Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 1997: Vol 221 Index

7 Pages·1997·1.1 MB·English

JOURNAL OF
Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 221 (1997) 307-309
Author index
Abidi, N., B. Deroide and J.V. Zanchetta, The Choi, S.-Y., see Yang, H.-S. 221 (1997) 151
interaction of Mn** with porous silica xe- Choi, Y.G., J. Heo and V.A. Chernov, Ga
rogels and the hydration—dehydration pro- K-edge EXAFS analysis on the coordina-
cesses in the xerogels 221 (1997) 59 tion of gallium in PhO-—Ga,O, glasses 221 (1997) 199
Ajith Kumar, G., P.R. Biju, C. Venugopal and Cooper, A.R., see Angel, P.W. 221 (1997) 70
N.V. Unnikrishnan, Spectroscopic parame- Correia, R.N., see Lacerda, S.R. 221 (1997) 255
ters of Nd** ion in phosphate glasses 221 (1997) 47 Costa, T.M.H., V. Stefani, N. Balzaretti,
Alig, L, D. Braun, R. Langendorf, M. Voigt L.T.S.T. Francisco, M.R. Gallas and J.A.H.
and J.H. Wendorff, Simultaneous ageing and da Jornada, High pressure loading of or-
crystallization processes within the glassy ganic dyes into a silica matrix 221 (1997) 157
state of a low molecular weight substance 221 (1997) 261
An, C., see Kang, M. 221 (1997) 103
Angel, P.W. and A.R. Cooper, Effect of melt- Dai, Y.-M., see Ho, S.-d. 221 (1997) 290
Da Jornada, J.A.H., see Costa, T.M.H. 221 (1997) 157
ing time and temperature on properties of a
sodium borate glass 221 (1997) 70 Deroide, B., see Abidi, N. 221 (1997) 59
Aouba, S., see Tandia, A. 221 (1997) 97 Drakopoulos, M., P. Lamparter and S. Steeb,
X-ray and neutron small angle scattering
Balzaretti, N., see Costa, T.M.H. 221 (1997) 157 from amorphous chromium—carbon—hydro-
Basu, C., see Paul, A. 221 (1997) 265 gen-alloys 221 (1997) 228
Biju, P.R., see Ajith Kumar, G. 221 (1997) 47
Birnie Il], D.P. and M.C. Weinberg, Signifi-
Einarsrud, M.-A., see Nilsen, E. 221 (19971)3 5
cance of heterogeneous surface growth in
up-gradient and stationary-gradient crystal-
lization 221 (1997) 1 Fernandes, M.H.V., see Lacerda, S.R. 221 (1997) 255
Bock, V., see Saliger, R. 221 (1997) 144 Fernandez, J.F., see Ramos, M.A. 221 (1997) 170
Boulos, E.N., L.B. Glebov and T.V. Smirnova, Fiorentini, V., see Carbonaro, C.M. 221 (1997) 89
Absorption of iron and water in the Na,O- Francisco, L.T.S.T., see Costa, T.M.H. 221 (1997) 157
CaO-—MgO-SiO, glasses. I. Separation of Fricke, J., see Saliger, R. 221 (1997) 144
ferrous and hydroxyl spectra in the near IR Frumar, M., Z. Polak, M. Vitek and Z.
region 221 (1997) 213 CernoSek, Photoinduced changes of the re-
Braun, D., see Alig, I. 221 (1997) 261 activity of amorphous chalcogenide layers 221 (1997) 27
Burneau, A., see Labrosse, A. 221 (1997) 107
Capobianco, J.A., see Peres, T. 221 (1997) 34 Gallas, M.R., see Costa, T.M.H. 221 (1997) 157
Carbonaro, C.M., V. Fiorentini and S. Mas- Garofalini, S.H., see Peres, T. 221 (1997) 34
sidda, Ab initio study of oxygen vacancies Garofalini, S.H., see Timpel, D. 221 (1997) 187
“
in a-quartz 2 2 1 (1997) 89 Geis, S., see Saliger, R. 221 (1997) 144
CernoSek, Z., see Frumar, M. 2 2 1 (1997) 27 Gerth, K. and C. Riissel, Crystallization of
Chen, G., see Chen, W. 2 2 1 (1997) 274 Bi,Ti,0,, from glasses in the system
Chen, S.-w., see Ho, S.-d. 2 2 1 (1997) 290 Bi,0,/TiO,/B,0, 221 (1997) 10
Chen, W., J. Cheng and G. Chen, Formation Geyer, U., see Wang, D. 221 (1997) 222
and properties of chalcohalide glasses in the Ghosh, U.S., see Paul, A. 221 (1997) 265
As,Se,—GeTe-—Cul system 221 (1997) 274 Giridhar, A., see Mahadevan, S. 221 (1997) 281
Cheng, J., see Chen, W. 221 (1997) 274 Glebov, L.B., see Boulos, E.N. 221 (1997) 213
Chernov, V.A., see Choi, Y.G. 221 (1997) 199 Grygiel, P., see Tomaszewicz, W. 221 (1997) 84
308 Author index
Hanada, T., see Shinoda, T. 221 (1997) 302 Nikonorov, N.V., see Lipovskii, A.A. 221 (1997) 18
Heo, J., see Choi, Y.G. 221 (1997) 199 Nilsen, E., M.-A. Einarsrud and G.W. Scherer,
Hirao, K., see Shimizugawa, Y. 221 (1997) 208 Effect of precursor and hydrolysis condi-
Ho, S.-d., Y.-M. Dai, S.-w. Chen and J.-l. tions on drying shrinkage 221 (1997) 135
Wang, Glass formation, density, microhard- Nishida, Y., T. Kanamori, T. Sakamoto, Y.
ness, and microstructure of the As—Se-Tl Ohishi and S. Sudo, Development of PbF,—
chalcogenide alloys 221 (1997) 290 GaF,—InF,—ZnF,—YF,—LaF, glass for use
Hong, J.-K., see Yang, H.-S. 221 (1997) 151 as a 1.3 wm Pr**-doped fiber amplifier host 221 (1997) 238
Hong, S., E. Kim, D.-W. Kim, T.-H. Sung and No, K., see Hong, S. 221 (1997) 245
K. No, On measurement of optical band gap Novak, Z. and Z. Knez, Diffusion of
of chromium oxide films containing both methanol—liquid CO, and methanol—super-
amorphous and crystalline phases 221 (1997) 245 critical CO, in silica aerogels 221 (1997) 163
Hyun, S.-H., see Yang, H.-S. 221 (1997) 151
Oh, L., see Kang, M. 221 (1997) 103
James, P.F., see Wu, J. 221 (1997) 297 Ohishi, Y., see Nishida, Y. 221 (1997) 238
Jeon, B., see Kang, M. 221 (1997) 103 Oliveira, J.M., see Lacerda, S.R. 221 (1997) 255
Jiang, J., see Zhang, G. 221 (1997) 78
Jung, I., see Kang, M. 221 (1997) 103 Park, H.-H., see Yang, H.-S. 221 (1997) 151
Paul, A., U.S. Ghosh and C. Basu, Ultrasonic
Kanamori, T., see Nishida, Y. 221 (1997) 238 velocity and attenuation in Pb-phosphate
Kang, M., J. Kim, T. Lim, L. Oh, B. Jeon, I. glass 221 (1997) 265
Jung and C. An, The characteristics before Peres, T., D.A. Litton, J.A. Capobianco and
and after annealing of amorphous silicon S.H. Garofalini, Three-body potential mod-
films prepared by ECR plasma CVD 221 (1997) 103 eling of undoped and Er**-doped lead sili-
Kim, D.-W., see Hong, S. 221 (1997) 245 cate glass 22
Kim, E., see Hong, S. 221 (1997) 245 Petricevic, R., see Saliger, R. 22
Kim, J., see Kang, M. 221 (1997) 103 Petrikov, V.D., see Lipovskii, A.A. 22
Knez, Z., see Novak, Z. 221 (1997) 163 Polak, Z., see Frumar, M. 22
Kolobkova, E.V., see Lipovskii, A.A. 221 (1997) 18 Poulain, M., see Zhang, G. 22
Prieto, C., see Ramos, M.A. 2222 1 (1997) 170
Labrosse, A. and A. Burneau, Characterization
of porosity of ammonia catalysed alkoxysi- Ramos, M.A., J.A. Moreno, S. Vieira, C. Prieto
lane silica 221 (1997) 107 and J.F. Fernandez, Correlation of elastic,
Lacerda, S.R., J.M. Oliveira, R.N. Correia and acoustic and thermodynamic properties in
M.H.V. Fernandes, TiO,-induced phase B,O, glasses 221 (1997) 170
separation and crystallization in SiO,- Riissel, C., see Gerth, K. 221 (1997) 10
3CaO - P,O,—MgO glass 221 (1997) 255 Rybicki, J., see Tomaszewicz, W. 221 (1997) 84
Lamparter, P., see Drakopoulos, M. 221 (1997) 228
Langendorf, R., see Alig, I. 221 (1997) 261 Sakamoto, T., see Nishida, Y. 221 (1997) 238
Lim, T., see Kang, M. 221 (1997) 103 Saliger, R., V. Bock, R. Petricevic, T. Tillotson,
Lipovskii, A.A., E.V. Kolobkova, LE. S. Geis and J. Fricke, Carbon aerogels from
Yakovlev, N.V. Nikonorov, V.D. Petrikov dilute catalysis of resorcinol with formal-
and A.A. Sitnikova, Cadmium sulfide- dehyde 221 (1997) 144
selenide doped glasses: silicate and phos- Satoh, S., see Susa, K. 221 (1997) 125
phate glass matrices 221 (1997) 18 Scheerschmidt, K., see Timpel, D. 221 (1997) 187
Litton, D.A., see Peres, T. 221 (1997) 34 Scherer, G.W., see Nilsen, E. 221 (1997) 135
Schneider, S., see Wang, D. 221 (1997) 222
Mahadevan, S. and A. Giridhar, Copper as an Shimizugawa, Y., N. Sugimoto and K. Hirao,
additive in the As» ,Se, ;Teg ; glass: Mean X-ray absorption fine structure glasses con-
atomic volume and T, 221 (1997) 281 taining Bi,O, with third-order non-lineari-
Mamedov, S.B. and M.D. Mikhailov, Dissolu- ties 221 (1997) 208
tion kinetics of glassy and crystalline As,S, Shinoda, T., T. Hanada, S. Tanabe and T. Yao,
in aqueous sodium sulfide and hydroxide 221 (1997) 181 Coordination of yttrium in rf-sputtered
Massidda, S., see Carbonaro, C.M. 221 (1997) 89 amorphous films in the system SiO,-Y,0, 221 (1997) 302
Matsuyama, I., see Susa, K. 221 (1997) 125 Sitnikova, A.A., see Lipovskii, A.A. 221 (1997) 18
Mikhailov, M.D., see Mamedov, S.B. 221 (1997) 181 Smirnova, T.V., see Boulos, E.N. 221 (1997) 213
Moreno, J.A., see Ramos, M.A. 221 (1997) 170 Steeb, S., see Drakopoulos, M. 221 (1997) 228
Author index 309
Stefani, V., see Costa, T.M.H. 221 (19971)5 7 Viéek, M., see Frumar, M. 221 (1997) 27
Sudo, S., see Nishida, Y. 221 (19972)3 8 Voigt, M., see Alig, I. 221 (1997) 261
Sugimoto, N., see Shimizugawa, Y. 221 (19972)0 8
Sung, T.-H., see Hong, S. 221 (19972)4 5 Wang, D., U. Geyer and S. Schneider, Forma-
Susa, K., S. Satoh and I. Matsuyama, Optical
tion of amorphous Ni-Y films by physical
properties of sol-gel derived Sb-doped sil- vapor deposition 221 (1997) 222
ica glass 221 (19971)2 5 Wang, J.-l., see Ho, S.-d. 221 (1997) 290
Weinberg, M.C., see Birnie III, D.P. 221 (1997) 1
Tanabe, S., see Shinoda, T. 221 (19973)0 2 Wendorff, J.H., see Alig, I. 221 (1997) 261
Tandia, A. and S. Aouba, Point defects density Wu, J. and P.F. James, Mullite formation from
influence on the silicon oxide ultrathin film
gels derived from tetraethoxysilane or te-
mechanical stress by molecular simulation 221 (1997) 97 tramethoxysilane with aluminium _ sec-
Tillotson, T., see Saliger, R. 221 (1997) 144 butoxide 221 (1997) 297
Timpel, D., K. Scheerschmidt and S.H. Garo-
falini, Silver clustering in sodium silicate
glasses: a molecular dynamics study 221 (1997) 187 Yakovlev, IL.E., see Lipovskii, A.A. 221 (1997) 18
Tomaszewicz, W., J. Rybicki and P. Grygiel, Yang, H.-S., S.-Y. Choi, S.-H. Hyun, H.-H.
On thermally stimulated currents under dis- Park and J.-K. Hong, Ambient-dried low
persive transport regime 221 (1997) 84 dielectric SiO, aerogel thin film 221 (1997) 151
Yao, T., see Shinoda, T. 221 (1997) 302
Unnikrishnan, N.V., see Ajith Kumar, G. 221 (1997) 47
Zanchetta, J.V., see Abidi, N. 221 (1997) 59
Venugopal, C., see Ajith Kumar, G. 221 (1997) 47 Zhang, G., J. Jiang and M. Poulain, Indium and
Vieira, S., see Ramos, M.A. 221 (1997) 170 gallium fluorochloride glasses 221 (1997) 78
JOURNAL OF
Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 221 (1997) 310-313
Subject index
Chalcogenides
Acoustic Properties Alloys, Glass Formation, Phase Separation 221 (1997) 290
Phosphates 221 (1997) 265 Crystallization, Electron Microscopy, Oxides 221 (1997) 18
Density, Gels, Glass Transition 221 (1997) 281
Aerogels Photoinduced Effects, Reactions 221 (1997) 27
Carbon, Sol—Gel Processes 221 (1997) 144
Coatings, Surface Reactions 221 (1997) 151
Diffusion, Drying 221 (1997) 163 Chalcohalides
Gels, Sol-Gel Processes, Theory 221 (1997) 135 Fracture, Glass Formation, Glass Transition,
Organic—Inorganic Hybrids, Pressure Effects 221 (1997) 157 Hardness 221 (1997) 274
Alkali Silicate Glasses Clusters
Clusters, Molecular Dynamics, Structure 221 (1997) 187 Alkali Silicate Glasses, Molecular Dynamics,
Structure 221 (1997) 187
Alloys
Chalcogenides, Glass Formation, Phase Separa-
Coatings
tion 221 (1997) 290
Aerogels, Surface Reactions 221 (1997) 151
Amorphous Alloys
Glasses Containing Transition Metal Ions, Conductivity
Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray Borates, Density, Thermal Properties 221 (1997) 70
Diffraction 221 (1997) 222
Corrosion
Anisotropy
Processing Variables, Structure 221 (1997) 181
Crystallization, Modelling 221 (1997) 1
Annealing Effects Crystallization
Carbon, Glasses Containing Transition Metal Anisotropy, Modelling 221 (1997) 1
Ions, Hydrogen in Glass, Neutron Diffrac- Annealing Effects, Microstructure, Oxides 221 (1997) 10
tion, X-ray Diffraction 221 (1997) 228 Band structure, Theory 221 (19972)4 5
Crystallization, Microstructure, Oxides 221 (1997) 10 Ceramics, Sol-Gel Processes 221 (19972)9 7
Chalcogenides, Electron Microscopy, Oxides 221 (1997) 18
Band structure Fibers, Glass Transition, Halide Glasses 221 (19972)3 8
Crystallization, Theory 221 (1997) 245 Glass Ceramics, Nucleation 221 (19972)5 5
Glass Transition, Polymers, Relaxation 221 (19972)6 1
Borates
Conductivity, Density, Thermal Properties 221 (1997) 70
Defects
Carbon Modelling, Silica, Stress Relaxation 221 (1997) 97
Aerogels, Sol-Gel Processes 221 (1997) 144 Silicon Dioxide, Theory 221 (1997) 89
Annealing Effects, Glasses Containing Transi-
tion Metal Ions, Hydrogen in Glass, Neu- Density
tron Diffraction, X-ray Diffraction 221 (1997) 228 Borates, Conductivity, Thermal Properties 221 (1997) 70
Chalcogenides, Gels, Glass Transition 221 (1997) 281
Ceramics Processing Variables, Relaxation, Water in
Crystallization, Sol-Gel Processes 221 (1997) 297 Glass 221 (1997) 170
Subject index 311
Diffusion Crystallization, Fibers, Halide Glasses 221 (1997) 238
Aerogels, Drying 221 (1997) 163 Crystallization, Polymers, Relaxation 221 (1997) 261
Drying Glasses Containing Transition Metal Ions
Aerogels, Diffusion 221 (1997) 163 Amorphous Alloys, Scanning Electron Mi-
croscopy, X-ray Diffraction 221 (1997) 222
Electrical Properties and Relaxation Annealing Effects, Carbon, Hydrogen in Glass,
Theory, Thermal Stimulated Depolarization Neutron Diffraction, X-ray Diffraction 221 (1997) 228
Current 221 (1997) 84 Electron Spin Resonance, Gels, Porosity, Ther-
mal Properties 221 (1997) 59
Electron Microscopy Hydrogen in Glass, Optical Properties, Oxides,
Chalcogenides, Crystallization, Oxides 221 (1997) 18 Reduction 221 (1997) 213
Electron Spin Resonance Halide Glasses
Gels, Glasses Containing Transition Metal Ions, Crystallization, Fibers, Glass Transition 221 (1997) 238
Porosity, Thermal Properties 221 (1997) 59
Hardness
Electronic Conductivity Chalcohalides, Fracture, Glass Formation, Glass
Optical Properties, Silicon, Thin Films 221 (1997) 103 Transition 221 (1997) 274
EXAFS Hydrogen in Glass
Oxides, Structure 221 (1997) 199 Annealing Effects, Carbon, Glasses Containing
Oxides, Structure, XANES, XPS 221 (1997) 208 Transition Metal Ions, Neutron Diffraction,
Rare Earth Ions, Silicates, Structure 221 (1997) 302 X-ray Diffraction 221 (1997) 228
Glasses Containing Transition Metal Ions, Opti-
Fibers cal Properties, Oxides, Reduction 221 (19972)1 3
Crystallization, Glass Transition, Halide Glasses 221 (1997) 238
Infra-red Absorption
Fluorescence Spectra Fluoride Glasses 221 (1997) 78
Phosphates, Rare Earth Ions 221 (1997) 47
Microstructure
Fluoride Glasses
Annealing Effects, Crystallization, Oxides 221 (1997) 10
Infra-red Absorption 221 (1997) 78
Modelling
Fracture Anisotropy, Crystallization 221 (1997) 1
Chalcohalides, Glass Formation, Glass Transi-
Defects, Silica, Stress Relaxation 221 (1997) 97
tion, Hardness 221 (1997) 274
Gels Molecular Dynamics
Aerogels, Sol-Gel Processes, Theory 221 (1997) 135 Alkali Silicate Glasses, Clusters, Structure 221 (1997) 187
Chalcogenides, Density, Glass Transition 221 (1997) 281
Electron Spin Resonance, Glasses Containing Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Transition Metal Ions, Porosity, Thermal Rare Earth Ions 221 (1997) 34
Properties 221 (1997) 59
Neutron Diffraction
Glass Ceramics Annealing Effects, Carbon, Glasses Containing
Crystallization, Nucleation 221 (1997) 255 Transition Metal Ions, Hydrogen in Glass,
X-ray Diffraction 221 (1997) 228
Glass Formation
Alloys, Chalcogenides, Phase Separation 221 (1997) 290 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Chalcohalides, Fracture, Glass Transition, Processing Variables, Sol-Gel Processes 221 (1997) 107
Hardness 221 (1997) 274
Nucleation
Glass Transition Crystallization, Glass Ceramics 221 (1997) 255
Chalcogenides, Density, Gels 221 (1997) 281
Chalcohalides, Fracture, Glass Formation, Optical Fibers
Hardness 221 (1997) 274 Sol—Gel Processes, Tellurite Glasses 221 (1997) 125
312 Subject index
Optical Properties Relaxation
Electronic Conductivity, Silicon, Thin Films 221 (1997) 103 Crystallization, Glass Transition, Polymers 221 (1997) 261
Glasses Containing Transition Metal Ions, Hy- Density, Processing Variables, Water in Glass 221 (1997) 170
drogen in Glass, Oxides, Reduction 221 (19972)1 3
Scanning Electron Microscopy
Organic—Inorganic Hybrids Amorphous Alloys, Glasses Containing Transi-
Aerogels, Pressure Effects 221 (1997) 157 tion Metal Ions, X-ray Diffraction 221 (1997) 222
Oxides Silica
Annealing Effects, Crystallization, Microstruc- Defects, Modelling, Stress Relaxation 221 (1997) 97
ture 221 (1997) 10
Chalcogenides, Crystallization, Electron Mi- Silicates
croscopy 221 (1997) 18 EXAFS, Rare Earth Ions, Structure 221 (1997) 302
EXAFS, Structure 221 (1997) 199
EXAFS, Structure, XANES, XPS 221 (1997) 208 Silicon
Glasses Containing Transition Metal Ions, Hy- Electronic Conductivity, Optical Properties,
drogen in Glass, Optical Properties, Reduc- Thin Films 221 (1997) 103
tion 221 (1997) 213
Silicon Dioxide
Phase Separation Defects, Theory 221 (1997) 89
Alloys, Chalcogenides, Glass Formation 221 (1997) 290
Sol-Gel Processes
Phosphates Aerogels, Carbon 221 (1997) 144
Acoustic Properties 221 (1997) 265 Aerogels, Gels, Theory 221 (1997) 135
Fluorescence Spectra, Rare Earth Ions 221 (1997) 47 Ceramics, Crystallization 221 (1997) 297
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Processing Vari-
Photoinduced Effects ables 221 (1997) 107
Chalcogenides, Reactions 221 (1997) 27 Op:izal Fibers, Tellurite Glasses 221 (1997) 125
Polymers Stress Relaxation
Crystallization, Glass Transition, Relaxation 221 (1997) 261 Defects, Modelling, Silica 221 (1997) 97
Porosity Structure
Electron Spin Resonance, Gels, Glasses Con- Alkali Silicate Glasses, Clusters, Molecular Dy-
taining Transition Metal lons, Thermal namics (1997) 187
Properties 221 (1997) 59 Corrosion, Processing Variables (1997) 181
EXAFS, Oxides
Pressure Effects EXAFS, Oxides, XANES, XPS
Aerogels, Organic—Inorganic Hybrids 221 (1997) 157 EXAFS, Rare Earth Ions, Silicates
Processing Variables Surface Reactions
Corrosion, Structure 221 (1997) 181 Aerogels, Coatings 221 (1997) 151
Density, Relaxation, Water in Glass 221 (1997) 170
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Sol-Gel Pro- Tellurite Glasses
cesses 221 (1997) 107 Optical Fibers, Sol-Gel Processes 221 (1997) 125
Rare Earth Ions Theory
EXAFS, Silicates, Structure 221 (1997) 302 Aerogels, Gels, Sol-Gel Processes 221 (1997) 135
Fluorescence Spectra, Phosphates 221 (1997) 47 Band structure, Crystallization 221 (1997) 245
Molecular Dynamics Simulation 221 (1997) 34 Defects, Silicon Dioxide 221 (1997) 89
Electrical Properties and Relaxation, Thermal
Reactions Stimulated Depolarization Current 221 (1997) 84
Chalcogenides, Photoinduced Effects 221 (1997) 27
Thermal Properties
Reduction Borates, Conductivity, Density 221 (1997) 70
Glasses Containing Transition Metal Ions, Hy- Electron Spin Resonance, Gels, Glasses Con-
drogen in Glass, Optical Properties, Oxides 221 (19972)1 3 taining Transition Metal Ions, Porosity 221 (1997) 59
Subject index
Thermal Stimulated Depolarization Current XPS
Electrical Properties and Relaxation, Theory 221 (1997) 84 EXAFS, Oxides, Structure, XANES 221 (1997) 208
Thin Films
Electronic Conductivity, Optical Properties, Sil-
icon 221 (1997) 103 X-ray Diffraction
Amorphous Alloys, Glasses Containing Transi-
Water in Glass tion Metal Ions, Scanning Electron Mi-
Density, Processing Variables, Relaxation 221 (1997) 170 croscopy 221 (1997) 222
Annealing Effects, Carbon, Glasses Containing
XANES Transition Metal Ions, Hydrogen in Glass,
EXAFS, Oxides, Structure, XPS 221 (1997) 208 Neutron Diffraction 221 (1997) 228