Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2006, Vol. 91-01

216 Pages·1990·5.52 MB·English

by  JPSP

Volume 91 July 2006
Number 1
Published monthly ISSN 0022-3514
by the
American Psychological
Association
Journal of
Personality
and
Social Psychology
ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION
Charles M. Judd, Editor
Dacher Keltner, Associate Editor
Anne Maass, Associate Editor
Bernd Wittenbrink, Associate Editor
Vincent Yzerbyt, Associate Editor
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS AND GROUP PROCESSES
John F. Dovidio, Editor
Daphne Blunt Bugental, Associate Editor
Jacques-Philippe Leyens, Associate Editor
Antony Manstead, Associate Editor
Cynthia L. Pickett, Associate Editor
Jeffry A. Simpson, Associate Editor
Scott Tindale, Associate Editor
Jacquie D. Vorauer, Associate Editor
PERSONALITY PROCESSES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Charles S. Carver, Editor
Tim Kasser, Associate Editor
Mario Mikulincer, Associate Editor
Eva M. Pomerantz, Associate Editor
Richard W. Robins, Associate Editor
Gerard Saucier, Associate Editor
www.apa.org/journals/psp.html Thomas A. Widiger, Associate Editor
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Journal of
Personality
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Social Psychology
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July 2006
Copyright © 2006 by the
VOLUME 91 NUMBER 1 American Psychological Association
Attitudes and Social Cognition
1 Alone but Feeling No Pain: Effects of Social Exclusion on Physical Pain Tolerance and Pain Threshold,
Affective Forecasting, and Interpersonal Empathy
C. Nathan DeWall and Roy F. Baumeister
16 The Single Category Implicit Association Test as a Measure of Implicit Social Cognition
Andrew Karpinski and Ross B. Steinman
33 Thinking Within the Box: The Relational Processing Style Elicited by Counterfactual Mind-Sets
Laura J. Kray, Adam D. Galinsky, and Elaine M. Wong
49 Self-Regulatory Processes Defend Against the Threat of Death: Effects of Self-Control Depletion and
Trait Self-Control on Thoughts and Fears of Dying
Matthew T. Gailliot, Brandon J. Schmeichel, and Roy F. Baumeister
Interpersonal Relations and Group Processes
63 Peacocks, Picasso, and Parental Investment: The Effects of Romantic Motives on Creativity
Vladas Griskevicius, Robert B. Cialdini, and Douglas T. Kenrick
77 Navigating the Interdependence Dilemma: Attachment Goals and the Use of Communal Norms With
Potential Close Others
Jennifer A. Bartz and John E. Lydon
97 Intergroup Helping as Status Relations: Effects of Status Stability, Identification, and Type of Help on
Receptivity to High-Status Group’s Help
Arie Nadler and Samer Halabi
111 Information Quantity and Quality Affect the Realistic Accuracy of Personality Judgment
Tera D. Letzring, Shannon M. Wells, and David C. Funder
124 Supplication and Appeasement in Conflict and Negotiation: The Interpersonal Effects of Disappointment,
Worry, Guilt, and Regret
Gerben A. Van Kleef, Carsten K. W. De Dreu, and Antony S. R. Manstead
Personality Processes and Individual Differences
143 Optimism in Close Relationships: How Seeing Things in a Positive Light Makes Them So
Sanjay Srivastava, Kelly M. McGonigal, Jane M. Richards, Emily A. Butler, and James J. Gross
(contents continue)
154 Discrepancies Between Explicit and Implicit Self-Concepts: Consequences for Information Processing
Pablo Brin˜ ol, Richard E. Petty, and S. Christian Wheeler
171 Investigating the Dopaminergic Basis of Extraversion in Humans: A Multilevel Approach
Jan Wacker, Mira-Lynn Chavanon, and Gerhard Stemmler
188 Possible Selves and Academic Outcomes: How and When Possible Selves Impel Action
Daphna Oyserman, Deborah Bybee, and Kathy Terry
Other
15 American Psychological Association Subscription Claims Information
ii E-Mail Notification of Your Latest Issue Online!
96 Instructions to Authors
62 Subscription Order Form
ii
154 Discrepancies Between Explicit and Implicit Self-Concepts: Consequences for Information Processing
Pablo Brin˜ ol, Richard E. Petty, and S. Christian Wheeler
171 Investigating the Dopaminergic Basis of Extraversion in Humans: A Multilevel Approach
Jan Wacker, Mira-Lynn Chavanon, and Gerhard Stemmler
188 Possible Selves and Academic Outcomes: How and When Possible Selves Impel Action
Daphna Oyserman, Deborah Bybee, and Kathy Terry
Other
15 American Psychological Association Subscription Claims Information
ii E-Mail Notification of Your Latest Issue Online!
96 Instructions to Authors
62 Subscription Order Form
ii
ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION
CHARLES M. JUDD, Editor
University of Colorado at Boulder
ASSOCIATE EDITORS ALICE H. EAGLY NIRA LIBERMAN LINDA SKITKA
Northwestern University Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel University of Illinois at Chicago
DACHER KELTNER
University of California, Berkeley NICHOLAS EPLEY DIANE M. MACKIE JOHN SKOWRONSKI
University of Chicago University of California, Santa Barbara Northern Illinois University
ANNE MAASS
Universita` di Padova, Padova, Italy RUSSELL H. FAZIO NEIL MACRAE ELIOT R. SMITH
Ohio State University Dartmouth College
Indiana University Bloomington
BERND WITTENBRINK
University of Chicago LISA FELDMAN BARRETT TONY MANSTEAD DIEDERIK STAPEL
Boston College Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
University of Groningen, Groningen,
VINCENT YZERBYT
Catholic University of Louvain, SUSAN T. FISKE THOMAS MUSSWEILER the Netherlands
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Princeton University Universita¨ t Ko¨ ln, Cologne, Germany FRITZ STRACK
CONSULTING EDITORS BARBARA L. FREDRICKSON JAMES M. OLSON Universita¨ t Wu¨ rzburg, Wu¨ rzburg,
University of Michigan University of Western Ontario, Germany
ICEK AJZEN
London, Ontario, Canada
University of Massachusetts WENDI GARDNER ABRAHAM TESSER
Northwestern University BERNADETTE M. PARK University of Georgia
MAHZARIN BANAJI
University of Colorado at Boulder
Harvard University DANIEL GILBERT YAACOV TROPE
Harvard University RICHARD E. PETTY
New York University
MONICA BIERNAT
Ohio State University
THOMAS GILOVICH
University of Kansas THERESA K. VESCIO
Cornell University
NEAL J. ROESE Pennsylvania State University
IRENE V. BLAIR
ANTHONY G. GREENWALD University of Illinois at Urbana–
University of Colorado at Boulder
University of Washington Champaign WILLIAM VON HIPPEL
University of New South Wales,
GALEN V. BODENHAUSEN
DAVID L. HAMILTON MYRON ROTHBART Sydney, Australia
Northwestern University
University of California, Santa University of Oregon
DUANE T. WEGENER
MARKUS BRAUER Barbara
LAURIE RUDMAN
Purdue University
LAPSCO, Universite´ Blaise Pascal
EDWARD R. HIRT Rutgers, The State University
Clermont-Ferrand, France
Indiana University Bloomington of New Jersey DANIEL M. WEGNER
Harvard University
MARILYNN B. BREWER
TIFFANY ITO MARK SCHALLER
Ohio State University
University of Colorado at Boulder University of British Columbia, DIRK WENTURA
JOHN T. CACIOPPO Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Saarland University, Saarbru¨ cken,
YOSHIHISA KASHIMA
University of Chicago
University of Melbourne, Victoria, TONI SCHMADER Germany
OLIVIER CORNEILLE Australia University of Arizona DANIEL WIGBOLDUS
Catholic University of Louvain, KARLE CHRISTOPHE KLAUER NORBERT SCHWARZ Radboud University Nijmegen,
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Albrecht-Ludwigs-Universita¨ t University of Michigan Nijmegen, the Netherlands
PATRICIA DEVINE Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany GU¨ N R. SEMIN TIMOTHY D. WILSON
University of Wisconsin—Madison ARIE W. KRUGLANSKI Free University, Amsterdam, the University of Virginia
University of Maryland Netherlands
AP DIJKSTERHUIS PIOTR WINKIELMEN
University of Amsterdam, ALAN LAMBERT JEFFREY W. SHERMAN University of California, San Diego
Amsterdam, the Netherlands Washington University in St. Louis University of California, Davis
MARK P. ZANNA
DAVID DUNNING JENNIFER LERNER STEVEN J. SHERMAN University of Waterloo, Waterloo,
Cornell University Carnegie Mellon University Indiana University Bloomington Ontario, Canada
ASSISTANT TO THE EDITOR—LAURIE HAWKINS
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS AND GROUP PROCESSES
JOHN F. DOVIDIO, Editor
University of Connecticut
ASSOCIATE EDITORS XIMENA ARRIAGA LORNE CAMPBELL KLAUS FIEDLER
DAPHNE BLUNT BUGENTAL Purdue University University of Western Ontario, University of Heidelberg,
University of California, Santa Barbara London, Ontario, Canada Heidelberg, Germany
WINTON W. T. AU
JACQUES-PHILIPPE LEYENS The Chinese University of Hong Kong, SERENA CHEN GARTH FLETCHER
Catholic University of Louvain, Shatin, Hong Kong University of California, Berkeley University of Canterbury,
Christchurch, New Zealand
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
MARK BALDWIN MARGARET CLARK
ANTONY MANSTEAD McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Yale University SHELLY GABLE
University of California, Los Angeles
Cardiff University, Cardiff, Canada CARSTEN DE DREU
United Kingdom
KIM BARTHOLOMEW University of Amsterdam, LOWELL GAERTNER
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
CYNTHIA L. PICKETT Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
University of California, Davis British Columbia, Canada STE´ PHANIE DEMOULIN SAMUEL L. GAERTNER
University of Delaware
JEFFRY A. SIMPSON C. DANIEL BATSON Catholic University of Louvain
University of Minnesota, University of Kansas Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, and ADAM GALINSKY
Twin Cities Campus Belgan National Fund for Scientific Northwestern University
B. ANNE BETTENCOURT
Research, Brussels, Belgium
SCOTT TINDALE University of Missouri—Columbia PETER GLICK
Loyola University Chicago DAVID DESTENO Lawrence University
GERD BOHNER
Northeastern University
JACQUIE D. VORAUER Universita¨ t Bielefeld, Bielefeld, STEPHANIE A. GOODWIN
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Germany STEVE DRIGOTAS Purdue University
Manitoba, Canada Johns Hopkins University
NIALL BOLGER MARTIE G. HASSELTON
CONSULTING EDITORS New York University ELISSA S. EPEL University of California, Los Angeles
University of California, San
DOMINIC ABRAMS S. ALEXANDER HASLAM
NYLA R. BRANSCOMBE Francisco
University of Kent at Canterbury, University of Exeter, Exeter,
University of Kansas
Canterbury, England VICTORIA ESSES United Kingdom
JONATHON D. BROWN University of Western Ontario,
CHRIS AGNEW VERLIN HINSZ
University of Washington London, Ontario, Canada
Purdue University North Dakota State University
ARTHUR ARON RUPERT BROWN BEVERLY FEHR GORDON HODSON
State University of New York at The University of Kent at Canterbury, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Brock University, St. Catherine’s,
Stony Brook Canterbury, England Manitoba, Canada Ontario, Canada
(editors continue)
MICHAEL A. HOGG LAURA J. KRAY SABINE OTTEN CHRISTINE SMITH
University of Queensland, University of California, Berkeley University of Gro¨ ningen, Grand Valley State University
Brisbane, Australia Gro¨ ningen, the Netherlands
JAMES R. LARSON JR. HEATHER J. SMITH
ANDREA B. HOLLINGSHEAD University of Illinois at Chicago CRAIG D. PARKS Sonoma State University
University of Southern California Washington State University
COLIN WAYNE LEACH RUSSELL SPEARS
JOHN G. HOLMES University of Sussex, Sussex, United LOUIS A. PENNER Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Kingdom Wayne State University
CHARLES STANGOR
Ontario, Canada
JOHN LEVINE PAULA PIETROMONACO University of Maryland
RICK H. HOYLE University of Pittsburgh University of Massachusetts at
GARY L. STASSER
University of Kentucky Amherst
JOHN E. LYDON Miami University—Ohio
JOLANDA JETTEN McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, TOM POSTMES
WALTER STEPHAN
University of Exeter, Exeter, Canada University of Exeter, Exeter, United
New Mexico State University
United Kingdom Kingdom
JON K. MANER
WILLIAM B. SWANN JR.
JAMES D. JOHNSON
Florida State University FELICIA PRATTO
University of Texas at Austin
University of North Carolina at University of Connecticut
BRENDA MAJOR
Wilmington JANET SWIM
University of California, Santa HARRY T. REIS
TATSUYA KAMEDA
Barbara University of Rochester Pennsylvania State University
Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan LEIGH L. THOMPSON
CRAIG MCGARTY W. STEVEN RHOLES
BENJAMIN R. KARNEY
Australian National University, Texas A&M University Northwestern University
RAND Corporation, Santa Monica,
Canberra, Australia JENNIFER A. RICHESON TOM TYLER
California New York University
Northwestern University
WENDY BERRY MENDES
YOSHI KASHIMA
Harvard University MARK SCHALLER JEROEN VAES
University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
University of British Columbia, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
RICHARD MORELAND
DEBORAH A. KASHY
University of Pittsburgh Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada KEES VAN DEN BOS
Michigan State University
DAVID A. SCHROEDER University of Utrecht, Utrecht,
BRIAN MULLEN
KERRY KAWAKAMI University of Arkansas the Netherlands
University of Kent at Canterbury,
York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Canterbury, England CONSTANTINE SEDIKIDES PAUL A. M. VAN LANGE
JANICE R. KELLY
AME´ LIE MUMMENDEY University of Southampton, Free University, Amsterdam,
Purdue University Southampton, England Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Friedrich-Schiller-Universita¨ t, Jena,
DACHER KELTNER Jena, Germany PHILLIP R. SHAVER LAURIE R. WEINGART
University of California, Berkeley University of California, Davis Carnegie Mellon University
MARK MURAVEN
DAVID A. KENNY University at Albany, State University J. NICOLE SHELTON GWEN M. WITTENBAUM
University of Connecticut of New York Princeton University Michigan State University
DOUGLAS T. KENRICK SANDRA L. MURRAY MARGARET SHIH WENDY L. WOOD
Arizona State University State University of New York at Buffalo University of Michigan Texas A&M University
NORBERT L. KERR LISA A. NEFF STACEY SINCLAIR MICHAEL ZA´ RATE
Michigan State University University of Toledo University of Virginia University of Texas at El Paso
ASSISTANT TO THE EDITOR—CHRISTINE KELLY
PERSONALITY PROCESSES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
CHARLES S. CARVER, Editor
University of Miami
ASSOCIATE EDITORS GEORGE A. BONANNO EDDIE HARMON-JONES DANIEL W. RUSSELL
TIM KASSER Teachers College, Texas A&M University Iowa State University
Knox College Columbia University TODD HEATHERTON OLIVER C. SCHULTHEISS
MARIO MIKULINCER AVSHALOM CASPI Dartmouth College University of Michigan
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel King’s Colege, London SUZANNE C. SEGERSTROM
JUTTA HECKHAUSEN
EDWARD C. CHANG University of California, Irvine University of Kentucky
EVA M. POMERANTZ
University of Ilinois at Urbana– University of Michigan STEVEN J. HEINE KENNON M. SHELDON
Champaign SERENA CHEN University of British Columbia, University of Missouri—Columbia
University of California, Berkeley Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada C. R. SNYDER
RICHARD W. ROBINS
University of Kansas
University of California, Davis A. TIMOTHY CHURCH RICHARD KOESTNER
Washington State University McGill University SANJAY SRIVASTAVA
GERARD SAUCIER
Montreal, Quebec, Canada University of Oregon
University of Oregon JAMES COAN
University of Wisconsin—Madison DAVID LUBINSKI TIMOTHY STRAUMAN
THOMAS A. WIDIGER
Vanderbilt University Duke University
M. LYNNE COOPER
University of Kentucky
University of Missouri—Columbia RICHARD E. LUCAS MICHAEL J. STRUBE
CONSULTING EDITORS Michigan State University Washington University
MICHAEL EID
STEPHAN A. AHADI JERRY SULS
University of Geneva, Geneva, ROBERT R. MCCRAE
American Institutes for Research, University of Iowa
Switzerland National Institute on Aging, Baltimore
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MICHAEL C. ASHTON
R. CHRIS FRALEY STEPHEN A. PETRILL
Brock University, St. Catherines, ROBERT J. VALLERAND
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OZLEM AYDUK
State University of New York at Loyola College in Maryland
KATHLEEN D. VOHS
University of California, Berkeley
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E. ASHBY PLANT University of Minnesota
ROY F. BAUMEISTER
DAVID C. FUNDER Florida State University DAVID WATSON
Florida State University
University of California, Riverside
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VERO´ NICA BENET-MARTI´NEZ STEVEN W. GANGESTAD University of Illinois at BARBARA WOIKE
University of California, Riverside University of New Mexico Urbana–Champaign Columbia University
APRIL L. BLESKE-RECHEK CAROL L. GOHM MICHAEL D. ROBINSON REX A. WRIGHT
University of Wisconsin—Eau Claire University of Mississippi North Dakota State University University of Alabama at Birmingham
ASSISTANT TO THE EDITOR—JESSICA LILLESAND
ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION
Alone but Feeling No Pain: Effects of Social Exclusion on Physical Pain
Tolerance and Pain Threshold, Affective Forecasting,
and Interpersonal Empathy
C. Nathan DeWall and Roy F. Baumeister
Florida State University
Prior findings of emotional numbness (rather than distress) among socially excluded persons led the
authors to investigate whether exclusion causes a far-reaching insensitivity to both physical and
emotional pain. Experiments 1–4 showed that receiving an ostensibly diagnostic forecast of a lonesome
future life reduced sensitivity to physical pain, as indicated by both (higher) thresholds and tolerance.
Exclusion also caused emotional insensitivity, as indicated by reductions in affective forecasting of joy
or woe over a future football outcome (Experiment 3), as well as lesser empathizing with another
person’s suffering from either romantic breakup (Experiment 4) or a broken leg (Experiment 5). The
insensitivities to pain and emotion were highly intercorrelated.
Keywords: social exclusion, rejection, emotion, affective forecasting, empathy
People depend heavily on others for much of their physical and Social exclusion poses a serious threat to a person’s physical
mental well-being. With no fangs, no claws, an extremely pro- and psychological well-being, as indicated by higher rates of
longed childhood phase of dependency and vulnerability, and other physical and mental illnesses among people who live alone as
physical weaknesses, human beings are not well suited to living in compared with people who have strong social networks (Argyle,
isolation from others. Given the importance of acquiring and 1987; Cacioppo, Hawkley, & Berntson, 2003; Kiecolt-Glaser et
maintaining membership in social groups, it is therefore hardly al., 1984; Lynch, 1979; Myers, 1992). These findings confirm that
surprising that people would react strongly to any threat of social social exclusion has potentially drastic and negative effects on
exclusion. Multiple laboratory studies of social exclusion have physical and psychological health, but they offer no explanation
found, however, that people respond to social exclusion in a for the finding that people respond to social exclusion with emo-
seemingly detached and emotionally indifferent manner. Socially tional numbness (e.g., Twenge et al., 2001). Indeed, they under-
excluded people often report emotional states that do not differ score the paradox in the fact that people would respond to a
significantly from participants in acceptance or control conditions potentially momentous event, such as social exclusion, with emo-
(Baumeister, Twenge, & Nuss, 2002; Gardner, Pickett, & Brewer, tional numbness and detachment.
2000; Twenge, Baumeister, Tice, & Stucke, 2001; Twenge & The first purpose of the current investigation was to resolve the
Campbell, 2003; Twenge, Catanese, & Baumeister, 2002; Zadro, paradox as to why rejected people report emotional numbness, by
Williams, & Richardson, 2004). identifying a possible mechanism by which people respond to
social exclusion. We propose that certain interpersonal events,
such as social rejection, activate the body’s pain response system
and potentially alter how it registers physical and emotional pain
C. Nathan DeWall and Roy F. Baumeister, Department of Psychology, (Eisenberger, Lieberman, & Williams, 2003). With regard to phys-
Florida State University. ical pain, social exclusion may disrupt the ability to respond to
We gratefully acknowledge support by National Institute of Mental physical pain in the same manner as people who have not expe-
Health Grant MH-65559. rienced social exclusion. This would lead to increases in both pain
The research reported in this article was part of C. Nathan DeWall’s threshold (i.e., sensitivity to pain) and pain tolerance (i.e., with-
master’s thesis at Florida State University under the direction of Roy F.
standing greater pain). Hence, the first goal of this research (tested
Baumeister. We graciously thank committee members Thomas Joiner, Jon
in Experiments 1–4) was to demonstrate that socially excluded
K. Maner, and Dianne M. Tice for their helpful comments and suggestions.
people become relatively numb to physical pain.
We also thank Carey Morewedge for helpful comments on an earlier
version of this article. The second goal of this work was to extend the idea of physical
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to C. numbness to emotional functioning. As suggested by MacDonald
Nathan DeWall, Department of Psychology, Florida State University, and Leary (2005), if the body uses the same system to respond to
Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270. E-mail: