Table Of Content

INDEX (prepared by David Margolin) African-Americans and class and race, in Asia, western, Homo erectus in, 182-84 work of Hortense Powdermaker, 411- Atlas ofA merican Indian Affairs, by Fran- 13. See also After Freedom: A Cultural cis Paul Prucha, review of, 369-71 Study in the Deep South Australopithecus, and Oldowan tools, 131. After Freedom: A Cultural Study in the See also Hominids Deep South, by Hortense Powder- maker, discussed, 389-401, 403-15 Behavior, reconstructions of, in Middle Agricultural ecology, in Canyons de Chelly Pleistocene southwestern Europe, 201- and del Muerto, 54-57 7 Aka, multiple childcare practices among, Berreman, Gerald, reminiscences of Hor- 14 tense Powdermaker, 470-71 Anderson, Richard L., review of book by, Blurton Jones, Nicholas, book review by, 116-21 95-97 Andrews, Tracy J., Ecological and His- Bone tools, southwestern Europe Middle torical Perspectives on Navajo Land Use Pleistocene, 199-201 and Settlement Patterns in Canyons de Bordeaux Narrative, The, by Harold Cour- Chelly and del Muerto, 39-67 lander, review of, 359-62 Anthropology, four archetypes in history Bourguignon, Erika, Hortense Powder- of, 69, 82 maker, The Teacher, 417-28 Anthropology, interpretive: critique of, 310-25; and ideas of C. Geertz, 310- 11; and ideas of M. Jackson, 312-13, Calltope’s Sisters: A Comparative Study of 319-20; and ideas of T.M. Luhrmann, Philosophies of Art, by Richard L. An- 313-14, 319; and ideas of P. Stoller, derson, review of, 116-21 318-19; and ideas of S.A. Tyler, 310- Canyon del Muerto. See Canyons de Chelly 11, 316-17; and paranormal belief, 309- and del Muerto 20; and scientific knowledge of human Canyons de Chelly and del Muerto: agri- affairs, 314-20 cultural ecology, 54-57; farming, 40- Anti-Politics Machine, The: “Develop- 41, 48-51; history of settlement and ment,” Depoliticization and Bureau- economy, 47-52; intracanyon land-use cratic Power in Lesotho, by James variability, 58-62; land-use patterns, 52- Ferguson, review of, 357-59 57; livestock production, 52-54; mi- Aphasia: early conceptions of, 285-86; and croenvironmental comparisons, 42—44; linguistics, 286-87, 290-95; and phy- micro-level land-use analysis and broader sicians’ use of speech as history, 287- cultural processes, 63-64; system de- 90; problems representing speech of scribed, 40—42 sufferers from, 297-99; “word pic- Charentian industries, Near Eastern, 242- tures” of, 298, 300-301; writing of suf- 47. See also Mousterian assemblages ferers from, 297-302 Cherneff, Jill, B.R., DreamsAr e Made Like Archaeology of Regions, The: A Case for This: Hortense Powdermaker and the Full-Coverage Survey, ed. by Suzanne Hollywood Film Industry, 429-40; in- K. Fish and Stephan A. Kowalewski, troduction to special issue on Hortense review of, 354-57 Powdermaker, 373-76 Asceticism: and females in India, 340-42; Childcare: in horticultural and pastoral and masculinity in India, 340-42; and populations, 2; in preindustrial socie- role of sddhins, 338-40. See also Sdd- ties, 9-19; and stepparenting and fos- hins tering, 19-23 482 JOURNAL OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH Childcare, differential, for male and female general patterns among foragers and children, 23-28 farmers, 6-9; and indulgent childcare, Childcare, indulgent, and demography, 15- 15-17; and infant and juvenile mortality, 17 3; methods, 3-6; sample problems, 5- Childcare, multiple: among Aka, 14; and 6; and stepparenting, 20-21; study childless adult women, 9, 13-15; and sample, 4-5; and supervision of young density of settlement, 15; among Efe, children, 18; and total fertility rate, 3 13-14; among Ongee, 13-14; “poly- Derrida, J.: and aphasia, 301-2; ideas of matric,” 9, 13-15 postmodernism, 295-99, 301-2; ideas Child development studies, of horticultural of science, 294—95; ideas of speech, 295— and pastoral populations, 2; of hunter- 99. See also Aphasia gatherers, 2 Dibble, Harold L., Mousterian Assemblage Childlessness of adult women, and multi- Vanabon ian lIntterrtegiyona l Scale, 239- ple childcare, 9, 13-15 42 Children: demography and supervision of, Diet, male contribution to, and male-bi- 18; differential investment in male and ased sex ratios, 24-28 female, 23-28 Doody, Rachelle Smith, Aphasia as Post- Chimpanzees, and early hominid tool be- modern (Anthropological) Discourse, 285— havior, 144-46 303 Clans, Navajo, and land use in Canyons de Dunnell, Robert C., book review by, 113- Chelly and del Muerto, 45-47, 48 16 Clark, J. Desmond, and F. Clark Howell, conclusion to special issue on paleoan- Early Ireland: An Introduction to Irish thropology, 279-83 Prehistory, by Michael J. O’Kelly, re- Class and race among African-Americans, view of, 107-9 in work of Hortense Powdermaker, 411— Economic pressures, and family life in ur- 13 ban Zambia, 444-53 Clifton, James A., review of book edited Economy and settlement history in Can- by, 366-68 yons de Chelly and del Muerto, 47-52 Colonialism and Hortense Powdermaker, Efe, multiple childcare practices among, 382-84 13-14 Conkey, Margaret, review of book coe- Errington, Frederick, book review by, 121- dited by, 113-16 24 Conley, John M., review of book coaut- Ethnography, narrative: 71-82; and eth- hored by, 104—7 nographic memoir, 77-78; reasons for Copper Town: Changing Africa, the Hu- shift to, 79-82 man Condition on the Rhodesian Cop- Ethnography, S.A. Tyler’s ideas of, 302. perbelt, by Hortense Powdermaker, See also Fieldwork discussed, 441-56 Ethnography, professional, and participant Courlander, Harold, review of book by, observation, 69-82. See also Participant 359-62 observation Europe, Homo erectus in, 182-84 Demographic studies: of horticultural and Europe, northwestern: after last glacial pastoral populations, 2; of hunter-gath- maximum, 271-73; Paleolithic abandon- erers, 2 ment of, 260-62. See also France Demography: and children’s play groups, Europe, Middle Pleistocene southwest- 18; and father involvement with young ern: behavioral reconstructions, 201-7; children, 18-19; and fostering, 22-23; bone tools, 199-201; chronology, 196— INDEX 483 . 99; lithic industries, 207-10; scaveng- Fraser, Gertrude, Race, Class, and Dif- ing, 206-7; site data base, 193-96 ference in Hortense Powdermaker’s After Evolution of Political Systems, The: Socio- Freedom: A Cultural Study in the Deep politics in Small-Scale Sedentary Socie- South, 403-15 ties, by Steadman Upham, review of, Friedl, Ernestine, Colleague and Friend: 98-101 A Reminiscence of Hortense Powder- maker, 473-78 Family life in urban Zambia: and economic Frisbie, Charlotte J., book review by, 109- pressures, 444-53; and Hortense Pow- 13 dermaker, 441-45 Functionalism, and Hortense Powder- Faris, James C., review of book by, 109- maker, 377-78, 382 13 Farmers. See Horticulturalists Gaddis. See Sddhins Farming, Navajo, in Canyons de Chelly Geertz, C., ideas of, and interpretive an- and del Muerto, 40-41, 48-51, 54-57. thropology, 310-11 See also Livestock production Green, Stanton W., book review by, 107- Farndon, Richard, review of book edited by, 101-4 Handelman, Don, review of book by, 121- Farr, Patricia Aylward, Key Informants in 24 Cottonville: Revisiting Powdermaker’s Hand morphology, and criteria for preci- Mississippi, 389-401. sion grasping, 133-35. See also Homi- Father involvement with young children, nids and demography, 18-19 Hansen, Karen Tranberg, After Copper Ferguson, James, review of book by, 357— Town: The Past in the Present in Urban 59 Zambia, 441-56 Ferrassie Mousterian assemblages, and Harbison, Peter, view of book by, 107-9 Quina, Yabrudian, and Zagros, 250-51. Hardin, Kris L., book review by, 116-21 See also Mousterian assemblages Hart, E. Richard, book review by, 369- Fertility rate, total: in demography and 71 childcare study, 3; and fertility variabil- Hastorf, Christine, review of book coe- ity, 22; of hunter-gatherers versus hor- dited by, 113-16 ticulturalists, 6-9 Hayden, Robert M., book review by, 104— Fertility variability: and fostering, 21-22; 7 and total fertility rate, 22 Herders. See Horticultural and pastoral Fieldwork: firsthand ethnographic ac- populations counts as preparation for, 78; and Hor- Herdt, Gilbert, review of book coauthored tense Powdermaker, 377-87, 389-401; by, 351-53 revealing participatory details of, 71-78. Hewlett, Barry S., Demography and See also Ethnography Childcare in Preindustnal Socteties, 1- Fish, Suzanne K., review of book coedited ae by, 354-57 Himalayas, status of women in, 331-32, Foragers. See Hunter-gatherers 343-46. See also Sadhins Fostering: and childcare, 19-23; and de- Hollywood, the Dream Factory: An An- mography, 22-23; and fertility variabil- thropologist Looks at the Movte-Makers, ity, 21-22 by Hortense Powdermaker, discussed, France, southwestern, Paleolithic conti- 429-40 nuity of settlement in, 262-65. See also Home bases, hominid, 165, 166-67 Europe, northwestern Hominids: behaviors, and Oldowan sites, 484 JOURNAL OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH 162-65, 168-73; and early archaeolog- Intimate Communications: Erotics and the ical occurrences, 140-43; and home ba- Study of Culture, by Gilbert Herdt and ses, 165, 166-67; human geographic Robert J. Stoller, review of, 351-53 perspectives on evolution of, 259-60; Invented Indian, The: Cultural Fictions and hunting versus scavenging, 164—65; and Government Policies, ed. by James tool behavior, 143—46; transport of ma- A. Clifton, review of, 366—68 terials by, 163-65. See also Homo; Homo Isaac, B.L., and authorship of Oldowan erectus; Human evolution; Paranthropus tools, 135-36; terminology for Oldowan Homo and Oldowan tools, 132-35. See also tools, 158 Hominids Italy: refugia during Paleolithic abandon- Homo erectus: dispersion routes to Europe ment of northwestern Europe, 265-68; and western Asia, 182-84; and emer- Solutrean sites in, 265-73 gence of more modern humans, 186- 88; fossil remains in Africa, 178-82; fos- Jackson, M., ideas of, and interpretive an- sil remains in Europe and western Asia, thropology, 312-13, 319-20 183-84; fossil remains in Far East, 184— Johnson, Lillian Rogers, biographical sketch, 86 394-98; and Hortense Powdermaker, Horticultural and pastoral populations: 398-400 childcare studies, 2; child development Jones, George T., book review by, 354— studies, 2; demographic studies, 2; gen- 57 eral demographic patterns, 6-9 Howell, F. Clark, and J. Desmond Clark, Kangra society: role of sddhins in, 332; conclusion to special issue on paleoan- status of unmarried women in, 342-47. thropology, 279-83 See also Sadhins Human affairs, scientific knowledge of, and Klein, Alan M., review of book by, 362- interpretive anthropology, 314-20 65 Human evolution and Neandertals, 229- Kowalewski, Stephen A., review of book 34. See also Hominids; Neandertals coedited by, 354-57 Humans, more modern, and Homo erectus, Kroeber, Theodora, and Hortense Pow- 186-88 dermaker, 463, 471 Hunter-gatherers: child development studies of, 2; demographic studies of, Land Filled with Flies: A Political Econ- 2; general demographic patterns of, 6— omy of the Kalahan, by Edwin N. Wilm- 9 sen, review of, 93-97 Hunting versus scavenging, in early hom- Land use in Canyons de Chelly and del inids, 164-65 Muerto: 39-67; contemporary patterns, 52-57; environment, 40-44; in- Iberian Peninsula: refugia during Paleo- tracanyon variability, 58-62; micro-level lithic abandonment of northwestern Eu- analysis and broader cultural processes, rope, 265-68; Solutrean sites on, 265- 63-64; social context, 44-47 63 Leakey, L.S.B., and authorship of Oldo- India: asceticism and masculinity in, 340- wan tools, 132, 136 42; status of women in, 331-32, 343- Leakey, M.D., terminology for Oldowan 46. See also Himalayas; Sadhins tools, 158 Indianola, Mississippi, community de- Lesu, New Ireland, and Hortense Pow- scribed, 390-92; and Hortense Pow- dermaker, 377-87 dermaker, 389-401 Lett, James, Interpreiive Anthropology, Infanticide, female, and male-biased sex Metaphysics, and the Paranormal, 305- ratios, 23-24 29 INDEX 485 Life in Lesu: The Study of a Melanesian Hortense Powdermaker, 429-40; and Society, by Hortense Powdermaker, dis- women, 436-38 cussed, 377-87 Mtendere. See Zambia Linguistics: and aphasia, 286-87, 290-95; critique of, by S.A. Tyler, 292-93 Lithics, southwestern Europe Middle Nachman, Steven R., book review by 359- Pleistocene: new research trends, 209- 62 10; spatial variation, 208-9; temporal Napier, J.R., hand morphology and criteria variation, 207-8. See also Oldowan tools for precision grasping, 133-35 Livestock production, in Canyons de Chelly Navajo reservation: environment of land- and del Muerto, 52-54. See also Farm- use study area, 40—44; land use in Can- ing yons de Chelly and del Muerto, 39-67; Localizing Strategies: Regional Traditions microenvironmental comparisons of of Ethnographic Wnting, ed. by Richard Canyons de Chelly and del Muerto, 42- Farndon, review of, 101-4 44. See also Canyons de Chelly and del Luhrmann, T.M., ideas of, and interpre- Muerto tive anthropology, 313-14, 319 Neandertals: adaptation of, 227-29; dis- coveries and dating of, 221-24; in human evolution, 219-21, 229-34; Malinowski, Bronislaw, and Hortense functional approach to morphology of, Powdermaker, 377 224-27; and Mousterian assemblages, Masculinity and asceticism in India, 340- 222, 230-31 42 Near East, Charentian industries in, 242— Materials transport by early hominids, 163- 47 65 Neff, Hector, book review by, 98-101 Mead, Margaret, Hortense Powdermak- “Negro,” and Hortense Powdermaker, er’s opinions of, 463 405-11 Microenvironments, of Canyons de Chelly New Ireland. See Lesu and del Muerto, 42-44 Nightway, The: A History and a History of Missionaries, and Hortense Powder- Documentation of a Navajo Ceremonial, maker, 384-85 by James C. Faris, review of, 109-13 Mississippi. See Indianola, Mississippi Models and Mirrors: Towards an Anthro- O’Barr, William M., review of book co- pology of Public Events, by Don Han- authored by, 104-7 delman, review of, 121-24 Objectivity and subjectivity, in participant Moore, Sally Falk, book review by, 101- observation, 71 4 Observation of participation, and partici- Mortality, infant and juvenile: 3; of hunter- pant observation, 78-79 gatherers, 6-9 O'Kelly, Michael J., review of book by, Mousterian assemblages: debate on in- 107-9 terregional variability of, 239-42; im- Oldowan, meaning of term, 153-55 plications of blank type in, 251-54; and Oldowan sites: 156-57; as accidental as- Neandertals, 222, 230-31. See also sociations, 167; behavioral implications Charentian industries; Ferrassie Mous- of, 168-73; and behaviors, 162—65; as terian assemblages; Quina Mousterian hominid home bases, 165, 166-67; as assemblages; Yabrudian Mousterian as- hominid stone caches, 166—67; and semblages; Zagros Mousterian assem- landscapes and paleoecology, 165-68; blages as result of hominid routed foraging, 167; Moviemaking: history of, 434-36; and and transport of materials, 163-65 486 JOURNAL OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH Oldowan tools: and Australopithecus, 131; 99; new trends in lithics research, 209- behavioral implications of, 168-73; de- 10; scavenging in, 206-7; site data base, scribed, 158-62; earliest archaeological 193-96; spatial variation in lithic indus- evidence of, 129-31; and hominid hunt- tries, 208-9; temporal variation in lithic ing versus scavenging, 164-65; and industries, 207-8 Homo, 132-35; G.L. Isaac and author- Play groups, children’s, and demography, ship of, 135-36; G.L. Isaac’s terminol- 18 ogy for, 158; L.S.B. Leakey and Postmodernism, and ideas of J. Derrida, authorship of, 132, 136; M.D. Leakey’s 295-99, 301-2 terminology for, 158; and Paranthropus, Potts, Richard, Why the Oldowan? Plio- 131-32; and temporally associated hom- Pleistocene Toolmaking and the Trans- inids, 140-43 port of Resources, 153-76 Ongee, multiple childcare practices among, Powdermaker, Hortence: After Freedom: 13-14 A Cultural Study in the Deep South, discussed, 389-401, 403-15; attitudes to- Paleoanthropology: described, 125; re- ward motherhood, 463-64; in Berkeley, search in, 279-83 457-71; and Berkeley “youth culture,” Paleoecology, and landscapes at Oldowan 458-59; and Bronislaw Malinowski, 377; sites, 165-68 and colonialism, 382-84; and concept of Paleolithic: abandonment of northwestern “society,” 379-80; Copper Town: Europe in, 260-62; continuity of settle- Changing Africa, the Human Condition ment in southwestern France during, on the Rhodesian Copperbelt, discussed, 262-65; human geographic perspec- 441-56; courses taught, 419-22; Er- tives on, 259-60; ‘berian Peninsula re- nestine Friedl’s reminiscences of, 473- fugia during, 265-68; Italian refugia 78; and feminism, 476; fieldwork, 377- during, 265-68; after last glacialmaxi- 87, 389-401, 441-45, 476-77; and mum, 271-73. See also Pleistocene, functionalism, 377-78, 382; Gerald Middle Berreman’s reminiscences of, 470-71; Paranormal belief: and interpretive an- Hollywood, the Dream Factory: An An- thropology, 309-20; nature of, 305-10 thropologist Looks at the Movie-Makers, Paranthropus: fossil evidence of tool be- discussed, 429-40; and informants in havior, 135-40; and Oldowan tools, 131- Mississippi, 392—400; and Kuot-speak- 32. See also Hominids ers, 381-82; last public lecture, 465- Participant observation: and “going na- 67; and Lillian Rogers Johnson, 398- tive,” 70-71; objectivity and subjectiv- 400; and missionaries, 384-85; moods, ity in, 71; and observation of participation, 477; passion for clothes, 459-61; and 78-79; and professional ethnography, Queens College, 417-22, 473-78; and 69-82 A.R. Radcliffe-Brown, 377-78; roman- Pastoralists. See Horticultural and pastoral tic liaisons, 461-63; Stranger and Friend: populations The Way of an Anthropologist, dis- Paul, Robert A., book review by, 351-53 cussed, 383, 385, 417; as teacher, 417- Phillimore, Peter, Unmarried Women of the 28, 475-76; and Theodora Kroeber, 463, Dhaula Dhar: Celibacy and Social Con- 471; view of anthropology, 475; and trol in Northwest India, 331-50 women’s activities in Lesu, 386; writing Physicians, and speech as history, 287-90 practices, 474-75 Pleistocene, Middle, of southwestern Eu- Pre-Christian Ireland: From the First Set- rope: behavioral reconstructions, 201- tlers to the Early Celts, by Peter Har- 7; bone tools, 199-201; chronology, 196- bison, review of, 107-9 INDEX 487 Primates, nonhuman, and tool behavior in Science, J. Derrida’s ideas of, 294-95 earliest hominids, 143-46 Settlement: density and multiple child- Prucha, Francis Paul, review of book by, care, 15; in Canyons de Chelly and del 369-71 Muerto, 47-52 Sex ratios: and dependent/independent Queens College and Hortense Powder- population, 10-12; and differential in- maker, 417-22, 473-78 vestment in male and female children, Quina Mousterian assemblages, and Fer- 23-28; and female infanticide, 23-24; rassie, Yabrudian, and Zagros, 250-51. and male contribution to diet, 24-28; See also Mousterian assemblages and subsistence tasks, 27; and warfare, Quinn, Jon, and Hortense Powdermaker, 26 463, 471 Smith, Fred H., The Neandertals: Evolu- Quinn, Theodora Kroeber: and Hortense tionary Dead Ends or Ancestors of Mod- Powdermaker, 463, 471; tribute to Hor- ern People? 219-38 tense Powdermaker, back cover of vol. Solutrean sites: in Iberian Peninsula and 47, no. 4 Italy, 265-73; subsistence strategies and information systems, 269-70 Race and class among African-Americans, Solutrean technological characteristics, in work of Hortense Powdermaker, 411- 268-69 13 Speech: J. Derrida’s ideas of, 295-99; rep- Radcliffe-Brown, A.R., and Hortense resenting, in aphasia sufferers, 297-99; Powdermaker, 477-78 D. Tedlock’s ideas of, 296; S.A. Tyler’s “Recent Studies in Paleoanthropology,” ideas of, 296 discussed, 125-27, 279 Stepparenting: and childcare, 19-23; and Rightmire, G. Philip, The Dispersal of Homo demography, 20-21 erectus from Afnca and the Emergence Stoller, P., ideas of, and interpretive an- of More Modern Humans, 177-91 thropology, 318-19 Rosman, Abraham, and Paula G. Rubel, Stoller, Robert J., review of book co- Powdermaker'’s Lesu, 377-87 authored by, 351-53 Rubel, Paula G., and Abraham Rosman, Stone caches, Oldowan sites as, 166-67 Powdermaker'’s Lesu, 377-87 Stranger and Friend: The Way of an An- Rules versus Relationships: The Ethnog- thropologist, by Hortense Powder- raphy of Legal Discourse, by John M. maker, discussed, 383, 385, 417 Conley and William M. O’Barr, review Straus, Lawrence Guy, Human Geography of, 104-7 of the Late Upper Paleolithic in Western Europe: Present State of the Question, Sddhins: and asceticism, 338—42; career 259-78; introduction to special issue on of, 334-40; described, 332-33; history paleoanthropology, 125-28 of, 342-47; and male sex-role charac- Stull, Donald D., book review by, 366-68 teristics, 336-37; and role of women in Subjectivity and objectivity, in participant Kangra, 342-47; and status of women observation, 71 in Himalayas, 343-46 Subsistence tasks and male-biased sex ra- Scavenging: versus hunting, in early hom- tios, 27 inids, 164-65; in Middle Pleistocene Sugarball: The American Game, the Do- southwestern Europe, 206-7 minican Dream, by Alan M. Klein, re- Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, Hortense Pow- view of, 362-65 dermaker, the Berkeley Years (1967- Susman, Randall L., Who Made the Ol- 1970): A Personal Reflection, 457-71 dowan Tools? Fossil Evidence for Tool 488 JOURNAL OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH Behavior in Plio-Pleistocene Hominids, Vincent, Joan, book review by, 357-59 129-51 Warfare, and male-biased sex ratios, 26 Tedlock, Barbara, From Participant Ob- Whites, Southern, and Hortense Powder- servation to the Odservation of Partict- maker, 408, 409-11 pation: The Emergence of Narrative Wilmsen, Edwin N., review of book by, Ethnography, 69-94 95-97 Tedlock, D., ideas of speech, 296 Women: and Hollywood moviemaking Thompson, Stephen I., book review by, business, 436-38; and sddhins in Kan- 362-65 gra, 342-47; status of, in Himalayas, Tool behavior: in earliest hominids and 331-32, 343-46; status of, in India, 331 nonhuman primates, 143-46; in Par- Writing, of aphasia sufferers, 297-302 anthropus, 135-40. See also Oldowan tools Yabrudian Mousterian assemblages: 244— Tyler, S.A.: critique of linguistics, 292- 47; compared to Zagros, 247-50; and 93; ideas of ethnography, 302; ideas of Zagros, Quina, and Ferrassie, 250-51. speech, 296; and interpretive anthropology, 310-11, 316-17 See also Mousterian assemblages “Youth culture” in Berkeley, and Hortense Powdermaker, 458-59 Upham, Steadman, review of book by, 98- 101 Uses of Style in Archeology, The, ed. by Zagros Mousterian assemblages: 242-44; Margaret Conkey and Christine Has- compared to Yabrudian, 247-50; and Ya- torf, review of, 113-16 brudian, Quina, and Ferrassie, 250-51. See also Mousterian assemblages Villa, Paola, Middle Pleistocene Prehistory Zambia: Hortense Powdermaker’s field- in Southwestern Europe: The State of Our work in, 441-45; urban family life in, Knowledge and Ignorance, 193-217 442-53 %-