Table Of Content

Journal of Ecology 1998, 86, 1077-1080 STANDARD PAPERS Davis, M.A., Wrage, K.J. & Reich, P.B. Competition between tree seedlings and herbaceous vegetation: support for a theory Agren, J. see Carlsson-Granér, U. of resource supply and demand, 652 Alexander, H.M. see Mihail, J.D. Davis, M.B. see Frelich, L.E. Alm, J. see Saarnio, S. Dean, W.R.J. see Jeltsch, F. Ashton, P.S. see Davies, S.J. Delgado, J.D. see Nogales, M. Attwood, J.P. see Pakeman, R.J. Denslow, J.S., Ellison, A.M. & Sanford, R.E. Treefall gap size Auld, M.H.D. see Mitchell, R.J. effects on above- and below-ground processes in a tropical wet forest, 597 Babcock, C.A. see Person, B.T. Derner, J.D. & Briske, D.D. An isotopic ('°N) assessment of Bakker, J.P. see Thompson, K. intraclonal regulation in C, perennial grasses: ramet inter- Barker, G.M. see Wardle, D.A. dependence, independence or both?, 305 Barrett, S.C.H. see Husband, B.C. Diekmann, M. & Falkengren-Grerup, U. A new species index Bekker, R.M. see Thompson, K. for forest vascular plants: development of functional indices Berg, H. & Redbo-Torstensson, P. Cleistogamy as a bet- based on mineralization rates of various forms of soil nitro- hedging strategy in Oxalis acetosella, a perennial herb, 491 gen, 269 Bertness, M.D. see Brewer, J.S. Dixon, J.M. see Aksoy, A. Bertness, M.D. see Levine, J.M. Dolan, R.W. see Menges, E.S. Boeken, B. & Shachak, M. Colonization by annual plants of an Dolan, R.W. see Quintana-Ascencio, P.F. experimentally altered desert landscape: source—sink rela- Dopheide, J. see Kooijman, A.M. tionships, 804 Dunnett, N.P., Willis, A.J., Hunt, R. & Grime, J.P. A 38-year Bonner, K.I. see Wardle, D.A. study of relations between weather and vegetation dynamics Boyle, T.Jj.B. see Ghazoul, J. in road verges near Bibury, Gloucestershire, 610 Brewer, J.S,. Levine, J.M & Bertness, M.D. Interactive effects of elevation and burial with wrack on plant commu- Egli, P. see Stoll, P. nity structure in some Rhode Island salt marshes, 125 Ellison, A.M. see Denslow, J.S. Brewer, J.S. see Levine, J.M. Elmgvist, T. see Carlsson-Granér, U. Briske, D.D. see Derner, J.D. Engelen, J. see Pakeman, R.J. Brosi, B.J. see Sultan, S.E. Enright, N.J., Marsula, R., Lamont, B.B. & Wissel, C. The Brunet, J. & von Oheimb, G. Migration of vascular plants to ecological signficance of canopy seed storage in fire-prone secondary woodlands in southern Sweden, 429 environments: a model for non-sprouting shrubs, 946 Burke, M.J.W. see Press, M.C. Enright, N.J., Marsula, R., Lamont, B.B. & Wissel, C. The ecological significance of canopy seed storage in fire-prone environments: a model for resprouting shrubs, 960 Cain, M.L. see Damman, H. Ericson, L. see Ingvarsson, P.K. Callaghan, Eriksson, O. & Jakobsson, A. Abundance, distribution and life T.V. see Press, M.C. histories of grassland plants: a comparative study of 81 Carcaillet, C. A spatially precise study of Holocene fire history, species, 922 climate and human impact within the Maurienne valley, Estabrook, G.F. see Goldberg, D.E. North French Alps, 384 Carlsson-Granér, U., Elmqvist, T., Agren, J., Gardfjell, H. Falkengren-Grerup, U. see Diekmann, M. & Ingvarsson, P. Floral sex ratios, disease and seed set in Fischer, M. & Matthies, D. Effects of population size on dioecious Silene dioica, 79 performance in the rare plant Gentianella germanica, 195 Chapin, F.S. see Hobbie, S.E. Ford, M.A. & Grace, J.B. Effects of vertebrate herbivores on Chen, R. & Twilley, R.R. A gap dynamic model of mangrove soil processes, plant biomass, litter accumulation and soil forest development along gradients of soil salinity and elevation changes in a coastal marsh, 974 nutrient resources, 37 Fotheringham, C.J. see Keeley, J.E. Chiariello, N. see Moloney, K.A. Frelich, L.E., Sugita, S., Reich, P.B., Davis, M.B. & Fried- Clark, D.A. see Clark, D.B. man, S.K. Neighbourhood effects in forests: implications for Clark, D.B., Clark, D.A. & Read, J.M. Edaphic variation and within-stand patch structure, 149 the mesoscale distribution of tree species in a neotropical rain Friedman, S.K. see Frelich, L.E. forest, 101 Cole, E. see Mitchell, F.J.G. Gardfjell, H. see Carlsson-Granér, U. Gaston, K.J. see Thompson, K. Dalling, J.W., Hubbell, S.P. & Silvera, K. Seed dispersal, Ghazoul, J., Liston, K.A. & Boyle, T.J.B. Disturbance- seedling establishment and gap partitioning among tropical induced density-dependent seed set in Shorea siamensis pioneer trees, 674 (Dipterocarpaceae), a tropical forest tree, 462 Damman, H. & Cain, M.L. Population growth and viability Givnish, T.J. see Vasquez G., J.A. analyses of the clonal woodland herb, Asarum canadense, 13 Goldberg, D.E. & Estabrook, G.F. Separating the effects of Davies, S.J., Palmiotto, P.A., Ashton, P.S., Lee, H.S. & number of individuals sampled and competition on species LaFrankie, J.V. Comparative ecology of 11 sympatric diversity: an experimental and analytic approach, 983 © 1998 British species of Macaranga in Borneo: tree distribution in relation Golubov, J. see Mandujano, M.del C. to horizontal and vertical resource heterogeneity, 662 Grace, J.B. see Ford, M.A. Ecological Society Grandin, U. & Rydin, H. Attributes of the seed bank after a LaFrankie, J.V. see Davies, S.J. century of primary succession on islands in Lake Hjalmaren, Lamont, B.B. see Enright, N.J. Sweden, 293 Lamont, B.B. see Enright, N.J. Grime, J.P. see Dunnett, N.P. Lamont, B.B. see Milberg, P. Gross, K.L. see Huberty, L.E. Larsen, C.P.S. & Macdonald, G.M. Fire and vegetation dynamics in a jack pine and black spruce forest reconstructed Hale, W.H.G. see Aksoy, A. using fossil pollen and charcoal, 815 Hann, S.D. see Sultan, S.E. Lee, H.S. see Davies, S.J. Hart, J. see Kinzig, A.P. Lee, J.A. see Press, M.C. Henkin, Z., Seligman, N.G., Kafkafi, U. & Noy-Meir, [. Levine, J.M., Brewer, J.S. & Bertness, M.D. Nutrients, ‘Effective growing days’: a simple predictive model of the competition and plant zonation in a New England salt response of herbaceous plant growth in a Mediterranean marsh, 285 ecosystem to variation in rainfall and phosphorus availability, Levine, J.M see Brewer, J.S 137 Liston, K.A. see Ghazoul, J. Hobbie, S.E. & Chapin, F.S. An experimental test of limits to tree establishment in Arctic tundra, 449 Macdonald, G.M. see Larsen, C.P.S. Hodgson, J.G. see Thompson, K. Maltby, E. see Proctor, M.C.F. Hubbell, S.P. see Dalling, J.W. Mandujano, M. del C., Montana, C., Méndez, I. & Golubovy, Huberty, L.E., Gross, K.L. & Miller, C.J. Effects of nitrogen J. The relative contributions of sexual reproduction and addition on successional dynamics and species diversity in clonal propagation in Opuntia rastrera from two habitats in Michigan old-fields, 794 the Chihuahuan Desert, 911 Humphrey, L.D. & Pyke, D.A. Demographic and growth Marrs, R.H. see Mitchell, R.J. responses of a guerrilla and a phalanx perennial grass in Marsula, R. see Enright, N.J. competitive mixtures, 854 Marsula, R. see Enright, N.J. Hunt, R. see Dunnett, N.P. Martikainen, J. see Saarnio, S. Husband, B.C. & Barrett, S.C.H. Spatial and temporal varia- Matthies, D. see Fischer, M. tion in population size of Eichhornia paniculata in ephemeral Medina, F.M. see Nogales, M. habitats: implications for metapopulation dynamics, 1021 Méndez, I. see Mandujano, M. del C. Menges, E.S. & Dolan, R.W. Demographic viability of popu Ingvarsson, P. see Carlsson-Granér, U. lations of Silene regia in midwestern prairies: relationships Ingvarsson, P.K. & Ericson, L. Spatial and temporal variation with fire management, genetic variation, geographic location, in disease levels of a floral smut (Anthracoidea heterospora) population size and isolation, 63 on Carex nigra, 53 Menges, E.S. see Quintana-Ascencio, P.F. Mihail, J.D., Alexander, H.M. & Taylor, S.J. Interactions Jackson, S.T. & Kearsley, J.B. Quantitative representation of between root-infecting fungi and plant density in an annual local forest composition in forest-floor pollen assemblages, legume, Kummerowia stipulacea, 739 474 Milberg, P., Pérez-Fernandez, M.A. & Lamont, B.B. Seed Jakobsson, A. see Eriksson, O. ling growth response to added nutrients depends on seed size Jano, A.P., Jefferies, R.L. & Rockwell, R.F. The detection of in three woody genera, 624 vegetational change by multitemporal analysis of LANDSAT Miller, C.J. see Huberty, L.E. data: the effects of goose foraging, 93 Milton, S.J. see Jeltsch, F. Jefferies, R.L. see Jano, A.P. Mitchell, F.J.G. & Cole, E. Reconstruction of long-term Jeltsch, F., Milton, S.J., Dean, W.R.J., Van Rooyen, N. & successional dynamics of temperate woodland in Bialwieza Moloney, K.A. Modelling the impact of small-scale hetero Forest, Poland, 1042 geneities on tree—grass coexistence in semi-arid savannas, Mitchell, R.J., Marrs, R.H. & Auld, M.H.D. A comparative 780 study of the seedbanks of heathland and successional habitats Jensen, A. see Morris, J.T. in Dorset, Southern England, 588 Jones, R.H. & Sharitz, R.R. Survival and growth of woody Moloney, K.A. & Chiariello, N. Yield—density functions as plant seedlings in the understorey of floodplain forests in predictors of community structure in a serpentine annual South Carolina, 574 grassland, 749 Moloney, K.A. see Jeltsch, F. Kafkafi, U. see Henkin, Z. Montana, C. see Mandujano, M. del C. Karlsson, P.S. see Thorén, L.M. Morris, J.T. & Jensen, A. The carbon balance of grazed and Kearsley, J.B. see Jackson, S.T. non-grazed Spartina anglica saltmarshes at Skallingen, Den- Keeley, J.E. & Fotheringham, C.J. Mechanism of smoke- mark, 229 induced seed germination in a post-fire chaparral annual, 27 Mountford, E.P. see Peterken, G.F. Kinzig, A.P. & Hart, J. Selection of micro-organisms in a spatially explicit environment and implications for plant Nicholson, K.S. see Wardle, D.A. access to nitrogen, 841 Nogales, M., Delgado, J.D. & Medina, F.M. Shrikes, lizards Kohyama, T. & Takada, T. Recruitment rates in forest plots: Gf estimates using growth rates and size distributions, 633 and Lycium intricatum (Solanaceae) fruits: a case of indirect seed dispersal on an oceanic island (Alegranza, Canary Kooijman, A.M., Dopheide, J., Sevink, J., Takken, I. & Islands), 866 Verstraten, J.M. Nutrient limitations and their implications Noy-Meir, I. see Henkin, Z. for the effects of atmospheric decomposition in coastal dunes; Nyléhn, J. see Totland, . lime-poor and lime-rich sites in the Netherlands, 511 Korsman, T & Segerstrém, U. Forest fire and lake-water acidity in a northern Swedish boreal area: Holocene changes Pakeman, R.J., Attwood, J.P. & Engelen, J. Sources of plants 1998 British in lake-water quality at, 113 colonizing experimentally disturbed patches in an acidic Ecological Society, Kullman, L. The occurrence of thermophilous trees in the grassland, in eastern England, 1032 Journal of Ecology, Scandes Mountains during the early Holocene: evidence for Palmiotto, P.A. sce Davies, S.J. a diverse tree flora from macroscopic remains, 421 Pérez-Fernandez, M.A. sce Milberg, P. 1079 Person, B.T., Babcock, C.A. & Ruess, R.W. Forage variation Thompson, J.D. see Petit, C. Index in brood-rearing areas used by Pacific black brant geese on Thompson, K., Hodgson, J.G. & Gaston, K.J. Abundance the Yukon-Kuskokwim delta, Alaska, 243 range size relationships in the herbaceous flora of central Peterken, G.F. & Mountford, E.P. Long-term change in an England, 439 unmanaged population of wych elm subjected to Dutch elm Thompson, K., Bakker, J.P., Bekker, R.M. & Hodgson, J.G. disease, 205 Ecological correlates of seed persistence in soil in the NW Petit, C. & Thompson, J.D. Phenotypic selection and popula- European flora, 163 tion differentiation in relation to habitat heterogeneity in Thorén, L.M. & Karlsson, P.S. Effects of supplementary Arrhenatherum elatius (Poaceae), 829 feeding on growth and reproduction of three carnivorous Potter, J.A. see Press, M.C. plant species in a subarctic environment, 501 Press, M.C., Potter, J.A., Burke, M.J.W., Callaghan, Totland, . & Nyléhn, J. Assessment of the effects of environ- T.V. & Lee, J.A. Responses of a subarctic dwarf shrub heath mental change on the performance and density of Bistorta community to simulated environmental change, 315 vivipara: the use of multivariate analysis and experimental Proctor, M.C.F. & Maltby, E. Relations between acid atmo- manipulation, 989 spheric deposition and the surface pH of some ombrotrophic Twilley, R.R. see Chen, R. bogs in Britain, 329 Purrington, C.B. & Schmitt, J. Consequences of sexually Valverde, T. & Silvertown, J. Variation in the demography of dimorphic timing of emergence and flowering in Silene a woodland understorey herb (Primula vulgaris) along the latifolia, 397 forest regeneration cycle: projection matrix analysis, 545 Pyke, D.A. see Humphrey, L.D. Van Rooyen, N. see Jeltsch, F. Vasquez G., J.A. & Givnish, T.J. Altitudinal gradients in Quintana-Ascencio, P.F., Dolan, R.W. & Menges, E.S. tropical forest composition, structure, and diversity in the Hypericum cumulicola demography in unoccupied and Sierra de Manantlan, 999 occupied Florida scrub patches with different time-since- Vaughton, G. & Ramsey, M. Sources and consequences of fire, 640 seed mass variation in Banksia marginata (Proteaceae), 563 Verstraten, J.M. see Kooijman, A.M. Raich, J.W. see Russell, A.E. Vitousek, P.M. see Russell, A.E. Ramsey, M. see Vaughton, G. Von Oheimb, G. see Brunet, J. Read, J.M. see Clark, D.B. Redbo-Torstensson, P. see Berg, H. Wardle, D.A., Barker, G.M., Bonner, K.1. & Nicholson, K.S. Reich, P.B. see Davis, M.A. Can comparative approaches based on plant ecophysiological Reich, P.B. see Frelich, L.E. traits predict the nature of biotic interactions and individual Rockwell, R.F. see Jano, A.P. plant species effects in ecosystems?, 405 Ruess, R.W. see Person, B.T. Wilczek, A.M. see Sultan, S.E. Russell, A.E., Raich, J.W. & Vitousek, P.M. The ecology of Willis, A.J. see Dunnett, N.P. the climbing fern, Dicranopteris linearis, on windward Wissel, C. see Enright, N.J. Mauna Loa, Hawaii, 765 Wissel, C. see Enright, N.J. Rydin, H. see Grandin, U. Wrage, K.J. see Davis, M.A. Saarnio, S., Alm, J., Martikainen, P.J. & Silvola, J. Effects of raised CO, on potential CH, production and oxidation in, and ESSAY REVIEWS CH, emission from, a boreal mire, 261 Bobbink, R., Hornung, M. & Roelofs, J.G.M. The effects of Sanford, R.E. see Denslow, J.S. Schmid, B. see Stoll, P. air-borne nitrogen pollutants on species diversity in natural and semi-natural European vegetation, 717 Schmid, B. see Stoll, P. Grime, J.P. Benefits of plant diversity to ecosystems: immedi- Schmitt, J. see Purrington, C.B. ate, filter and founder effects, 902 Segerstrém, U. see Korsman, T. Hornung, M. see Bobbink, R. Seiwa, K. Advantages of early germination for growth and Lee, J.A. Unintentional experiments with terrestrial ecosys- survival of seedlings of Acer mono under different overstorey tems: ecological effects of sulphur and nitrogen pollutants phenologies in deciduous broad-leaved forests, 219 (Presidential Address), | Seligman, N.G. see Henkin, Z. Sevink, J. see Kooijman, A.M. Roelofs, J.G.M. see Bobbink, R. Shachak, M. see Boeken, B. Sharitz, R.R. see Jones, R.H. Silvera, K. see Dalling, J.W. FORUM PAPERS Silvertown, J. sce Valverde, T. De Matos, M.B. & Silva Matos, D.M. Mathematical con- Silvola, J. see Saarnio, S. straints on transition matrix elasticity analysis, 706 Stoll, P. & Schmid, B. Plant foraging and dynamic competition Silva Matos, D.M. see De Matos, M.B. between branches of Pinus sylvestris in contrasting light Skene, K.R. Cluster roots: some ecological considerations, environments, 934 1060 Stoll, P., Egli, P. & Schmid, B. Plant foraging and rhizome growth patterns of Solidago altissima in response to mowing and fertilizer application, 341 BIOLOGICAL FLORA OF THE BRITISH ISLES Sugita, S. see Frelich, L.E. Sultan, S.E., Wilczek, A.M., Hann, S.D. & Brosi, B.J. Con- Aksoy, A., Dixon, J.M. & Hale, W.H.G. Capsella bursa- trasting ecological breadth of co-occurring annual Polygonum pastoris (L.) Medikus (Thlaspi bursa-pastoris L., Bursa species, 363 bursa-pastoris (L.) Shull, Bursa pastoris (L.) Weber), 171 © 1998 British Beerling, D.J. Salix herbacea L., 872 Ecological Society, Takada, T. see Kohyama, T. Callaghan, D.A. Lythrum hyssopifolium L., 1065 Journal of Ecology, Takken, I. see Kooijman, A.M. Dixon, J.M. see Aksoy, A. 85, 1077-1080 Taylor, S.J. see Mihail, J.D. Forrester, L. see Watkinson, A.R. 1080 Hale, W.H.G. see Aksoy, A. Spellerberg, I. Conservation Biology, 189 Index Jacquemart, A.-L. Andromeda polifolia L., 527 Tew, T.E., Crawford, T.J., Spencer, J.W., Stevens, D.P., Newsham, K.K. see Watkinson, A.R. Usher, M.B. & Warren, J. The Role of Genetics in Conser- Watkinson, A.R., Newsham, K.K. & Forrester, L. Vulpia ving Small Populations, 359 ciliata Dumort. ssp. ambigua (Le Gall) Stace & Auquier van Gardingen, P.R., Foody, G.m. & Curran, P.J. Scaling Up (Vulpia ambigua (Le Gall) More, Festuca ambigua (Le Gall), From Cell to Landscape, 7\1 690 Walker, B. & Steffan, W. Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems, 187 Woodin, S.J. & Marquiss, M. Ecology of Arctic Environments, BOOK REVIEWS 188 Bijlsma, R. & Loeschcke, V. Environmental Stress, Adaptation and Evolution, 897 SHORT REVIEWS Boyce, M.S. & Haney, A. Ecosystem Management: Applica- tions for Sustainable Forest and Wildlife Resources, 358 Agren, G.I. & Bosatta, E. Theoretical Ecosystem Ecology: Brock, J.H., Wade, M. Pysek, P. & Green, D. Plant Invasions: Understanding Element Cycles, 359 Studies from North America and Europe, 898 Aranjo-Lima, C. Goulding M. So Fruitful a Fish: Ecology, Czaran, T. Spatiotemporal Models of Population and Commu- Conservation and Aquaculture of the Amazon’s Tabaqui, 543 nity Dynamics, 897 Arroyo, M.T.K., Donoso, C., Murua, R.E., Pisano, E.E., de Kroon, H. & van Groenendael, J. The Ecology and Schlatter, R.P. & Serey, IA. Towards an Ecologically Evolution of Clonal Plants, 714 Sustainable Forestry Project, 360 DeBano, L.F., Neary, D.G. & Ffolliott, P.F. Fire’s Effects on Beeby, A. & Brennan, A.M. First Ecology, 360 Eccosystems, 1073 Bolay, E. The Dominican Republic: A Country between Rain Grant, W.E., Pederson, E.K. & Marin, S.L. Ecology and Forest and Desert, 542 Natural Resource Management: Systems Analysis and Simu- Ehrlich, P.R. A World of Wounds: Ecologists and the Human lation, 190 Dilemma. Excellence in Ecology Book 9, 361 Hoffmann, A.A. & Parsons, P.A. Extreme Environmental Falkowski, P.G. & Raven, J.A. Aquatic Photosynthesis, 543 Change and Evolution, 709 Farmer, A. Managing Environmental Pollution, 542 Huntley, B., Cromer, W., Morgan, A.V., Prentice, H.C. & Fielder, P.L. & Kareiva, P.M. Conservation Biology for the Allen, J.R.M. Past and Future Rapid Environmental Coming Decade, 2nd edn, 715 Changes: The Spatial and Evolutionary Responses of Terres- Frenzel, B. Holocene Treeline Oscillations, Dendrochronology trial Biota, 896 and Palaeoclimate, 360 Junk, W.J. The Central Amazon Floodplain: Ecology of a Halliday, G. Flora of Cumbria, 542 Pulsing System, 357 Hawksworth, D.L., Kirk, P.M. & Clarke, 8.D. Biodiversity Karban, R. & Baldwin, I,T. /nduced Responses to Herbivory, Information: Needs and Options, 360 1074 Jeffries, M.J. Biodiversity and Conservation, 360 Kellman, M. & Tackaberry, R. Tropical Environments: The Mabberley, D.J. The Plant Book, 2nd edn, 543 Functioning and Management of Tropical Ecosystems, 359 Maehr, D.S. The Florida Panther, 543 Liddle, M. Recreation Ecology, 542 Mearns, B. & Mearns, R. The Bird Collectors, 542 Margalef, R. Our Biosphere. Excellence in Ecology Book 10, Niklas, K.J. The Evolutionary Biology of Plants, 361 355 Ohrback, K.H. Ecology: Okologie, 716 Pankhurst, C.E., Doube, B.M., Gupta, V.V.S.R. Biological Page, C.N. The Ferns of Britain and Ireland, 2nd edn, 715 Indicators of Soil Health, 356 ark, C. The Environment, 361 Reaka-Kudla, M.L., Wilson, D.E. & Wilson, E.O. Biodiver- Pearson, C.J. & Ison, R.L. Agronomy of Grassland Systems, sity Il: Understanding and Protecting our Biological 2nd edn, 715 Resources, 710 Perlman, D.L. & Adelson, G. Biodiversity: Exploring Values Reynolds, C.S. Vegetation Processes in the Pelagic: A Model and Priorities in Conservation, 716 for Ecosystem Theory. Excellence in Ecology Book 9, 709 Pickering, K.T. & Owen, L.A. An Introduction to Global Ridley, M. Evolution, 2nd edn, 187 Environmental Issues, 2nd edn, 361 Rieley, J.O. & Page, S.E. Biodiversity and Sustainability of Rackham, O. & Moody, J. The Making of the Cretan Land- Tropical Peatlands, 1075 scape, 715 Scheffer, M. Ecology of Shallow Lakes, 1075 Russell, E.W.B. People and the Land through Time: Linking Silvertown, J., Franco, M. & Harper, J.L. Plant Life His Ecology and History, 543 tories: Ecology, Phylogeny and Evolution, 7\2 Sandler, T. Global Challenges: An Approach to Environmen- Simberloff, D., Schmitz, D.C. & Brown, T.C. Strangers in tal, Poiitical and Economic Problems, 360 Paradise: Impact and Management of Nonindigenous Species Vernet, J.-L. L’Homme et la Foret Mediterraneanne de la in Florida, 356 prehistoite a nos Jours, 360 Smith, T.M., Shugart, H.H. & Woodward, F.1. Plant Func- Whitton, B.A. & Rott, E. Use of Algae for Monitoring Rivers. tional Types: Their Relevance to Ecosystem Properties and II, 359 Global Change, 713 © 1998 British Ecological Society, Journal of Ecology, 85, 1077-1080