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Volume 91 August 2006 Number 2 Published monthly ISSN 0022-3514 by the American Psychological Association Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION Charles M. Judd, Editor Dacher Keltner, Associate Editor Anne Maass, Associate Editor Bernd Wittenbrink, Associate Editor Vincent Yzerbyt, Associate Editor INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS AND GROUP PROCESSES John F. Dovidio, Editor Daphne Blunt Bugental, Associate Editor Beverley Fehr, Associate Editor Jacques-Philippe Leyens, Associate Editor Antony Manstead, Associate Editor Jeffry A. Simpson, Associate Editor Scott Tindale, Associate Editor Jacquie D. Vorauer, Associate Editor PERSONALITY PROCESSES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Charles S. Carver, Editor Tim Kasser, Associate Editor Mario Mikulincer, Associate Editor Eva M. Pomerantz, Associate Editor Richard W. Robins, Associate Editor Gerard Saucier, Associate Editor www.apa.org/journals/psp.html Thomas A. Widiger, Associate Editor The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology publishes original APA will not replace undelivered copies resulting from address changes; papers in all areas of personality and social psychology. It empha- journals will be forwarded only if subscribers notify the local post office sizes empirical reports but may include specialized theoretical, in writing that they will guarantee periodicals forwarding postage. methodological, and review papers. The journal is divided into three independently edited sections: Electronic access: APA members who subscribe to this journal have automatic access to a 3-year file of the journal in the PsycARTICLES姞 f ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION addresses those domains of social full-text database. See http://members.apa.org/access. behavior in which cognition plays a major role, including the interface of cognition with overt behavior, affect, and motivation. 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Kruglanski 218 Everyday Magical Powers: The Role of Apparent Mental Causation in the Overestimation of Personal Influence Emily Pronin, Daniel M. Wegner, Kimberly McCarthy, and Sylvia Rodriguez 232 Subgoals as Substitutes or Complements: The Role of Goal Accessibility Ayelet Fishbach, Ravi Dhar, and Ying Zhang 243 Distinguishing Stereotype Threat From Priming Effects: On the Role of the Social Self and Threat-Based Concerns David M. Marx and Diederik A. Stapel Interpersonal Relations and Group Processes 255 Does Who You Marry Matter for Your Health? Influence of Patients’ and Spouses’ Personality on Their Partners’ Psychological Well-Being Following Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery John M. Ruiz, Karen A. Matthews, Michael F. Scheier, and Richard Schulz 268 From Automatic Antigay Prejudice to Behavior: The Moderating Role of Conscious Beliefs About Gender and Behavioral Control Nilanjana Dasgupta and Luis M. Rivera 281 Going Along Versus Going Alone: When Fundamental Motives Facilitate Strategic (Non)Conformity Vladas Griskevicius, Noah J. Goldstein, Chad R. Mortensen, Robert B. Cialdini, and Douglas T. Kenrick 295 Evidence for Strong Dissociation Between Emotion and Facial Displays: The Case of Surprise Rainer Reisenzein, Sandra Bo¨ rdgen, Thomas Holtbernd, and Denise Matz Personality Processes and Individual Differences 316 The Evolutionary Significance of Depressive Symptoms: Different Adverse Situations Lead to Different Depressive Symptom Patterns Matthew C. Keller and Randolph M. Nesse 331 It’s Not Just the Amount That Counts: Balanced Need Satisfaction Also Affects Well-Being Kennon M. Sheldon and Christopher P. Niemiec (contents continue) 342 Expect the Unexpected: Ability, Attitude, and Responsiveness to Hypnosis Grant Benham, Erik Z. Woody, K. Shannon Wilson, and Michael R. Nash 351 Conceptual Beliefs About Human Values and Their Implications: Human Nature Beliefs Predict Value Importance, Value Trade-Offs, and Responses to Value-Laden Rhetoric Paul G. Bain, Yoshihisa Kashima, and Nick Haslam Other 217 American Psychological Association Subscription Claims Information 315 E-Mail Notification of Your Latest Issue Online! 242 Instructions to Authors ii Subscription Order Form ii 342 Expect the Unexpected: Ability, Attitude, and Responsiveness to Hypnosis Grant Benham, Erik Z. Woody, K. Shannon Wilson, and Michael R. Nash 351 Conceptual Beliefs About Human Values and Their Implications: Human Nature Beliefs Predict Value Importance, Value Trade-Offs, and Responses to Value-Laden Rhetoric Paul G. Bain, Yoshihisa Kashima, and Nick Haslam Other 217 American Psychological Association Subscription Claims Information 315 E-Mail Notification of Your Latest Issue Online! 242 Instructions to Authors ii Subscription Order Form ii ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION CHARLES M. JUDD, Editor University of Colorado at Boulder ASSOCIATE EDITORS ALICE H. EAGLY NIRA LIBERMAN LINDA SKITKA Northwestern University Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel University of Illinois at Chicago DACHER KELTNER University of California, Berkeley NICHOLAS EPLEY DIANE M. MACKIE JOHN SKOWRONSKI University of Chicago University of California, Santa Barbara Northern Illinois University ANNE MAASS Universita` di Padova, Padova, Italy RUSSELL H. FAZIO NEIL MACRAE ELIOT R. SMITH Ohio State University Dartmouth College Indiana University Bloomington BERND WITTENBRINK University of Chicago LISA FELDMAN BARRETT TONY MANSTEAD DIEDERIK STAPEL Boston College Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales University of Groningen, Groningen, VINCENT YZERBYT Catholic University of Louvain, SUSAN T. FISKE THOMAS MUSSWEILER the Netherlands Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Princeton University Universita¨ t Ko¨ ln, Cologne, Germany FRITZ STRACK CONSULTING EDITORS BARBARA L. FREDRICKSON JAMES M. OLSON Universita¨ t Wu¨ rzburg, Wu¨ rzburg, University of Michigan University of Western Ontario, Germany ICEK AJZEN London, Ontario, Canada University of Massachusetts WENDI GARDNER ABRAHAM TESSER Northwestern University BERNADETTE M. PARK University of Georgia MAHZARIN BANAJI University of Colorado at Boulder Harvard University DANIEL GILBERT YAACOV TROPE Harvard University RICHARD E. PETTY New York University MONICA BIERNAT Ohio State University THOMAS GILOVICH University of Kansas THERESA K. VESCIO Cornell University NEAL J. ROESE Pennsylvania State University IRENE V. BLAIR ANTHONY G. GREENWALD University of Illinois at Urbana– University of Colorado at Boulder University of Washington Champaign WILLIAM VON HIPPEL University of New South Wales, GALEN V. BODENHAUSEN DAVID L. HAMILTON MYRON ROTHBART Sydney, Australia Northwestern University University of California, Santa University of Oregon DUANE T. WEGENER MARKUS BRAUER Barbara LAURIE RUDMAN Purdue University LAPSCO, Universite´ Blaise Pascal EDWARD R. HIRT Rutgers, The State University Clermont-Ferrand, France Indiana University Bloomington of New Jersey DANIEL M. WEGNER Harvard University MARILYNN B. BREWER TIFFANY ITO MARK SCHALLER Ohio State University University of Colorado at Boulder University of British Columbia, DIRK WENTURA JOHN T. CACIOPPO Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Saarland University, Saarbru¨ cken, YOSHIHISA KASHIMA University of Chicago University of Melbourne, Victoria, TONI SCHMADER Germany OLIVIER CORNEILLE Australia University of Arizona DANIEL WIGBOLDUS Catholic University of Louvain, KARLE CHRISTOPHE KLAUER NORBERT SCHWARZ Radboud University Nijmegen, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Albrecht-Ludwigs-Universita¨ t University of Michigan Nijmegen, the Netherlands PATRICIA DEVINE Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany GU¨ N R. SEMIN TIMOTHY D. WILSON University of Wisconsin—Madison ARIE W. KRUGLANSKI Free University, Amsterdam, the University of Virginia University of Maryland Netherlands AP DIJKSTERHUIS PIOTR WINKIELMEN University of Amsterdam, ALAN LAMBERT JEFFREY W. SHERMAN University of California, San Diego Amsterdam, the Netherlands Washington University in St. Louis University of California, Davis MARK P. ZANNA DAVID DUNNING JENNIFER LERNER STEVEN J. SHERMAN University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Cornell University Carnegie Mellon University Indiana University Bloomington Ontario, Canada ASSISTANT TO THE EDITOR—LAURIE HAWKINS INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS AND GROUP PROCESSES JOHN F. DOVIDIO, Editor University of Connecticut ASSOCIATE EDITORS ARTHUR ARON RUPERT BROWN KLAUS FIEDLER DAPHNE BLUNT BUGENTAL State University of New York at The University of Kent at Canterbury, University of Heidelberg, University of California, Santa Barbara Stony Brook Canterbury, England Heidelberg, Germany XIMENA ARRIAGA LORNE CAMPBELL GARTH FLETCHER BEVERLEY FEHR Purdue University University of Western Ontario, University of Canterbury, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, London, Ontario, Canada Christchurch, New Zealand Manitoba, Canada WINTON W. T. 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KRAY SABINE OTTEN CHRISTINE SMITH University of Queensland, University of California, Berkeley University of Gro¨ ningen, Grand Valley State University Brisbane, Australia Gro¨ ningen, the Netherlands JAMES R. LARSON JR. HEATHER J. SMITH ANDREA B. HOLLINGSHEAD University of Illinois at Chicago CRAIG D. PARKS Sonoma State University University of Southern California Washington State University COLIN WAYNE LEACH RUSSELL SPEARS JOHN G. HOLMES University of Sussex, Sussex, United LOUIS A. PENNER Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Kingdom Wayne State University CHARLES STANGOR Ontario, Canada JOHN LEVINE PAULA PIETROMONACO University of Maryland RICK H. HOYLE University of Pittsburgh University of Massachusetts at GARY L. STASSER University of Kentucky Amherst JOHN E. 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RICHESON TOM TYLER California New York University Northwestern University WENDY BERRY MENDES YOSHI KASHIMA Harvard University MARK SCHALLER JEROEN VAES University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia University of British Columbia, University of Padova, Padova, Italy RICHARD MORELAND DEBORAH A. KASHY University of Pittsburgh Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada KEES VAN DEN BOS Michigan State University DAVID A. SCHROEDER University of Utrecht, Utrecht, BRIAN MULLEN KERRY KAWAKAMI University of Arkansas the Netherlands University of Kent at Canterbury, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Canterbury, England CONSTANTINE SEDIKIDES PAUL A. M. VAN LANGE JANICE R. KELLY AME´ LIE MUMMENDEY University of Southampton, Free University, Amsterdam, Purdue University Southampton, England Amsterdam, the Netherlands Friedrich-Schiller-Universita¨ t, Jena, DACHER KELTNER Jena, Germany PHILLIP R. SHAVER LAURIE R. WEINGART University of California, Berkeley University of California, Davis Carnegie Mellon University MARK MURAVEN DAVID A. KENNY University at Albany, State University J. NICOLE SHELTON GWEN M. WITTENBAUM University of Connecticut of New York Princeton University Michigan State University DOUGLAS T. KENRICK SANDRA L. MURRAY MARGARET SHIH WENDY L. WOOD Arizona State University State University of New York at Buffalo University of Michigan Texas A&M University NORBERT L. KERR LISA A. NEFF STACEY SINCLAIR MICHAEL ZA´ RATE Michigan State University University of Toledo University of Virginia University of Texas at El Paso ASSISTANT TO THE EDITOR—CHRISTINE KELLY PERSONALITY PROCESSES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES CHARLES S. CARVER, Editor University of Miami ASSOCIATE EDITORS GEORGE A. BONANNO EDDIE HARMON-JONES DANIEL W. RUSSELL TIM KASSER Teachers College, Texas A&M University Iowa State University Knox College Columbia University TODD HEATHERTON OLIVER C. 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VALLERAND University of Illinois at Chicago Pennsylvania State University Ontario, Canada Universite´ du Que´ bec a` Montre´ al ANTONIO L. FREITAS RALPH L. PIEDMONT Montreal, Quebec, Canada OZLEM AYDUK State University of New York at Loyola College in Maryland KATHLEEN D. VOHS University of California, Berkeley Stony Brook E. ASHBY PLANT University of Minnesota ROY F. BAUMEISTER DAVID C. FUNDER Florida State University DAVID WATSON Florida State University University of California, Riverside BRENT ROBERTS University of Iowa VERO´ NICA BENET-MARTI´NEZ STEVEN W. GANGESTAD University of Illinois at BARBARA WOIKE University of California, Riverside University of New Mexico Urbana–Champaign Columbia University APRIL L. BLESKE-RECHEK CAROL L. GOHM MICHAEL D. ROBINSON REX A. WRIGHT University of Wisconsin—Eau Claire University of Mississippi North Dakota State University University of Alabama at Birmingham ASSISTANT TO THE EDITOR—JESSICA LILLESAND ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION The Role of Task Demands and Processing Resources in the Use of Base-Rate and Individuating Information Woo Young Chun Arie W. Kruglanski Hallym University University of Maryland This article addresses the process that governs the use of base-rate and individuating information. Five experiments demonstrated that, for both, informational length and order of presentation (determining processing difficulty) interact with the recipients’ processing resources to determine use. In cases in which the base-rate or the individuating information is brief and/or is presented early, the tendency to use it is greater under limited cognitive resources (cognitive load) than under ample cognitive resources. In contrast, in cases in which the base-rate or the individuating information is lengthy and/or is presented late in the informational sequence, the tendency to use it is greater under ample versus limited resources. These results suggest the appropriateness of conceptually decoupling informational contents (having to do with base rates or individuating descriptions) from the task demands (processing ease or difficulty) that a given judgmental problem presents and that may require different amounts of processing resources. Keywords: task demands, processing resources, base rate, individuating information, cognitive load The concept of cognitive resources has figured importantly in statistical information. A heuristic that has received a considerable social judgment models of the past several decades. In the 1970s amount of research attention is that of representativeness. In es- and 1980s this concept was tied to the cognitive miser model sence, representativeness pertains to the degree to which an indi- implicitly adopted by many researchers in this domain. As Fiske viduating description of a target is similar to, or fits within, a given and Taylor (1984) described it: category. For instance, consider the description of Steve as “very shy and withdrawn, invariably helpful, but with little interest in The idea is that people are limited in their capacity to process people, or in the world of reality. A meek and tidy soul, he has a information, so they take shortcuts wherever they can. People adopt need for order and structure, and a passion for detail” (Fiske & strategies that simplify complex problems; the strategies may not be Taylor, 1991, p. 382). Such a portrayal is assumed to fit the normatively correct or produce normatively correct answers, but they emphasize efficiency. The capacity limited thinker searches for rapid category of “librarian” better than the categories of “farmer,” adequate solutions rather than slow accurate solutions. Consequently, “trapeze artist,” “salvage diver,” or “surgeon.” errors and biases stem from inherent features of the cognitive system. In research described by Tversky and Kahneman (1974; for a (p. 12) review, see Kahneman, 2003), the use of such representativeness information was contrasted with the use of base-rate information, Of interest, such rapid solutions often were assumed to use assumed in the normative model to determine the prior probability specific types of information differing in their contents from other, of outcomes. Thus, “normatively correct” types of information. In this vein, Kahne- man and Tversky (1973; Tversky & Kahneman, 1974) highlighted If Steve lives in a town with lots of chicken farmers and only a few the notion of judgmental heuristics and juxtaposed it to the use of libraries, one’s judgment that he is a librarian should be tempered by this fact; that is, it is simply more likely that he is a chicken farmer than a librarian. Nonetheless, people . . . ignore prior probabilities and instead base their judgments solely on similarity, for example, the fact that Steve resembles a librarian. (Fiske & Taylor, 1991, pp. 382–383) This research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant 0314291/0313483 and the research grant from Hallym University, Korea. As already noted, the heuristic information differs in its contents We thank Rayoung Yoo, Susan Kurian, Jennifer Lacey, and Sondi Carter from the statistical information. The narrative about Steve’s retir- for their assistance in data collection. ing personality, for example, is quite distinct contentwise from the Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Woo information about the base rates of chicken farmers in Steve’s Young Chun, Department of Psychology, Hallym University, 39 Hallymdaehak-Gil, Chunchen-Si, Gangwon-Do 200–702, Korea or hometown. A reasonable question, therefore, is whether such in- Arie W. Kruglanski, Department of Psychology, University of Mary- formational contents should not be conceptually decoupled from land, College Park, MD 20742. E-mail:

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