii
342 Expect the Unexpected: Ability, Attitude, and Responsiveness to Hypnosis
Grant Benham, Erik Z. Woody, K. Shannon Wilson, and Michael R. Nash
351 Conceptual Beliefs About Human Values and Their Implications: Human Nature Beliefs Predict Value
Importance, Value Trade-Offs, and Responses to Value-Laden Rhetoric
Paul G. Bain, Yoshihisa Kashima, and Nick Haslam
Other
217 American Psychological Association Subscription Claims Information
315 E-Mail Notification of Your Latest Issue Online!
242 Instructions to Authors
ii Subscription Order Form
ii
ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION
CHARLES M. JUDD, Editor
University of Colorado at Boulder
ASSOCIATE EDITORS ALICE H. EAGLY NIRA LIBERMAN LINDA SKITKA
Northwestern University Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel University of Illinois at Chicago
DACHER KELTNER
University of California, Berkeley NICHOLAS EPLEY DIANE M. MACKIE JOHN SKOWRONSKI
University of Chicago University of California, Santa Barbara Northern Illinois University
ANNE MAASS
Universita` di Padova, Padova, Italy RUSSELL H. FAZIO NEIL MACRAE ELIOT R. SMITH
Ohio State University Dartmouth College
Indiana University Bloomington
BERND WITTENBRINK
University of Chicago LISA FELDMAN BARRETT TONY MANSTEAD DIEDERIK STAPEL
Boston College Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
University of Groningen, Groningen,
VINCENT YZERBYT
Catholic University of Louvain, SUSAN T. FISKE THOMAS MUSSWEILER the Netherlands
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Princeton University Universita¨ t Ko¨ ln, Cologne, Germany FRITZ STRACK
CONSULTING EDITORS BARBARA L. FREDRICKSON JAMES M. OLSON Universita¨ t Wu¨ rzburg, Wu¨ rzburg,
University of Michigan University of Western Ontario, Germany
ICEK AJZEN
London, Ontario, Canada
University of Massachusetts WENDI GARDNER ABRAHAM TESSER
Northwestern University BERNADETTE M. PARK University of Georgia
MAHZARIN BANAJI
University of Colorado at Boulder
Harvard University DANIEL GILBERT YAACOV TROPE
Harvard University RICHARD E. PETTY
New York University
MONICA BIERNAT
Ohio State University
THOMAS GILOVICH
University of Kansas THERESA K. VESCIO
Cornell University
NEAL J. ROESE Pennsylvania State University
IRENE V. BLAIR
ANTHONY G. GREENWALD University of Illinois at Urbana–
University of Colorado at Boulder
University of Washington Champaign WILLIAM VON HIPPEL
University of New South Wales,
GALEN V. BODENHAUSEN
DAVID L. HAMILTON MYRON ROTHBART Sydney, Australia
Northwestern University
University of California, Santa University of Oregon
DUANE T. WEGENER
MARKUS BRAUER Barbara
LAURIE RUDMAN
Purdue University
LAPSCO, Universite´ Blaise Pascal
EDWARD R. HIRT Rutgers, The State University
Clermont-Ferrand, France
Indiana University Bloomington of New Jersey DANIEL M. WEGNER
Harvard University
MARILYNN B. BREWER
TIFFANY ITO MARK SCHALLER
Ohio State University
University of Colorado at Boulder University of British Columbia, DIRK WENTURA
JOHN T. CACIOPPO Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Saarland University, Saarbru¨ cken,
YOSHIHISA KASHIMA
University of Chicago
University of Melbourne, Victoria, TONI SCHMADER Germany
OLIVIER CORNEILLE Australia University of Arizona DANIEL WIGBOLDUS
Catholic University of Louvain, KARLE CHRISTOPHE KLAUER NORBERT SCHWARZ Radboud University Nijmegen,
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Albrecht-Ludwigs-Universita¨ t University of Michigan Nijmegen, the Netherlands
PATRICIA DEVINE Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany GU¨ N R. SEMIN TIMOTHY D. WILSON
University of Wisconsin—Madison ARIE W. KRUGLANSKI Free University, Amsterdam, the University of Virginia
University of Maryland Netherlands
AP DIJKSTERHUIS PIOTR WINKIELMEN
University of Amsterdam, ALAN LAMBERT JEFFREY W. SHERMAN University of California, San Diego
Amsterdam, the Netherlands Washington University in St. Louis University of California, Davis
MARK P. ZANNA
DAVID DUNNING JENNIFER LERNER STEVEN J. SHERMAN University of Waterloo, Waterloo,
Cornell University Carnegie Mellon University Indiana University Bloomington Ontario, Canada
ASSISTANT TO THE EDITOR—LAURIE HAWKINS
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS AND GROUP PROCESSES
JOHN F. DOVIDIO, Editor
University of Connecticut
ASSOCIATE EDITORS ARTHUR ARON RUPERT BROWN KLAUS FIEDLER
DAPHNE BLUNT BUGENTAL State University of New York at The University of Kent at Canterbury, University of Heidelberg,
University of California, Santa Barbara Stony Brook Canterbury, England Heidelberg, Germany
XIMENA ARRIAGA LORNE CAMPBELL GARTH FLETCHER
BEVERLEY FEHR
Purdue University University of Western Ontario, University of Canterbury,
University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg,
London, Ontario, Canada Christchurch, New Zealand
Manitoba, Canada WINTON W. T. AU
SHELLY GABLE
SERENA CHEN
The Chinese University of Hong Kong,
JACQUES-PHILIPPE LEYENS University of California, Los Angeles
University of California, Berkeley
Shatin, Hong Kong
Catholic University of Louvain,
LOWELL GAERTNER
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium MARK BALDWIN MARGARET CLARK
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Yale University
ANTONY MANSTEAD SAMUEL L. GAERTNER
Canada CARSTEN DE DREU
Cardiff University, Cardiff, University of Delaware
KIM BARTHOLOMEW University of Amsterdam,
United Kingdom
Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Amsterdam, the Netherlands ADAM GALINSKY
Northwestern University
JEFFRY A. SIMPSON British Columbia, Canada STE´ PHANIE DEMOULIN
University of Minnesota,
C. DANIEL BATSON Catholic University of Louvain PETER GLICK
Twin Cities Campus
University of Kansas Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, and Lawrence University
Belgan National Fund for Scientific STEPHANIE A. GOODWIN
SCOTT TINDALE B. ANNE BETTENCOURT
Research, Brussels, Belgium Purdue University
Loyola University Chicago University of Missouri—Columbia
DAVID DESTENO MARTIE G. HASSELTON
JACQUIE D. VORAUER GERD BOHNER
Northeastern University University of California, Los Angeles
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Universita¨ t Bielefeld, Bielefeld,
Manitoba, Canada Germany STEVE DRIGOTAS S. ALEXANDER HASLAM
Johns Hopkins University University of Exeter, Exeter,
NIALL BOLGER
CONSULTING EDITORS United Kingdom
Columbia University ELISSA S. EPEL
DOMINIC ABRAMS University of California, San
VERLIN HINSZ
University of Kent at Canterbury, NYLA R. BRANSCOMBE Francisco
North Dakota State University
Canterbury, England University of Kansas
VICTORIA ESSES GORDON HODSON
CHRIS AGNEW JONATHON D. BROWN University of Western Ontario, Brock University, St. Catherine’s,
Purdue University University of Washington London, Ontario, Canada Ontario, Canada
(editors continue)
MICHAEL A. HOGG LAURA J. KRAY SABINE OTTEN CHRISTINE SMITH
University of Queensland, University of California, Berkeley University of Gro¨ ningen, Grand Valley State University
Brisbane, Australia Gro¨ ningen, the Netherlands
JAMES R. LARSON JR. HEATHER J. SMITH
ANDREA B. HOLLINGSHEAD University of Illinois at Chicago CRAIG D. PARKS Sonoma State University
University of Southern California Washington State University
COLIN WAYNE LEACH RUSSELL SPEARS
JOHN G. HOLMES University of Sussex, Sussex, United LOUIS A. PENNER Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Kingdom Wayne State University
CHARLES STANGOR
Ontario, Canada
JOHN LEVINE PAULA PIETROMONACO University of Maryland
RICK H. HOYLE University of Pittsburgh University of Massachusetts at
GARY L. STASSER
University of Kentucky Amherst
JOHN E. LYDON Miami University—Ohio
JOLANDA JETTEN McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, TOM POSTMES
WALTER STEPHAN
University of Exeter, Exeter, Canada University of Exeter, Exeter, United
New Mexico State University
United Kingdom Kingdom
JON K. MANER
WILLIAM B. SWANN JR.
JAMES D. JOHNSON
Florida State University FELICIA PRATTO
University of Texas at Austin
University of North Carolina at University of Connecticut
BRENDA MAJOR
Wilmington JANET SWIM
University of California, Santa HARRY T. REIS
TATSUYA KAMEDA
Barbara University of Rochester Pennsylvania State University
Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan LEIGH L. THOMPSON
CRAIG MCGARTY W. STEVEN RHOLES
BENJAMIN R. KARNEY
Australian National University, Texas A&M University Northwestern University
RAND Corporation, Santa Monica,
Canberra, Australia JENNIFER A. RICHESON TOM TYLER
California New York University
Northwestern University
WENDY BERRY MENDES
YOSHI KASHIMA
Harvard University MARK SCHALLER JEROEN VAES
University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
University of British Columbia, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
RICHARD MORELAND
DEBORAH A. KASHY
University of Pittsburgh Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada KEES VAN DEN BOS
Michigan State University
DAVID A. SCHROEDER University of Utrecht, Utrecht,
BRIAN MULLEN
KERRY KAWAKAMI University of Arkansas the Netherlands
University of Kent at Canterbury,
York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Canterbury, England CONSTANTINE SEDIKIDES PAUL A. M. VAN LANGE
JANICE R. KELLY
AME´ LIE MUMMENDEY University of Southampton, Free University, Amsterdam,
Purdue University Southampton, England Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Friedrich-Schiller-Universita¨ t, Jena,
DACHER KELTNER Jena, Germany PHILLIP R. SHAVER LAURIE R. WEINGART
University of California, Berkeley University of California, Davis Carnegie Mellon University
MARK MURAVEN
DAVID A. KENNY University at Albany, State University J. NICOLE SHELTON GWEN M. WITTENBAUM
University of Connecticut of New York Princeton University Michigan State University
DOUGLAS T. KENRICK SANDRA L. MURRAY MARGARET SHIH WENDY L. WOOD
Arizona State University State University of New York at Buffalo University of Michigan Texas A&M University
NORBERT L. KERR LISA A. NEFF STACEY SINCLAIR MICHAEL ZA´ RATE
Michigan State University University of Toledo University of Virginia University of Texas at El Paso
ASSISTANT TO THE EDITOR—CHRISTINE KELLY
PERSONALITY PROCESSES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
CHARLES S. CARVER, Editor
University of Miami
ASSOCIATE EDITORS GEORGE A. BONANNO EDDIE HARMON-JONES DANIEL W. RUSSELL
TIM KASSER Teachers College, Texas A&M University Iowa State University
Knox College Columbia University TODD HEATHERTON OLIVER C. SCHULTHEISS
MARIO MIKULINCER AVSHALOM CASPI Dartmouth College University of Michigan
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel King’s Colege, London SUZANNE C. SEGERSTROM
JUTTA HECKHAUSEN
EDWARD C. CHANG University of California, Irvine University of Kentucky
EVA M. POMERANTZ
University of Ilinois at Urbana– University of Michigan STEVEN J. HEINE KENNON M. SHELDON
Champaign SERENA CHEN University of British Columbia, University of Missouri—Columbia
University of California, Berkeley Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada C. R. SNYDER
RICHARD W. ROBINS
University of Kansas
University of California, Davis A. TIMOTHY CHURCH RICHARD KOESTNER
Washington State University McGill University SANJAY SRIVASTAVA
GERARD SAUCIER
Montreal, Quebec, Canada University of Oregon
University of Oregon JAMES COAN
University of Wisconsin—Madison DAVID LUBINSKI TIMOTHY STRAUMAN
THOMAS A. WIDIGER
Vanderbilt University Duke University
M. LYNNE COOPER
University of Kentucky
University of Missouri—Columbia RICHARD E. LUCAS MICHAEL J. STRUBE
CONSULTING EDITORS Michigan State University Washington University
MICHAEL EID
STEPHAN A. AHADI JERRY SULS
University of Geneva, Geneva, ROBERT R. MCCRAE
American Institutes for Research, University of Iowa
Switzerland National Institute on Aging, Baltimore
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WILLIAM B. SWANN JR.
ANDREW J. ELLIOT WENDY BERRY MENDES
JAMIE ARNDT University of Texas at Austin
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LISA FELDMAN BARRETT RODOLFO MENDOZA-DENTON
University of Connecticut Health
JENS B. ASENDORPF Boston College University of California, Berkeley
Center
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WILLIAM FLEESON DANIEL K. MROCZEK
Berlin, Germany SUZANNE THOMPSON
Wake Forest University Fordham University
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MICHAEL C. ASHTON
R. CHRIS FRALEY STEPHEN A. PETRILL
Brock University, St. Catherines, ROBERT J. VALLERAND
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ANTONIO L. FREITAS RALPH L. PIEDMONT Montreal, Quebec, Canada
OZLEM AYDUK
State University of New York at Loyola College in Maryland
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University of California, Berkeley
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DAVID C. FUNDER Florida State University DAVID WATSON
Florida State University
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VERO´ NICA BENET-MARTI´NEZ STEVEN W. GANGESTAD University of Illinois at BARBARA WOIKE
University of California, Riverside University of New Mexico Urbana–Champaign Columbia University
APRIL L. BLESKE-RECHEK CAROL L. GOHM MICHAEL D. ROBINSON REX A. WRIGHT
University of Wisconsin—Eau Claire University of Mississippi North Dakota State University University of Alabama at Birmingham
ASSISTANT TO THE EDITOR—JESSICA LILLESAND
ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION
The Role of Task Demands and Processing Resources in the Use
of Base-Rate and Individuating Information
Woo Young Chun Arie W. Kruglanski
Hallym University University of Maryland
This article addresses the process that governs the use of base-rate and individuating information. Five
experiments demonstrated that, for both, informational length and order of presentation (determining
processing difficulty) interact with the recipients’ processing resources to determine use. In cases in
which the base-rate or the individuating information is brief and/or is presented early, the tendency to use
it is greater under limited cognitive resources (cognitive load) than under ample cognitive resources. In
contrast, in cases in which the base-rate or the individuating information is lengthy and/or is presented
late in the informational sequence, the tendency to use it is greater under ample versus limited resources.
These results suggest the appropriateness of conceptually decoupling informational contents (having to
do with base rates or individuating descriptions) from the task demands (processing ease or difficulty)
that a given judgmental problem presents and that may require different amounts of processing resources.
Keywords: task demands, processing resources, base rate, individuating information, cognitive load
The concept of cognitive resources has figured importantly in statistical information. A heuristic that has received a considerable
social judgment models of the past several decades. In the 1970s amount of research attention is that of representativeness. In es-
and 1980s this concept was tied to the cognitive miser model sence, representativeness pertains to the degree to which an indi-
implicitly adopted by many researchers in this domain. As Fiske viduating description of a target is similar to, or fits within, a given
and Taylor (1984) described it: category. For instance, consider the description of Steve as “very
shy and withdrawn, invariably helpful, but with little interest in
The idea is that people are limited in their capacity to process
people, or in the world of reality. A meek and tidy soul, he has a
information, so they take shortcuts wherever they can. People adopt
need for order and structure, and a passion for detail” (Fiske &
strategies that simplify complex problems; the strategies may not be
Taylor, 1991, p. 382). Such a portrayal is assumed to fit the
normatively correct or produce normatively correct answers, but they
emphasize efficiency. The capacity limited thinker searches for rapid category of “librarian” better than the categories of “farmer,”
adequate solutions rather than slow accurate solutions. Consequently, “trapeze artist,” “salvage diver,” or “surgeon.”
errors and biases stem from inherent features of the cognitive system. In research described by Tversky and Kahneman (1974; for a
(p. 12) review, see Kahneman, 2003), the use of such representativeness
information was contrasted with the use of base-rate information,
Of interest, such rapid solutions often were assumed to use assumed in the normative model to determine the prior probability
specific types of information differing in their contents from other, of outcomes. Thus,
“normatively correct” types of information. In this vein, Kahne-
man and Tversky (1973; Tversky & Kahneman, 1974) highlighted If Steve lives in a town with lots of chicken farmers and only a few
the notion of judgmental heuristics and juxtaposed it to the use of libraries, one’s judgment that he is a librarian should be tempered by
this fact; that is, it is simply more likely that he is a chicken farmer
than a librarian. Nonetheless, people . . . ignore prior probabilities and
instead base their judgments solely on similarity, for example, the fact
that Steve resembles a librarian. (Fiske & Taylor, 1991, pp. 382–383)
This research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant
0314291/0313483 and the research grant from Hallym University, Korea. As already noted, the heuristic information differs in its contents
We thank Rayoung Yoo, Susan Kurian, Jennifer Lacey, and Sondi Carter
from the statistical information. The narrative about Steve’s retir-
for their assistance in data collection.
ing personality, for example, is quite distinct contentwise from the
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Woo
information about the base rates of chicken farmers in Steve’s
Young Chun, Department of Psychology, Hallym University, 39
Hallymdaehak-Gil, Chunchen-Si, Gangwon-Do 200–702, Korea or hometown. A reasonable question, therefore, is whether such in-
Arie W. Kruglanski, Department of Psychology, University of Mary- formational contents should not be conceptually decoupled from
land, College Park, MD 20742. E-mail: