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Volume 91 July 2006 Number 1 Published monthly ISSN 0022-3514 by the American Psychological Association Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION Charles M. Judd, Editor Dacher Keltner, Associate Editor Anne Maass, Associate Editor Bernd Wittenbrink, Associate Editor Vincent Yzerbyt, Associate Editor INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS AND GROUP PROCESSES John F. Dovidio, Editor Daphne Blunt Bugental, Associate Editor Jacques-Philippe Leyens, Associate Editor Antony Manstead, Associate Editor Cynthia L. Pickett, Associate Editor Jeffry A. Simpson, Associate Editor Scott Tindale, Associate Editor Jacquie D. Vorauer, Associate Editor PERSONALITY PROCESSES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Charles S. Carver, Editor Tim Kasser, Associate Editor Mario Mikulincer, Associate Editor Eva M. Pomerantz, Associate Editor Richard W. Robins, Associate Editor Gerard Saucier, Associate Editor www.apa.org/journals/psp.html Thomas A. Widiger, Associate Editor The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology publishes original APA will not replace undelivered copies resulting from address changes; papers in all areas of personality and social psychology. It empha- journals will be forwarded only if subscribers notify the local post office sizes empirical reports but may include specialized theoretical, in writing that they will guarantee periodicals forwarding postage. methodological, and review papers. The journal is divided into three independently edited sections: Electronic access: APA members who subscribe to this journal have automatic access to a 3-year file of the journal in the PsycARTICLES姞 f ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION addresses those domains of social full-text database. See http://members.apa.org/access. behavior in which cognition plays a major role, including the interface of cognition with overt behavior, affect, and motivation. 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Nathan DeWall and Roy F. Baumeister 16 The Single Category Implicit Association Test as a Measure of Implicit Social Cognition Andrew Karpinski and Ross B. Steinman 33 Thinking Within the Box: The Relational Processing Style Elicited by Counterfactual Mind-Sets Laura J. Kray, Adam D. Galinsky, and Elaine M. Wong 49 Self-Regulatory Processes Defend Against the Threat of Death: Effects of Self-Control Depletion and Trait Self-Control on Thoughts and Fears of Dying Matthew T. Gailliot, Brandon J. Schmeichel, and Roy F. Baumeister Interpersonal Relations and Group Processes 63 Peacocks, Picasso, and Parental Investment: The Effects of Romantic Motives on Creativity Vladas Griskevicius, Robert B. Cialdini, and Douglas T. Kenrick 77 Navigating the Interdependence Dilemma: Attachment Goals and the Use of Communal Norms With Potential Close Others Jennifer A. Bartz and John E. Lydon 97 Intergroup Helping as Status Relations: Effects of Status Stability, Identification, and Type of Help on Receptivity to High-Status Group’s Help Arie Nadler and Samer Halabi 111 Information Quantity and Quality Affect the Realistic Accuracy of Personality Judgment Tera D. Letzring, Shannon M. Wells, and David C. Funder 124 Supplication and Appeasement in Conflict and Negotiation: The Interpersonal Effects of Disappointment, Worry, Guilt, and Regret Gerben A. Van Kleef, Carsten K. W. De Dreu, and Antony S. R. Manstead Personality Processes and Individual Differences 143 Optimism in Close Relationships: How Seeing Things in a Positive Light Makes Them So Sanjay Srivastava, Kelly M. McGonigal, Jane M. Richards, Emily A. Butler, and James J. Gross (contents continue) 154 Discrepancies Between Explicit and Implicit Self-Concepts: Consequences for Information Processing Pablo Brin˜ ol, Richard E. Petty, and S. Christian Wheeler 171 Investigating the Dopaminergic Basis of Extraversion in Humans: A Multilevel Approach Jan Wacker, Mira-Lynn Chavanon, and Gerhard Stemmler 188 Possible Selves and Academic Outcomes: How and When Possible Selves Impel Action Daphna Oyserman, Deborah Bybee, and Kathy Terry Other 15 American Psychological Association Subscription Claims Information ii E-Mail Notification of Your Latest Issue Online! 96 Instructions to Authors 62 Subscription Order Form ii 154 Discrepancies Between Explicit and Implicit Self-Concepts: Consequences for Information Processing Pablo Brin˜ ol, Richard E. Petty, and S. Christian Wheeler 171 Investigating the Dopaminergic Basis of Extraversion in Humans: A Multilevel Approach Jan Wacker, Mira-Lynn Chavanon, and Gerhard Stemmler 188 Possible Selves and Academic Outcomes: How and When Possible Selves Impel Action Daphna Oyserman, Deborah Bybee, and Kathy Terry Other 15 American Psychological Association Subscription Claims Information ii E-Mail Notification of Your Latest Issue Online! 96 Instructions to Authors 62 Subscription Order Form ii ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION CHARLES M. JUDD, Editor University of Colorado at Boulder ASSOCIATE EDITORS ALICE H. EAGLY NIRA LIBERMAN LINDA SKITKA Northwestern University Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel University of Illinois at Chicago DACHER KELTNER University of California, Berkeley NICHOLAS EPLEY DIANE M. MACKIE JOHN SKOWRONSKI University of Chicago University of California, Santa Barbara Northern Illinois University ANNE MAASS Universita` di Padova, Padova, Italy RUSSELL H. FAZIO NEIL MACRAE ELIOT R. SMITH Ohio State University Dartmouth College Indiana University Bloomington BERND WITTENBRINK University of Chicago LISA FELDMAN BARRETT TONY MANSTEAD DIEDERIK STAPEL Boston College Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales University of Groningen, Groningen, VINCENT YZERBYT Catholic University of Louvain, SUSAN T. FISKE THOMAS MUSSWEILER the Netherlands Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Princeton University Universita¨ t Ko¨ ln, Cologne, Germany FRITZ STRACK CONSULTING EDITORS BARBARA L. FREDRICKSON JAMES M. OLSON Universita¨ t Wu¨ rzburg, Wu¨ rzburg, University of Michigan University of Western Ontario, Germany ICEK AJZEN London, Ontario, Canada University of Massachusetts WENDI GARDNER ABRAHAM TESSER Northwestern University BERNADETTE M. PARK University of Georgia MAHZARIN BANAJI University of Colorado at Boulder Harvard University DANIEL GILBERT YAACOV TROPE Harvard University RICHARD E. PETTY New York University MONICA BIERNAT Ohio State University THOMAS GILOVICH University of Kansas THERESA K. VESCIO Cornell University NEAL J. ROESE Pennsylvania State University IRENE V. BLAIR ANTHONY G. GREENWALD University of Illinois at Urbana– University of Colorado at Boulder University of Washington Champaign WILLIAM VON HIPPEL University of New South Wales, GALEN V. BODENHAUSEN DAVID L. HAMILTON MYRON ROTHBART Sydney, Australia Northwestern University University of California, Santa University of Oregon DUANE T. WEGENER MARKUS BRAUER Barbara LAURIE RUDMAN Purdue University LAPSCO, Universite´ Blaise Pascal EDWARD R. HIRT Rutgers, The State University Clermont-Ferrand, France Indiana University Bloomington of New Jersey DANIEL M. WEGNER Harvard University MARILYNN B. BREWER TIFFANY ITO MARK SCHALLER Ohio State University University of Colorado at Boulder University of British Columbia, DIRK WENTURA JOHN T. CACIOPPO Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Saarland University, Saarbru¨ cken, YOSHIHISA KASHIMA University of Chicago University of Melbourne, Victoria, TONI SCHMADER Germany OLIVIER CORNEILLE Australia University of Arizona DANIEL WIGBOLDUS Catholic University of Louvain, KARLE CHRISTOPHE KLAUER NORBERT SCHWARZ Radboud University Nijmegen, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Albrecht-Ludwigs-Universita¨ t University of Michigan Nijmegen, the Netherlands PATRICIA DEVINE Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany GU¨ N R. SEMIN TIMOTHY D. WILSON University of Wisconsin—Madison ARIE W. KRUGLANSKI Free University, Amsterdam, the University of Virginia University of Maryland Netherlands AP DIJKSTERHUIS PIOTR WINKIELMEN University of Amsterdam, ALAN LAMBERT JEFFREY W. SHERMAN University of California, San Diego Amsterdam, the Netherlands Washington University in St. Louis University of California, Davis MARK P. ZANNA DAVID DUNNING JENNIFER LERNER STEVEN J. SHERMAN University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Cornell University Carnegie Mellon University Indiana University Bloomington Ontario, Canada ASSISTANT TO THE EDITOR—LAURIE HAWKINS INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS AND GROUP PROCESSES JOHN F. DOVIDIO, Editor University of Connecticut ASSOCIATE EDITORS XIMENA ARRIAGA LORNE CAMPBELL KLAUS FIEDLER DAPHNE BLUNT BUGENTAL Purdue University University of Western Ontario, University of Heidelberg, University of California, Santa Barbara London, Ontario, Canada Heidelberg, Germany WINTON W. T. AU JACQUES-PHILIPPE LEYENS The Chinese University of Hong Kong, SERENA CHEN GARTH FLETCHER Catholic University of Louvain, Shatin, Hong Kong University of California, Berkeley University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium MARK BALDWIN MARGARET CLARK ANTONY MANSTEAD McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Yale University SHELLY GABLE University of California, Los Angeles Cardiff University, Cardiff, Canada CARSTEN DE DREU United Kingdom KIM BARTHOLOMEW University of Amsterdam, LOWELL GAERTNER University of Tennessee, Knoxville CYNTHIA L. PICKETT Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Amsterdam, the Netherlands University of California, Davis British Columbia, Canada STE´ PHANIE DEMOULIN SAMUEL L. GAERTNER University of Delaware JEFFRY A. SIMPSON C. DANIEL BATSON Catholic University of Louvain University of Minnesota, University of Kansas Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, and ADAM GALINSKY Twin Cities Campus Belgan National Fund for Scientific Northwestern University B. ANNE BETTENCOURT Research, Brussels, Belgium SCOTT TINDALE University of Missouri—Columbia PETER GLICK Loyola University Chicago DAVID DESTENO Lawrence University GERD BOHNER Northeastern University JACQUIE D. VORAUER Universita¨ t Bielefeld, Bielefeld, STEPHANIE A. GOODWIN University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Germany STEVE DRIGOTAS Purdue University Manitoba, Canada Johns Hopkins University NIALL BOLGER MARTIE G. HASSELTON CONSULTING EDITORS New York University ELISSA S. EPEL University of California, Los Angeles University of California, San DOMINIC ABRAMS S. ALEXANDER HASLAM NYLA R. BRANSCOMBE Francisco University of Kent at Canterbury, University of Exeter, Exeter, University of Kansas Canterbury, England VICTORIA ESSES United Kingdom JONATHON D. BROWN University of Western Ontario, CHRIS AGNEW VERLIN HINSZ University of Washington London, Ontario, Canada Purdue University North Dakota State University ARTHUR ARON RUPERT BROWN BEVERLY FEHR GORDON HODSON State University of New York at The University of Kent at Canterbury, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Brock University, St. Catherine’s, Stony Brook Canterbury, England Manitoba, Canada Ontario, Canada (editors continue) MICHAEL A. HOGG LAURA J. KRAY SABINE OTTEN CHRISTINE SMITH University of Queensland, University of California, Berkeley University of Gro¨ ningen, Grand Valley State University Brisbane, Australia Gro¨ ningen, the Netherlands JAMES R. LARSON JR. HEATHER J. SMITH ANDREA B. HOLLINGSHEAD University of Illinois at Chicago CRAIG D. PARKS Sonoma State University University of Southern California Washington State University COLIN WAYNE LEACH RUSSELL SPEARS JOHN G. HOLMES University of Sussex, Sussex, United LOUIS A. PENNER Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Kingdom Wayne State University CHARLES STANGOR Ontario, Canada JOHN LEVINE PAULA PIETROMONACO University of Maryland RICK H. HOYLE University of Pittsburgh University of Massachusetts at GARY L. STASSER University of Kentucky Amherst JOHN E. LYDON Miami University—Ohio JOLANDA JETTEN McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, TOM POSTMES WALTER STEPHAN University of Exeter, Exeter, Canada University of Exeter, Exeter, United New Mexico State University United Kingdom Kingdom JON K. MANER WILLIAM B. SWANN JR. JAMES D. JOHNSON Florida State University FELICIA PRATTO University of Texas at Austin University of North Carolina at University of Connecticut BRENDA MAJOR Wilmington JANET SWIM University of California, Santa HARRY T. REIS TATSUYA KAMEDA Barbara University of Rochester Pennsylvania State University Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan LEIGH L. THOMPSON CRAIG MCGARTY W. STEVEN RHOLES BENJAMIN R. KARNEY Australian National University, Texas A&M University Northwestern University RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Canberra, Australia JENNIFER A. RICHESON TOM TYLER California New York University Northwestern University WENDY BERRY MENDES YOSHI KASHIMA Harvard University MARK SCHALLER JEROEN VAES University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia University of British Columbia, University of Padova, Padova, Italy RICHARD MORELAND DEBORAH A. KASHY University of Pittsburgh Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada KEES VAN DEN BOS Michigan State University DAVID A. SCHROEDER University of Utrecht, Utrecht, BRIAN MULLEN KERRY KAWAKAMI University of Arkansas the Netherlands University of Kent at Canterbury, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Canterbury, England CONSTANTINE SEDIKIDES PAUL A. M. VAN LANGE JANICE R. KELLY AME´ LIE MUMMENDEY University of Southampton, Free University, Amsterdam, Purdue University Southampton, England Amsterdam, the Netherlands Friedrich-Schiller-Universita¨ t, Jena, DACHER KELTNER Jena, Germany PHILLIP R. SHAVER LAURIE R. WEINGART University of California, Berkeley University of California, Davis Carnegie Mellon University MARK MURAVEN DAVID A. KENNY University at Albany, State University J. NICOLE SHELTON GWEN M. WITTENBAUM University of Connecticut of New York Princeton University Michigan State University DOUGLAS T. KENRICK SANDRA L. MURRAY MARGARET SHIH WENDY L. WOOD Arizona State University State University of New York at Buffalo University of Michigan Texas A&M University NORBERT L. KERR LISA A. NEFF STACEY SINCLAIR MICHAEL ZA´ RATE Michigan State University University of Toledo University of Virginia University of Texas at El Paso ASSISTANT TO THE EDITOR—CHRISTINE KELLY PERSONALITY PROCESSES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES CHARLES S. CARVER, Editor University of Miami ASSOCIATE EDITORS GEORGE A. BONANNO EDDIE HARMON-JONES DANIEL W. RUSSELL TIM KASSER Teachers College, Texas A&M University Iowa State University Knox College Columbia University TODD HEATHERTON OLIVER C. SCHULTHEISS MARIO MIKULINCER AVSHALOM CASPI Dartmouth College University of Michigan Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel King’s Colege, London SUZANNE C. SEGERSTROM JUTTA HECKHAUSEN EDWARD C. CHANG University of California, Irvine University of Kentucky EVA M. POMERANTZ University of Ilinois at Urbana– University of Michigan STEVEN J. HEINE KENNON M. SHELDON Champaign SERENA CHEN University of British Columbia, University of Missouri—Columbia University of California, Berkeley Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada C. R. SNYDER RICHARD W. ROBINS University of Kansas University of California, Davis A. TIMOTHY CHURCH RICHARD KOESTNER Washington State University McGill University SANJAY SRIVASTAVA GERARD SAUCIER Montreal, Quebec, Canada University of Oregon University of Oregon JAMES COAN University of Wisconsin—Madison DAVID LUBINSKI TIMOTHY STRAUMAN THOMAS A. WIDIGER Vanderbilt University Duke University M. LYNNE COOPER University of Kentucky University of Missouri—Columbia RICHARD E. LUCAS MICHAEL J. STRUBE CONSULTING EDITORS Michigan State University Washington University MICHAEL EID STEPHAN A. AHADI JERRY SULS University of Geneva, Geneva, ROBERT R. MCCRAE American Institutes for Research, University of Iowa Switzerland National Institute on Aging, Baltimore Washington, DC WILLIAM B. SWANN JR. ANDREW J. ELLIOT WENDY BERRY MENDES JAMIE ARNDT University of Texas at Austin University of Rochester Harvard University University of Missouri—Columbia HOWARD TENNEN LISA FELDMAN BARRETT RODOLFO MENDOZA-DENTON University of Connecticut Health JENS B. ASENDORPF Boston College University of California, Berkeley Center Humboldt-Universita¨ t Berlin WILLIAM FLEESON DANIEL K. MROCZEK Berlin, Germany SUZANNE THOMPSON Wake Forest University Fordham University Pomona College MICHAEL C. ASHTON R. CHRIS FRALEY STEPHEN A. PETRILL Brock University, St. Catherines, ROBERT J. VALLERAND University of Illinois at Chicago Pennsylvania State University Ontario, Canada Universite´ du Que´ bec a` Montre´ al ANTONIO L. FREITAS RALPH L. PIEDMONT Montreal, Quebec, Canada OZLEM AYDUK State University of New York at Loyola College in Maryland KATHLEEN D. VOHS University of California, Berkeley Stony Brook E. ASHBY PLANT University of Minnesota ROY F. BAUMEISTER DAVID C. FUNDER Florida State University DAVID WATSON Florida State University University of California, Riverside BRENT ROBERTS University of Iowa VERO´ NICA BENET-MARTI´NEZ STEVEN W. GANGESTAD University of Illinois at BARBARA WOIKE University of California, Riverside University of New Mexico Urbana–Champaign Columbia University APRIL L. BLESKE-RECHEK CAROL L. GOHM MICHAEL D. ROBINSON REX A. WRIGHT University of Wisconsin—Eau Claire University of Mississippi North Dakota State University University of Alabama at Birmingham ASSISTANT TO THE EDITOR—JESSICA LILLESAND ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION Alone but Feeling No Pain: Effects of Social Exclusion on Physical Pain Tolerance and Pain Threshold, Affective Forecasting, and Interpersonal Empathy C. Nathan DeWall and Roy F. Baumeister Florida State University Prior findings of emotional numbness (rather than distress) among socially excluded persons led the authors to investigate whether exclusion causes a far-reaching insensitivity to both physical and emotional pain. Experiments 1–4 showed that receiving an ostensibly diagnostic forecast of a lonesome future life reduced sensitivity to physical pain, as indicated by both (higher) thresholds and tolerance. Exclusion also caused emotional insensitivity, as indicated by reductions in affective forecasting of joy or woe over a future football outcome (Experiment 3), as well as lesser empathizing with another person’s suffering from either romantic breakup (Experiment 4) or a broken leg (Experiment 5). The insensitivities to pain and emotion were highly intercorrelated. Keywords: social exclusion, rejection, emotion, affective forecasting, empathy People depend heavily on others for much of their physical and Social exclusion poses a serious threat to a person’s physical mental well-being. With no fangs, no claws, an extremely pro- and psychological well-being, as indicated by higher rates of longed childhood phase of dependency and vulnerability, and other physical and mental illnesses among people who live alone as physical weaknesses, human beings are not well suited to living in compared with people who have strong social networks (Argyle, isolation from others. Given the importance of acquiring and 1987; Cacioppo, Hawkley, & Berntson, 2003; Kiecolt-Glaser et maintaining membership in social groups, it is therefore hardly al., 1984; Lynch, 1979; Myers, 1992). These findings confirm that surprising that people would react strongly to any threat of social social exclusion has potentially drastic and negative effects on exclusion. Multiple laboratory studies of social exclusion have physical and psychological health, but they offer no explanation found, however, that people respond to social exclusion in a for the finding that people respond to social exclusion with emo- seemingly detached and emotionally indifferent manner. Socially tional numbness (e.g., Twenge et al., 2001). Indeed, they under- excluded people often report emotional states that do not differ score the paradox in the fact that people would respond to a significantly from participants in acceptance or control conditions potentially momentous event, such as social exclusion, with emo- (Baumeister, Twenge, & Nuss, 2002; Gardner, Pickett, & Brewer, tional numbness and detachment. 2000; Twenge, Baumeister, Tice, & Stucke, 2001; Twenge & The first purpose of the current investigation was to resolve the Campbell, 2003; Twenge, Catanese, & Baumeister, 2002; Zadro, paradox as to why rejected people report emotional numbness, by Williams, & Richardson, 2004). identifying a possible mechanism by which people respond to social exclusion. We propose that certain interpersonal events, such as social rejection, activate the body’s pain response system and potentially alter how it registers physical and emotional pain C. Nathan DeWall and Roy F. Baumeister, Department of Psychology, (Eisenberger, Lieberman, & Williams, 2003). With regard to phys- Florida State University. ical pain, social exclusion may disrupt the ability to respond to We gratefully acknowledge support by National Institute of Mental physical pain in the same manner as people who have not expe- Health Grant MH-65559. rienced social exclusion. This would lead to increases in both pain The research reported in this article was part of C. Nathan DeWall’s threshold (i.e., sensitivity to pain) and pain tolerance (i.e., with- master’s thesis at Florida State University under the direction of Roy F. standing greater pain). Hence, the first goal of this research (tested Baumeister. We graciously thank committee members Thomas Joiner, Jon in Experiments 1–4) was to demonstrate that socially excluded K. Maner, and Dianne M. Tice for their helpful comments and suggestions. people become relatively numb to physical pain. We also thank Carey Morewedge for helpful comments on an earlier version of this article. The second goal of this work was to extend the idea of physical Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to C. numbness to emotional functioning. As suggested by MacDonald Nathan DeWall, Department of Psychology, Florida State University, and Leary (2005), if the body uses the same system to respond to Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270. E-mail:

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